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Republic of the Philippines

Department of the Education
Region 1
School Division of Ilocos Norte
BANGUI NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Bangui, Ilocos Norte

Exploring the impact of MLE (Moringa leaf extracts) on

the germination and growth of common crops for
sustainable agriculture

Joshua Balbag
Lyka Joyce Ramos

Jillian Nicolas

In Fulfilment of the requirements of the subject Research 01

Chapter 1
 The Problem

Background of the Study

Agriculture, despite accounting for a small portion of the global economy, is
crucial for providing affordable food, feed, energy, and population security to billions
of people, making it a vital sector in our economy. As the world's population grows,
food production demands increase, necessitating sustainable, efficient agricultural
practices to improve crop yield and quality while reducing synthetic chemical use. As
we pursue agricultural innovations, natural plant extracts are proving to be a
promising solution.
Natural plant extracts refers to the use of extracts derived from plants for
various applications in farming. These extracts have shown potential in controlling
phytopathogenic microorganisms, insects, and weeds, as well as inducing resistance
and promoting plant growth. Plant extracts contain secondary metabolites that
inhibit the growth of fungal pathogens associated with seeds, leading to an increase
in seed germination and overall seed yield (Almeida et al., 2021). A study on Moringa
oleifera leaf extract (MLE) showed that its foliar application significantly improved
tomato plant growth and stress tolerance. The extract promoted shoot and root
growth, increased chlorophyll content, and improved the plants' ability to withstand
drought stress (Raja et al., 2022). Additionally, (Ayaz et al., 2022) explore the
extraction techniques and biological activities of citrus essential oils, which contain
bioactive compounds like limonene, linalool, and citral. They discuss the impact of
extraction methods on oil quality and composition, and highlight their potential
applications in pest control, food preservation, and pharmaceutical
industries.Overall, the Natural plant extracts offer a sustainable, eco-friendly
alternative to synthetic chemicals for seed treatment, offering potential benefits in
disease control, plant growth, and crop yield.
However, the research's findings, despite their applicability to various crops
and agricultural systems, still face a significant comprehension gap due to their focus
on specific plant species or extracts.This study aims to address the gap in research on
plant extracts' effects on crop species by systematically investigating their impact on
germination and early growth across common crop plants. With increasing global
food demand and environmental concerns, finding sustainable ways to improve crop
yield and quality is crucial, and natural plant extracts are eco-friendly alternatives to
synthetic chemicals.

Statement of the Problem:

 This study aims to investigate the relationship between natural plant extracts
and the germination and early growth of common crop plants, considering the
importance of sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural practices. The
study will measure the impact of various plant extracts on germination rates,
seedling height, leaf development, and overall plant health of common crop plants,
contributing to our understanding of eco-conscious cultivation methods.
To address the research problem, the following questions/ guides will be
explored:
1. What are the diverse effects of different natural plant extracts on the
germination rates of common crop plants, such as tomatoes, okras and eggplants?
2. How do these plant extracts influence the early growth stages of crop
plants, including parameters like seedling height, leaf development, and overall plant
health?
3. Are there specific concentrations of plant extracts that optimize
germination and growth, and do these concentrations vary among crop species?
4. Is there a significant relationship between the utilization of natural
plant extracts and enhanced crop performance in terms of germination and early
growth stages?

Hypotheses:
In accordance with the research problems, the following hypotheses are
formulated:
Question 1
(H0): There is no significant difference in the germination rates of common
crop plants (tomatoes, onions, and beans) when exposed to different natural plant
extracts.
(H1): There is a significant difference in the germination rates of common crop
plants (tomatoes, onions, and beans) when exposed to different natural plant
extracts.
Question 2
(H0): The use of natural plant extracts does not significantly influence the
early growth stages of crop plants, including parameters like seedling height, leaf
development, and overall plant health.
 (H1): The use of natural plant extracts significantly influences the early growth
stages of crop plants, including parameters like seedling height, leaf development,
and overall plant health.
Question 3
(H0): There is no specific concentration of plant extracts that optimizes
germination and growth, and the concentrations do not vary among crop species.
(H1): There are specific concentrations of plant extracts that optimize
germination and growth, and these concentrations vary among crop species.
Question 4
(H0): There is no significant relationship between the utilization of natural
plant extracts and enhanced crop performance in terms of germination and early
growth stages.
(H1): There is a significant relationship between the utilization of natural plant
extracts and enhanced crop performance in terms of germination and early growth
stages.

Significance of the Study:

The research carries substantial importance for various stakeholders in the
field of agriculture:
Farmers and Agriculturists: This research may offer sustainable alternatives to
synthetic chemicals, potentially leading to increased crop yield and reduced reliance
on environmentally harmful substances. It will provide practical insights for farmers
seeking to improve crop performance while minimizing ecological impact.
Environmental Conservation: Discovering how natural plant extracts positively
influence crop germination and growth may contribute to more eco-conscious
agricultural practices, aligning with global efforts to reduce environmental damage.
Scientific Advancement: The study contributes to our understanding of plant
biology and chemistry by shedding light on the mechanisms through which natural
plant extracts affect crop plants, deepening the scientific knowledge in this domain.
Agricultural Education: The findings may serve as valuable educational
material, helping students and researchers develop a comprehensive understanding
of how to enhance crop performance through the use of natural plant extracts.
Policy Makers: Policymakers may consider the study's findings when
formulating regulations and guidelines related to sustainable agriculture and
reducing the use of synthetic chemicals.
 Scope and Limitations
The primary focus of this study centres on the impact of natural plant extracts
on the germination and early growth stages of common crop plants, including wheat,
rice, maize, soybeans, and additional crops relevant to the local context. The study
will measure these impacts across different crop species and may identify optimal
extract concentrations.
However, it is important to acknowledge the scope and limitations of this
research:

Scope:
Focus on common crop species: The study primarily investigates the effects of
natural plant extracts on common crop plants, and the results may not be directly
transferable to less common or specialty crops.
Concentration optimization: The research will explore the existence of specific
concentrations that optimize germination and early growth, with potential variations
among different crop species and in diverse environmental conditions.

Limitations:
Uncontrollable factors: The study is subject to uncontrollable variables during
data collection, such as room conditions, and student behaviours.
Cultural and regional influences: The research does not control for factors like
nationality and cultural background among the respondents, which may introduce
additional variables.
Research instruments: Adapted questionnaires are used as research
instruments, and the researchers have no control over their content or structure.
Limited sample size: The study focuses on a predetermined sample size, which
comprises early and late adolescent students at Adventist University of the
Philippines during the school year 2014-2015, potentially limiting the generalizability
of findings to other populations.
By addressing these limitations and staying within the defined scope, this
research aims to provide valuable insights into the use of natural plant extracts in
sustainable agriculture and its potential benefits for common crop species, while also
considering economic implications.
 Definition n of terms
Natural plant extracts- The use of extracts derived from plants for various
applications in farming.
Phytopathogenic microorganisms- Microorganisms that cause plant diseases.
Insects- Small, six- legged invertebrates that are often pests in agriculture.
Weeds- Unwanted plants that compete with crops for nutrients, water, and sunlight.
Secondary metabolites- Organic compounds that are produced by plants, but are not
essential for their growth and survival.
Seed germination- The process by which a seed develops from a dormant state into a
seedling.
Seed yield- The amount of seeds produced by a plant.
Stress tolerance- The ability of a plant to withstand adverse environmental
conditions, such as drought, heat, or salt stress.
Bioactive compounds- Compounds that have a biological effect on living organisms.
Eco-friendly- Not harmful to the environment.
Synthetic chemicals- Man-made chemicals that are often used as pesticides,
herbicides, or fungicides.
Sustainable agriculture- A system of agriculture that is environmentally friendly,
socially responsible, and economically viable.
Germination rate- The percentage of seeds that germinate successfully.
Seedling height- The height of a seedling from the base of the stem to the tip of the
leaves.
Leaf development- The growth and expansion of leaves.
Overall plant health- The general well-being of a plant, as assessed by factors such as
growth, vigor, and resistance to disease.
Crop performance- The overall success of a crop in terms of yield, quality, and
resistance to pests and diseases.
 Chapter II
Review of Literature

This chapter discusses related literature and references addressing the important variables and
other factors included in the study in order to acquire a better knowledge of the investigation of the
impact of moringa leaf extract on germination of common crops for sustainable for sustainable
agriculture

A comprehensive and extensive study has delved into the intricate dynamics
of Moringa oleifera plant extracts across various crops, providing profound insights
into their multifaceted impact on different plant species. This comprehensive
research covered a wide array of aspects, including germination, seedling survival,
growth parameters, and biochemical constituents, unraveling a complex interplay
that highlights both the potential benefits and complexities associated with the
application of Moringa oleifera extracts.

In one segment of the investigation, the application of moringa extract on

maize and bean crops was explored. While greenhouse conditions showed no
significant impact on maize growth, field experiments revealed a substantial increase
of nearly 100% in bean yield with regular moringa extract application. The frequency
of application correlated with enhanced plant height, dry matter, and overall yield.
Notably, maize exhibited a remarkable 128% increase in yield, emphasizing the
potential of moringa extract as a growth stimulant.

Another intriguing aspect focused on the positive influence of moringa leaf

extract on pepper seed germination. Concentrations of 2% and 4% demonstrated a
proportional increase in germination parameters, including germination rate and
coefficient of germination velocity. Rich in plant hormones, essential amino acids,
and mineral elements, moringa leaf extract emerged as a promising natural growth
stimulant, contributing to the overall understanding of its diverse applications.

The study further delved into the impact of Moringa oleifera leaf extract
(MLE) on radish growth. MLE treatments exhibited an increase in growth rate, auxin
and cytokinin contents, and morphobiometric characteristics in radish seedlings. The
leaf area index (LAI) showed improvement, attributed to the cumulative effects of
growth hormones and nutrients. However, total sugar content remained unaffected
by MLE treatments, underscoring the necessity for additional research to optimize
application modalities.

In an extensive experiment involving germination tests with wheat seeds, the

study observed inhibitory effects on wheat germination, radicle length, and
hypocotyl development with M. oleifera leaf extracts. The concentration of extract
and the plant part used in extraction played pivotal roles in influencing the
germination rate and growth parameters, adding a layer of complexity to the
interaction between Moringa extracts and different plant species.

Expanding the scope to leguminous crops, the research scrutinized the impact
of Moringa oleifera extracts on beans, cowpeas, and groundnuts. The extracts
significantly increased the duration to first germination in beans and cowpeas,
contrasting with the non-effect on groundnut seeds. However, groundnut seedling
survival decreased by 10%, and impaired hypocotyl production was observed. The
reduced radicle length in cowpea and groundnut legumes, inconsistent with some
previous studies, underscored the nuanced interactions between MLE and different
plant species.

Additionally, the study provided valuable insights into the effects of water
regimes, priming agents, and mineral elements (MLEs) on rice seedlings under
drought stress. It elucidated how MLEs positively influenced various growth
attributes, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange parameters, and antioxidant
activities in rice seedlings. The application of mineral elements and organic
compounds emerged as beneficial practices in maintaining crop productivity under
stressful conditions, further emphasizing the diverse applications of Moringa oleifera
extracts in agriculture.

Concluding the study, a trial in Catania, Italy, investigated the impact of MLE
on Raphanus sativus L. seeds. The analysis of growth parameters, chlorophyll
content, free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, and total sugar
content in the treated seedlings revealed a concentration-dependent increase in
fresh biomass, demonstrating the potential of MLE as a natural biostimulant.

Furthermore, the research delved into the influence of various plant leaf
extracts on okra growth. Albizia amara Leaf Extract 3% primed seed exhibited the
highest shoot and root length, while other treatments showed varying effects.
Notably, neem leaves displayed inhibitory effects on okra growth, suggesting
allelopathic potential. This segment of the study emphasized the complexity of
interactions between Moringa oleifera extracts and different crops, highlighting the
ongoing need for research to optimize application rates and understand the
underlying mechanisms influencing plant responses.

In addition to the comprehensive exploration of Moringa oleifera plant

extracts' effects on various crops, a specific investigation honed in on the impact of
Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MLE) on the growth and nutraceutical properties of
radish baby leaf salads. This targeted study focused on radish (Raphanus sativus L.)
seedlings, which were subjected to MLE spray treatments at doses of 1:40 and 1:30
L−1, administered at intervals of 15, 30, and 45 days from sowing. Diverse
morphological, physiological, and chemical parameters were meticulously assessed
to unravel the nuanced effects of MLE on radish baby leaf characteristics.

The findings of this study unveiled a dose-dependent enhancement in several

key parameters related to radish baby leaf growth. Fresh biomass exhibited a
notable improvement, accompanied by increases in total leaf area, unit leaf area,
and land leaf dimensions. The application of MLE demonstrated a positive influence
on the physiological aspects of the radish plants, as evidenced by a significant rise in
chlorophyll a fluorescence (Fv/Fm ratio). Furthermore, MLE-treated plants exhibited
elevated levels of chlorophylls and carotenoids, indicating a potential role of MLE in
enhancing the photosynthetic efficiency of radish seedlings.

While the antioxidant capacity, assessed through the DPPH assay, remained
unaffected by MLE treatments, there was a notable increase in total phenolic
content (TPC). This suggests that MLE may contribute to the augmentation of
phenolic compounds in radish baby leaf salads, potentially enhancing their overall
health-promoting properties. Additionally, the study observed an increase in ascorbic
acid concentration in MLE-treated plants, further emphasizing the potential
nutraceutical benefits associated with the application of Moringa oleifera leaf
extract.

Interestingly, the nitrate content in radish baby leaf salads remained

unchanged despite the MLE treatments, indicating that the application of MLE did
not adversely affect this particular chemical parameter. This observation is crucial for
ensuring the safety and nutritional quality of the radish baby leaf salads when MLE is
employed as a natural biostimulant.

In another parallel study, trials were conducted to assess the impact of

Moringa oleifera leaf extract as a growth hormone on the growth and yield of
tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L var. Rodade). The experimentation was
conducted in both greenhouse and field settings, employing five distinct treatments
to elucidate the effects of Moringa extract at various stages of the tomato plant's life
cycle.

The greenhouse trials comprised the following treatments: M0 (control, with

only water added), ME (second control, with 80% ethanol added), M1 (moringa
extract applied once at 2 weeks from emergence), M2 (moringa extract applied at 2
and 4 weeks from emergence), and M3 (moringa extract applied every 2 weeks until
maturity, starting from two weeks from germination). The field trials replicated these
treatments, excluding ME, which was deemed unnecessary based on the greenhouse
experiment results.
 The outcomes of the study demonstrated a noteworthy positive influence of
moringa extract on both the growth and yield of tomatoes in both greenhouse and
field environments. Across various parameters, including above-ground dry matter
yield (DM), root dry matter weight, and plant height, moringa extract consistently
exhibited a significant impact on the crop. Notably, yields obtained from treatments
M1, M2, and M3 displayed an ascending order, with M3 exhibiting the highest yields
among them.

The findings of this study recommend the application of moringa extract at

the M3 stage for optimal results in enhancing the growth and yield of tomato crops.
This suggests that sustained and periodic application of Moringa oleifera leaf extract
throughout the plant's life cycle, starting from two weeks after germination, proves
to be the most effective strategy for maximizing tomato production.

In the context of agricultural practices, allelopathy plays a crucial role in

understanding the interactions between plant species. This phenomenon involves
the release of secondary plant metabolites, known as allelochemicals, which can
impact neighboring plants either positively or negatively. These allelochemicals exert
their influence on essential processes within plants, including enzyme activation, cell
division, membrane permeability, ion uptake, and overall plant growth and
development.

Moringa leaves have garnered attention within the scientific community due
to the presence of zeatin, a cytokinin classified as a natural plant hormone. Zeatin,
found in Moringa oleifera L. leaves, along with other minerals, phytohormones, and
inorganic salts, forms a balanced mixture that has been shown to enhance crop
yields when applied externally. The wide distribution of Moringa oleifera in regions
such as the Pacific, subtropical areas, and West Africa further underscores its
potential significance in sustainable agriculture.

Research has highlighted the positive impact of Moringa leaf juice as a natural
plant growth promoter. Studies by Price and Fuglie revealed that Moringa leaf juice,
when used as a foliar spray, positively influences various growth parameters, leading
to increased crop yields. Moreover, Moringa leaf extracts have exhibited antifungal
characteristics, demonstrating efficacy in inhibiting the attack of seed-borne fungal
pathogens.

The growth-promoting properties of Moringa leaf juice extend to its

application as a seed treatment. Experiments by Phiri showed that applying Moringa
oleifera leaf extracts to seeds of various crops improved both root and hypocotyl
length, resulting in enhanced vegetative growth and grain yield. Subsequent studies
confirmed the positive effects of Moringa leaf extracts on the germination and
hypocotyl length of legume seeds.
 Zeatin, obtained from Moringa leaf juice, has demonstrated effectiveness in
diverse crops. Studies by Makkar and Becker highlighted that fresh Moringa leaf
juice, rich in zeatin, serves as an effective plant growth hormone, leading to
increased yields for crops such as soybean, maize, and coffee. Beyond zeatin,
researchers have explored the mineral composition of Moringa leaves, identifying
variations in macro and trace minerals across different regions.

Comparisons with Brassica water extracts, containing brassinolide, a natural

plant hormone, have been made to understand the allelopathic effects of Moringa
leaf extracts. Brassinolide has been associated with enhancing plant growth,
increasing yields, and conferring resistance to abiotic stresses. The comparison
emphasizes the diverse applications of natural plant hormones, showcasing their
potential to enhance crop productivity and resilience.

In conclusion, Moringa leaf extract, particularly zeatin, has proven to be a

valuable natural plant growth promoter with positive effects on various crops. Its
allelopathic properties, combined with its mineral composition, make Moringa a
significant resource for sustainable agricultural practices. Additionally, the
comparison with Brassica water extracts emphasizes the diverse applications of
natural plant hormones, showcasing their potential to enhance crop productivity and
resilience.

References

Foidl, N., Makkar, H.P.S., & Becker, K. (2022). Application of Moringa Leaf Extract as a Seed Priming
Agent Enhances Growth and Physiological Attributes of Rice Seedlings Cultivated under Water Deficit
Regime. *Plants (Basel), 11*(3), 261. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030261

Hafeez Ur Rehman, S.M.A. Basra, M.M. Rady, A.M. Ghoneim, & Q. Wang. (2017). Moringa Leaf
Extract Improves Wheat Growth and Productivity by Affecting Senescence and Source-sink
Relationship. *International Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 16*(3), 479-484. ISSN Print: 1560–
8530; ISSN Online: 1814–9596. DOI: 10.17957/IJAB/15.0316. http://www.fspublishers.org

Girase, I.P., Rai, P.K., Bara, B.M., & Singh, B.A. (2019). Effect of Plant Extracts on Seed Germination
Behaviour and Vigour of Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]. *International Journal of
Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8*(8), 830-835. ISSN: 2319-7706. Retrieved from
http://www.ijcmas.com

Mvumi, C., Tagwira, F., & Chiteka, A.Z. (2013). Effect of Moringa Extract on Growth and Yield of
Maize and Common Beans. *Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1*, Article No.: 111512264. DOI:
10.15580/GJAS.2013.1.111512264. Submitted: 15/11/2012, Accepted: 27/11/2012, Published:
20/01/2013.

Abou El-Nour, H.H., & Ewais, N.A. (2017). Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract (MLE) on Pepper
Seed Germination, Seedlings Improvement, Growth, Fruit Yield and its Quality. Middle East Journal of
Agriculture Research, 06(02), 448-463. ISSN 2077-4605.
Corresponding Author: Hala, H. Abou El-Nour, Veg. Res. Dept. Hort. Res. Ins. Agric. Res. Center, Giza,
Egypt. E-mail: wittylight@gmail.com

Received: 30 March 2017 / Accepted: 08 May 2017 / Publication date: 10 May 2017.

Iqbal, J., Irshad, J., Bashir, S., Khan, S., Yousaf, M., & Shah, A.N. (2020). Comparative study of water
extracts of Moringa leaves and roots to improve the growth and yield of sunflower. *South African
Journal of Botany, 129, 221-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.06.032

Article history: Received 30 March 2019, Received in revised form 8 June 2019, Accepted 26 June
2019, Available online 15 July 2019.

Sarmin, N.S. (2014). Effect of Moringa oleifera on Germination and Growth of Triticum aestivum.
Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 02(02), 59-69. Online ISSN 2312-7945. Published
online: 20.11.2014. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons license. Open access at
http://www.journalbinet.com/

Corresponding author: Noor Shaila Sarmin, Dept. of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh. Email:
noorshaila01@gmail.com.

Romano, D., La Fornara, G., Tribulato, A., & Toscano, S. (2022). Can Moringa Leaf Spray Treatment
Increase the Nutraceutical Properties of Radish Baby Leaf? Horticulturae, 8(8), 671.
https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080671

Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), Università Degli Studi di Catania, Via
Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy

Correspondence:Stefania-Toscano.-Email: [stefania.toscano@email.com]
(mailto:stefania.toscano@email.com)

Original submission received: 26 June 2022 / Revised: 18 July 2022 / Accepted: 21 July 2022 /
Published: 22 July 2022.

Culver, M., Fanuel, T., & Chiteka, A.Z. (2012). Effect of Moringa Extract on Growth and Yield of
Tomato. *Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2*(5), 207-211. ISSN: 2276-7770. DOI:
10.15580/GJAS.2012.5.GJAS1233. Retrieved from http://gjournals.org/GJAS

Article No.: GJAS1233. Copyright © 2017, the copyright of this article is retained by the author(s).

Iqbal, M.A. (2014). Role of Moringa, Brassica, and Sorghum Water Extracts in Increasing Crops
Growth and Yield: A Review. *American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Science,
14*(11), 1150-1158. ISSN 1818-6769. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2014.14.11.12436

Corresponding Author: Muhammad Aamir Iqbal, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture,

University of Agriculture Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan.
BIILIOGRAPHY

Agent Enhances Growth and Physiological Attributes of Rice Seedlings Cultivated under Water Deficit
Regime. *Plants (Basel), 11*(3), 261. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030261

Hafeez Ur Rehman, S.M.A. Basra, M.M. Rady, A.M. Ghoneim, & Q. Wang. (2017). Moringa Leaf
Extract Improves Wheat Growth and Productivity by Affecting Senescence and Source-sink
Relationship. *International Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 16*(3), 479-484. ISSN Print: 1560–
8530; ISSN Online: 1814–9596. DOI: 10.17957/IJAB/15.0316. http://www.fspublishers.org

Girase, I.P., Rai, P.K., Bara, B.M., & Singh, B.A. (2019). Effect of Plant Extracts on Seed Germination
Behaviour and Vigour of Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]. *International Journal of
Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8*(8), 830-835. ISSN: 2319-7706. Retrieved from
http://www.ijcmas.com

Mvumi, C., Tagwira, F., & Chiteka, A.Z. (2013). Effect of Moringa Extract on Growth and Yield of
Maize and Common Beans. *Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1*, Article No.: 111512264. DOI:
10.15580/GJAS.2013.1.111512264. Submitted: 15/11/2012, Accepted: 27/11/2012, Published:
20/01/2013.

Abou El-Nour, H.H., & Ewais, N.A. (2017). Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract (MLE) on Pepper
Seed Germination, Seedlings Improvement, Growth, Fruit Yield and its Quality. Middle East Journal
of Agriculture Research, 06(02), 448-463. ISSN 2077-4605.

Corresponding Author: Hala, H. Abou El-Nour, Veg. Res. Dept. Hort. Res. Ins. Agric. Res. Center, Giza,
Egypt. E-mail: wittylight@gmail.com

Received: 30 March 2017 / Accepted: 08 May 2017 / Publication date: 10 May 2017.

Iqbal, J., Irshad, J., Bashir, S., Khan, S., Yousaf, M., & Shah, A.N. (2020). Comparative study of water
extracts of Moringa leaves and roots to improve the growth and yield of sunflower. *South African
Journal of Botany, 129, 221-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.06.032

Article history: Received 30 March 2019, Received in revised form 8 June 2019, Accepted 26 June
2019, Available online 15 July 2019.

Sarmin, N.S. (2014). Effect of Moringa oleifera on Germination and Growth of Triticum aestivum.
Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 02(02), 59-69. Online ISSN 2312-7945. Published
online: 20.11.2014. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons license. Open access at
http://www.journalbinet.com/

Corresponding author: Noor Shaila Sarmin, Dept. of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh. Email:
noorshaila01@gmail.com.
Romano, D., La Fornara, G., Tribulato, A., & Toscano, S. (2022). Can Moringa Leaf Spray Treatment
Increase the Nutraceutical Properties of Radish Baby Leaf? Horticulturae, 8(8), 671.
https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080671

Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), Università Degli Studi di Catania, Via
Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy

Correspondence:Stefania-Toscano.-Email: [stefania.toscano@email.com]
(mailto:stefania.toscano@email.com)

Original submission received: 26 June 2022 / Revised: 18 July 2022 / Accepted: 21 July 2022 /
Published: 22 July 2022.

Culver, M., Fanuel, T., & Chiteka, A.Z. (2012). Effect of Moringa Extract on Growth and Yield of
Tomato. *Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2*(5), 207-211. ISSN: 2276-7770. DOI:
10.15580/GJAS.2012.5.GJAS1233. Retrieved from http://gjournals.org/GJAS

Article No.: GJAS1233. Copyright © 2017, the copyright of this article is retained by the author(s).

Iqbal, M.A. (2014). Role of Moringa, Brassica, and Sorghum Water Extracts in Increasing Crops
Growth and Yield: A Review. *American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Science,
14*(11), 1150-1158. ISSN 1818-6769. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2014.14.11.12436

Corresponding Author: Muhammad Aamir Iqbal, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture,

University of Agriculture Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan.
 CHAPTER III
Methodology

Purpose of the Study and Research design

The main purpose of this study is to explore the impact of MLE (Moringa leaf
extracts) on the germination and growth of common crops for sustainable
agriculture.

This study will utilize the RCBD( Randomized Complete Block Design). RCBD is
a design in which there can be 2 or more experimental groups