Rural Employment Scheme: A Case Study

Study with special reference to MGNREGA, Kutenpadar,

Kalahandi, Odisha
A project report submitted to Kalahandi University in partial fulfilment of the requirement
for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ARTS IN SOCIOLOGY

Under the guidance of Submitted by

Mr. Arif Raza Name-Roll No

Lecturer in Department Krushna Sunani

Of Sociology Manoj Bag

Mohemmad Soeb Khan

B.A. (6th SEM)

Department of Sociology Kalahandi University, Bhawanipatna, Kalahandi, Odisha -

766001

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project titled “Rural Employment Scheme: Study with special
reference to MGNREGA. A Sociological study of At- Kutenpadar, GP- Duarsuni,
Bhawanipatna block of Kalahandi, Odisha” is a bonafide record of research work done by
Krushna Sunani, Manoj Bag and Mohemmad Soeb Khan under my supervision and
submitted to Kalahandi University in partial fulfilment for the award Degree of B.A.,
Sociology.

(Signature of the HOD) Mr. Arif Raza

Department Of Sociology (Guide and Supervisor)

Place….

Date…….

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 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project titled, “Rural Employment Scheme: Study with
special reference to MGNREGA. A Sociological study At- Kutenpadar, GP- Duarsuni, of
Bhawanipatna block of Kalahandi, Odisha ” has been submitted to Kalahandi University in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award degree of “ BACHELOR OF ARTS” is a
record of authentic and genuine project work done by Krushna Sunani, Manoj Bag and
Mohemmad Soeb Khan in the Department of Sociology, Kalahandi University, under the
supervision and guidance of Mr. Arif Raza lecturer in sociology and the project has not
formed the basis of any degree/diploma/fellowship or any other similar title.

Place........... Name

Date………….

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The completion of this study has been an onerous task for us which we could have never
completed without the support of many people.

We would genuinely express our gratitude to our research guide and supervisor, Mr. Arif
Raza sir for orienting, instructing and manoeuvring us through the research work. Without
him excellence guidance, this work wouldn’t have reached its zenith. We consider ourselves
fortunate to have been able to work under his supervision.

We are highly grateful to Dr. Birendra Suna (HOD), Dr. Priyaranjan Behera, , Dr. Kurukhetra
Dip, Mr. Ashwino Gomango of sociology department, Kalahandi University Bhawanipatna,
Odisha for their suggestions and for making us capable to undertake this task through sharing
of knowledge and intellect within.

We would like to thank all respondents towards our research and giving us valuable
information. And also extend our heartfelt gratitude to those who helped us contributing for
the success of our project work.

Lastly, not the least, we would also like to thank our family, friends for supporting financially
and emotionally from the very beginning till the end of our research.

Name…

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INDEX

 Certificate
 Declaration
 Acknowledgement
 Content

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 Content
Chapter – 1 Page No

1.1 Introduction
1.2 History of MGNREGA
1.3 MGNREGA in Odisha
1.4 Features Of MGNREGA
1.5 Impact of MGNREGA on Rural Poor
1.6 Literature of Review
1.7 Gaps in earlier study
1.8 Statement of the Problems

Chapter – 2

METHODOLOGY

2.1 – Introduction
2.2 – Research Design
2.3 – Sampling
2.4 – Tools of data Collections
2.5 – Sources of Data Collections

Chapter - 3

Objectives of the topic

3.1 Study to the socio-economic profile of the respondents.

3.1.1- Age

3.1.2- Marital status

3.1.3- Education / Literacy

3.1.4- Social Category

3.2 To find out the Implementation procedure of MGNREGA

Chapter – 4

4.1 – Findings

4.2 – Suggestions

4.3 – Conclusion

Reference

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 CHAPTER 1

1.1 - INTRODUCTION:

Development of the rural household is

very crucial for the development of India as a
whole by inclusive and equitable growth and
doing so would unlock the potential of the huge
rural household that are presently in a state
where there is no access to basic amenities and
they are deprived of their basic needs to survive
in this world and to come out of this situation,
the Government of India launched its flagship
scheme ‘Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Scheme (MNREGS)’
through the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 (hereafter
‘MNREGA’) in 2006, which provides 100 days of guaranteed work in a year to the rural
household. It is acclaimed to be the largest public works employment project in the world.
This act gives the adult members of the rural family a legal right to demand for employment
for at least 100 days in a year in public work projects. This project was initiated with an
objective of “enhancing livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of
guaranteed wage employment in a financial year, to every household whose adult members
volunteer to do unskilled manual work”. The person applying for the work under this scheme
has to be provided with employment within 15 days of application, if the employment is not
provided with in the stipulated time that person would be entitled to unemployment
allowance. The ultimate objective of this project is reducing poverty in rural areas. The first
phase of the implementation of this act covered over 200 districts in 2006 and in 2007 it was
extended to 150 additional districts and 2008 onwards all the rural areas were covered.

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1.2 - HISTORY OF MGNREGA

Since 1960, 30 years were expended in struggling to find suitable employment

schemes in India's vast rural hinterland. The experiences of these decades provided important
lessons to the government. These included the 'Rural Manpower Programme' which exposed
the tribulations of financial management, the 'Crash Scheme for Rural Employment' on
planning for outcomes, a 'Pilot Intensive Rural Employment Programme' of labour-intensive
works, the 'Drought Prone Area Programme' of integrated rural development, 'Marginal
Farmers and Agricultural Labourers Scheme' of rural economic development, the ‘Food for
Work Programme’ (FWP) of holistic development and better coordination with the states, the
‘National Rural Employment Programme’ (NREP) of community development, and the
‘Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme’ (RLEGP) of focus on landless
households. The Planning Commission later approved the scheme and it was adopted on
national scale.

MGNREGA workers removing mud from a dry pond In April 1989, to converge
employment generation, infrastructure development and food security in rural areas, the
government integrated NREP and RLEGP into a new scheme Jawaharlal Rozgar Yolanda
(JRY). The most significant change was the decentralization of implementation by involving
the local people through local village governments or Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and
hence a decreasing role of bureaucracy. In October 1993, the Employment Assurance
Scheme (EAS) was initiated to provide employment to agricultural hands during the lean
agricultural season. The role of PRIs was reinforced with the local self-government at the
district level called the 'Zilla Parishad' as the main implementing authority. Later, EAS was
merged with Sampoorna Gramin Rojgar Yolanda (SGRY) in 2001.

On 1 April 1999, the JRY was revamped and renamed to Jawahar Gram Samridhi
Yolanda (JGSY) with a similar objective. The role of PRIs was further reinforced with the
local self-government at the village level called the ‘Village Panchayats as the sole
implementing authority. In 2001, it was merged with SGRY. On 25 September 2001 to
converge employment generation, infrastructure development and food security in rural
areas, the government integrated EAS and JGSY into a new scheme SGRY. The role of PRIs
was retained with the 'Village Panchayats' as the sole implementing authority. Due to
implementation issues, it was merged with NREGA in 2006. In January 2001, the
government introduced a FWP similar to the one that was initiated in 1977. Once NREGA

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was enacted, the two were merged in 2006. The total government allocation to these
precursors of NREGA had been about three-quarters of ₹1 trillion (US$13 billion).
Employment generation programmes created after 2005 include the Prime Minister
Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP).

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1.3 - MGNREGA IN ODISHA

Odisha is one of the poorest states of the country. A large section of people of
the state lives in villages which is highly backward. The poverty rate of Odisha estimated by
Planning Household Commission of India till the end of the year 2011-12 remains 35.69% as
against all India average of 35.69%.Thefefore, the government of India implemented the
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act in 19 districts of Odisha during
the 1st phase. Now the scheme is operating in all the 30 districts of the state covering 314
blocks and 6801 Gram Panchayats. Till the end of the year 2016-17, a total number of 66.60
lakhs household issued job card including 12.24 lakhs SC and 18.47 lakhs ST. Thus, this is
the high time to evaluate the performance of world’s largest poverty eradication programme
MGNREGA in a socio-economic backward state Odisha and hence this study possesses a
greater significance in this regards.

The ‘average number of days of people employed under MGNREGA per

household’ in Odisha was estimated to be 32% in the year 2009-10, which decreased in 2011-
12. The ‘percentage of households actualizing 100 days of employment under the scheme
was 2 in 2009-10, which reflected a huge jump to 29 in 2011-12. The calculation of ‘actual
expenditure against planned expenditure’ goes like, 82.39% in 2006-07. 71.74% in 2007-08,
64.52% in 2008-09, 93.93% in 2009-10, 85.65% in 2010-11 and 75.2% in 2011-12. The
expenditure seems to take a peak 2009-10, which then decreased subsequently. The estimate
of ‘completed work’ against ‘planned work’ was noted to be 36.50$% in 2006-07, 30.50% in
2007-08, 7.04% in 2008-09, 12.53% in 2009-10. 26.83% in 2010-11 and 32.09% in 2011-12
(NREGA website, Ministry of Rural Development).

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1.4 - FEATURES OF MGNREGA

RIGHT BASED-FRAME WORK

All adult members of a rural household willing to do unskilled manual work have the right to
demand employment.

All registered person belonging to a household shall be entitle to employment under the
scheme for as many days as each may applicant may request, subject to a maximum of one
hundred days per household in a given financial year.

• If as an applicant not provided such employment within fifteen days of receipt his/her
applicant seeking employment or from the date on which the employment has been sought in
the case of an advance application, whichever is later, he/she shall be entitled to a daily
unemployment allowance subject to the entitlement of the household at the rate, which shall
not be less than one fourth of the wage rate for the first thirty days of the financial year, and
not less than one half of the wage rate the remaining period of financial year.

As far as possible, the applicant shall be provided within the village, if the applicant provided
employment within five km radius of the village, where he/she resides at the time of
applying, he/she should be paid an extra 10% of the prevailing wage rate to meet the
additional transportation and living expenses.

Priority shall be given to women in such a way that, at-least one third of the wage seekers
shall be women, who have registered women themselves and requested for work.

• In case the payment of wages is not paid in fortnight, the worker shall be entitled to receive
a payment of delay compensation as per the provision of the payment wages Act 1936.

• Workers are entitled facilities such as drinking water, shade for children, rest-shed, first aid
box, with adequate material for emergency treatment of minor injuries and other health
hazards connected to the work.

• If the number of children below the age of six years accompanying the women working at
any site is five or more, one women worker shall be engaged to look after the children, and
shall be paid equal wage rate.

• After verification, the Gram Panchayat will issue job card (contain details of the member) to
the household with photograph free of cost within 15 days of application.

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TIME BOUND GUARANTEE OF EMPLOYMENT

• Employment will provide to the workers after the demand by the GP within 15 days of
work application, else employment allowance will be paid.

• A household may avail to 100 days of guaranteed employment in a financial year,

depending on its need.

TYPES OF WORK TO BE TAKEN

The focus of the scheme shall be on the following in order of priority

• Water conservation and water harvesting. Drought proofing (including afforestation and
tree plantation).

• Irrigation canal including micro and minor irrigation works.

• Providing irrigation facilities to land by households belonging to the schedule caste and
schedule tribe or to the beneficiaries’ land reform or the beneficiaries of Indira Awas Yojna
programme.

• Renovation of traditional bodies including de-settling of tank.

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• Land development.

• Food control and protection work including drainage in water-logged areas.

• Rural connectivity access in all-weather condition.

PERMISSIBLE WORKS

• As per the Act, the focus of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
Scheme shall be on the following works.

• Water conservation and water harvesting

• Drought proofing, including afforestation and tree plantation.

• Irrigation canals, including micro and minor irrigation works.

• Provision of irrigation facility, plantation, horticulture, land development to land owned by

households belonging to the SC/ST, or to land of the beneficiaries of land reforms, or to land
of the beneficiaries under the IAY/BPL families.

• Renovation of traditional water bodies, including de-sitting of tanks.

• Land development

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• Flood-control and protection

• Rural connectivity to provide all-weather access. The construction of roads may include

Culverts where necessary and within the village area may be taken up a long with drains.

• Care should be taken not to take up roads included in the PMGSY network under
MGNREGA.

• No cement concrete roads should be taken up under MGNREA. Priority should be given to
roads that that give access to SC/ST habitations.

• Any other work that may be notified by the Central Govt. in consultation with the State
Govt.

The above list of permissible works represents the initial thrust areas. In some
circumstances, locations or seasons, it may be difficult to guarantee employment within this
initial list of permissible works. In such circumstances, the state Govt. may make new
categories of work may be added to the list on the basis of consultations between the state
Government and central Govt. proposals for new categories of work should be discussed and
approval in the State Employment Guarantee Council before reference to the Ministry of
Rural Development. The maintenance of assets created under the scheme will be considered
as permissible work under MGNREGA. The same applies to the maintenance of assets
created under other programmes. MGNREGA resources should not be used for land
acquisition. Land belonging to small and marginal farmers or SC/ST landowners cannot be
acquired or denoted for works under the programmes.

Registration:

First and foremost, every household who is a volunteer to do unskilled manual work they
must have registered their names along with a permanent address in the concerned
Grampanchayat by written form or orally. Then they are eligible to get a hundred days of
guaranteed employment each. Unless the registration, the programme will not start.

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Job card:

After the necessary verification of a particular application, Grampanchayat has to

issue the job card for a household. The job card contains, name of the household, age and full
address. It is an identity card for demanding work. As per the Act, It should be issued within
15 days of registration. Every Job card has a unique number for all transaction.

Application for work:

After getting the job card, every household must be applied for work in the concerned
Grampanchayat. The acknowledgement would be issued for the applicant along with date and
time received by the Grampanchayat.

Provision of work:

Work must be provided for every household within 15 days of application who applied for
the job. It is the greater responsibility of the Grampanchayat as well as the state government.
Work should be provided within the 5 km radius of the village. In a case where work is
provided out of the radius of 5 km, almost10 percent extra wage should be paid by the
Grampanchayat for transport convenience.

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Unemployment allowance:

Unemployment allowance must be paid by the state government to the concerned applicant,
in case of work is not provided within 15 days of applying. The applicant is eligible to get
unemployment allowance that 1/3 of the daily wage even if not working.

Priority:

As per the Act, one-third of the MGNREGA workers must be women. Women workers have
special previses while selecting the beneficiaries. Other provisions: The Grampanchayat has
to provide the necessary facilities, like provision of shadow, drinking water, etc. The
speciality of the programme that one woman is to appointed for taking care of the children at
the work site if more than six women workers are working under this scheme. The
Grampanchayat has to provide the tools and instruments required for the manual work. Cost
management: The ratio of the total cost is shared between the central government and the
state government. The shared ratio is that 100 percent of the wage cost bared by the central
government. The material cost is shared by the central and the state government as per 75:25
percent.

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Wage:

The unique future of the programme that payment is to be paid according to the state-wise
which is notified by the Government of India. As per the revised schedule, the wage is to be
paid on piece wage-based. Every 15 days once wage payment to be paid to individual bank/
post office account of the beneficiary.

Planning:

GP has arranged Gramsabha meeting at its office to decide the work which can be taken.
Maybe all the villagers are called for attending the meeting. GP officials, GP members and
participated people have decided which works can be selected. The identified works must be
approved by block and district administration finally.

GRAM SHABHA

Worksite management:

As per the Act, it is purely manual work; hence, here machinery are not used at the worksite.
The Act prevents the intervention of contractors. It should be contractor free. The workers
have directly benefited as per the programme. The MGNREGA is a wage employment
programme, which is maintained 60:40 ratio between wage and material expenditure.

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 Right to Work – the Act gives the adult members of the rural household who are
willing to work do unskilled manual work right to work, which is consistent with
Article 41 of the Indian Constitution which directs the state to secure all the citizens
‘right to work’.
 Time Bound Employment Guarantee – The Act provides for 15 day time period for
providing employment to an applicant, if the applicant is not provided with a job, he
is entitled to employment allowance.
 Guaranteed Minimum 100 days of wage employment in a fiscal year, per household.
 Worksite Facilities – The worksites where the employment is provided under this
scheme has various facilities such as crèche, drinking water, shades and first aid kits.
 Women Empowerment – At least one third of the total members employed must be
women.
 Implementation – the state government is responsible for the effective
implementation of this scheme. Section 3 and 4 of this act creates an obligation on
the state government to provide a minimum of 100 days of guaranteed unskilled
manual work to the rural household in a fiscal year.
 Funding – 100% of the wages of the unskilled manual work and 75% of the material
costs including the wages of semi-skilled and skilled labourers are borne by the
central government. 25% of the wages of the semi-skilled and skilled labourers and
100% unemployment allowance is borne by the state government.

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1.5 Impact of MGNREGA on Rural Poor

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS)

was launched by the Indian government in 2006 with the aim of providing a safety net to
rural households by guaranteeing 100 days of wage employment per year. Here are some of
the impacts of the scheme:

(Reduction in distress migration:MGNREGA. Distress migration refers to the phenomenon

where people migrate from rural areas to urban Provide skill development: MGNREGA
provides an opportunity for skill development through training programs. These programs
can help in developing new skills and enhancing existing ones, which can improve
employability and reduce the need for distress migration. Increase funding: The success of
MGNREGA depends on adequate funding. Increasing the funding for the program can help
in providing employment to more people and reducing distress migration.

Financial inclusion : The scheme has generated employment opportunities for millions of
rural households across the country. It has helped to provide a livelihood to many households
that were previously unemployed or underemployed.

Decline of hunger: The scheme has helped to reduce poverty in rural areas by providing a
source of income to rural households. It has also helped to improve the standard of living of
rural households by providing them with access to basic amenities such as water, sanitation,
and electricity.

Economic employment of poor women: The scheme has had a positive impact on gender
empowerment. It has provided equal opportunities to women for employment, and has helped
to empower them by providing them with a source of income and financial independence.

Under the scheme, minimum wages of Rs. 306/- per man day notified by the Ministry of
Rural Development, Govt of India w.e.f. 1st April, 2022 are being paid equal to men and
women workers. The payment of wages is being made through Saving Bank/Post Offices
accounts of workers on weekly or fortnightly basis. Higher participation of SC ,ST poor:
have accounted for 51 per cent of the total person days generated and women for 47 per cent,
well above the mandatory 33 per cent as required by the Act.

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1. 6 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Deb (2017) studied on the impact of MGNREGA is the MGNREGA focuses at

enhancing areas by livelihood security of the people in rural areas by guaranteeing hundred
day of wage employment in the fy, A study of the impact of MGNREGA in Assam. The
present paper has taken three main objective first one is to study the concept structure of the
act. Second one is to study the impact of MGNREGA on the rural life in Assam. Third one is
to study the benefit of MGNREGA on the rural areas and the problems associated with the
scheme. The researcher collected better based on secondary sources. They found that
explained there is reasonable concentration of MGNREGA concept which needs to be scattle
across the nation which as women empowerment, impact of MGNREGA. The MGNREGA
seems to have positive impact on education of children of the family.

Das (2021) studied on the role of MANREGA in rural development this paper is an
attempt to examine the impact of MANREGA on Employment generation in the Dhemaji of
Assam. The present paper focus on four main objectives such as 1 st to know the current status
of MGNEGA 2nd is to know the problem of implementing MANREGA 3rd to know the
participation of SC and ST population in MGNREGA 4 th to know the performance of
MANREGA. To researcher was collected data through secondary from the ministry of the
rural development and published sources. This research reveal that MANREGA has provided
employment opportunities to ST SC and women of Dhemaji. He said that there is corruption
affect the programme, absence of social audit, lack of awareness, lake of knowledge.

Das (2016) The researcher studied the Role of MGNREGA in Rural Employment: A
study of Barpeta District of Assam, India. He has taken four main objectives 1 st To know the
object and implication of MGNREGA Act in rural areas. 2 nd To know the impact of
MGNREGA on natural resources such as land, water etc. 3 rd To know how MGNREGA
helps to attain sustainable rural development in the economy. 4 th To know the extent of
women participation. His data collected through the secondary data. According to the
researcher MGNREGA has positives impact on employment pattern of women. The
researcher attempt to assess the impact and effectiveness of the act in this district during the
financial year 2013-14

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 Krishnamurthy (2006) States that NREGA and related programs from the
perspective of responding to sudden and rapid onset of events like economic crises and
natural and man-made disasters. It advocates using the NREGA as part of the rapid response
to crises and disasters. Particular attention is focused on the aggregate impact of localized
disasters/crises, which may be large and need to be addressed in disaster management
strategies in India.

Kumar and Kumar (2016) studied on the impact of MGNREGA with special
reference to men and women beneficiaries in Mudikkari block Coimbatore, Tamilnadu. The
present paper has taken four main objective first one is to evaluate the income men
beneficiaries of MGNREGA. Second one is to measure the stratification level men and
women beneficiaries through MGNREGA. Third one is to know the impact of MGNREGA
among rural and the fourth one is to recommend measure to ensure the socio economic
development through MGNREGA. The researcher collected data based on secondary
sources. They found that there is a reasonable concentration of MGNREGA concept which
needs to be scattle across the nation as impact of MGNREGA socio-economic development
the MGNREGA was passed to provide for enhancement of minimum wages security of the
household in rural areas of the country.

Kumar (2019) studied on the study of correlation between MANREGA and women
empowerment the regional of the study is to examine the women empowerment is issues and
challenges and impact on MANREGA scheme. The present paper has taken three main
objectives first one is to provide meaning full employment to rural people second one is to
create assets and rural infrastructure and last one is to provide women equal opportunities in
employment. The researcher collected data purely based on secondary data only. According
to the researcher MANREGA is the largest poverty alleviation and well thought legislation in
Indian history of social security program since independence MANREGA has certainly
empowered women worker economically and socially gender neutral measure such as
increase in participation of women in planning and social audits of MANREGA
implementation of better work side facilities proper payment of wages.

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 Meghana and Ambily (2017) studied on the impact of Mahatma Gandhi National
Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) employment in the rural areas. Through this
act employment opportunities have been raised and women become empowered. The present
paper has taken four main objectives these are first one is to study whether the women are
empowered with the help of this plan. Second one is to analyse change in income pattern
women through NREGA. Third one is to whether the livelihood have been remolded. And
fourth one is to identify the satisfactory level of women under NREGA. The researcher
collected better based on secondary sources. They found to be that explained there is
reasonable concentration of MGNREGA and women empowerment, May 2016 reveals that
proper implementation is the success of this act. The main aim is reduce alleviating poverty
migration, limiting child labourer.

Mishra (2018) studied on the impact of MGNREGA is the present paper is an

attempt to overview the impact of MGNREGA on employment creation in India. The
MGNREGA programme by the Central government of India started in September 2005. It
provides a legal guarantee of 100 days of employment per year in unskilled works to each
rural household. The present paper has taken three main objective first one is to objective on
the project paper is to take a comprehensive. Study on the MGNREGA on job creation rural
India. Second one is to achieve this objective an in-depth analyse done on the need of the
MGNREGA advantage and applicability of MGNREGA. Third one is paper also highlighted
the present statuses of MGNREGA in rural areas of India. The researcher collected to better
based on secondary sources they found to be that explained there is a reasonable
concentration of MGNREGA rural areas in India.

M. Lalitha Laxmi (2022) studied on the impact of MGNREGA act was introduced
with an aim of improving the purchasing power of rural people, primary seem or unskilled
work to the rural people living in rural India. The present paper has taken two main objective
first one is to analyse the impact of MGNREGS women workers in Dindigal district. Second
one is to give suitable findings and suggestion on their impact. They strongly believe that the
program can act as a great agent for socio economic upliftment by providing livelihood
security to the poorest of the poor in rural people. The researcher collected better based on
secondary sources. they found to be explained there is reasonable concentration of
MGNREGA rural areas in India.

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 Narayanan (2017) studied on the MGNREGA in Rural Development of Mahatma
Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act for rural development in Irinja Lakuda.
The paper has taken three main objective first one is to examine the socio economic back
ground of the MGNREGA workers in Choondal gram panchayat. Second one is to analyse
the role of MGNREGA to promote employment and women empowerment in Choondal
gram panchayat. Third one is to identify level of rural development in Choondal gram
panchayat at the researcher collected based on secondary sources. They finds that the impact
of MGNREGA from Choondal gram panchayat. The MGNREGA on men and women
worker analysed increased household income better standard of living and household design
making increasing hanging power and improve social prestige, men worker spent their
additional income to meet the food, education health and payment of debt.

Alexon and P.K (2015) studied on the impact of MGNREGA this paper makes on
imperial study of the socio economic profile on the women beneficiaries Mahatma Gandhi
National rural employment guarantee scheme (MGNREGS) its prospects of with reference to
the state of Kerala in India. The present paper has taken three main objective first one is to
study the occupation and asset- holding of women labourers of MGNREGS. Second one is to
study the problems and prospects of MGNREGS with respect to women labourers. third one
is to suggest suitable remedial strategies for more effective implementation of MGNREGS.
The researcher collected better based on secondary sources they found to explain there is
reasonable concentration of MGNREGA concept which needs to be women empowerment,
impact of MGNREGA the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
seems to have positive impact on education of children of the family.

Rath and Nanda (2016 /2017) studied on the MGNREGA and impact on women
empowerment evidence from KBK region of Odisha and the study has taken two main
objectives first one is to examine in the women's empowerment and greater economic
independence and second one is to examine factor affecting women empowerment through
MGNREGA. The researcher collected data based on secondary sources they found impact of
MGNREGA on women worker analyse income and standard of living among the household
which improves their social prestige though they meet their basic necessities such as food,
education, wealth and payment of debit they finally said that MANREGA seems to have
positive impact on education of children of the family.

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 Sharma and Khanuja (2017) studied on the MGNREGA on the generation of
employment type of work done under this programme is successful in poverty alleviation in
rural India. The present paper has taken three main objective first one is to analyse the role of
MGNREGA for generation employment rural India. Second one is to know the viability of
MGNREGA for rural growth and third one is how MGNREGA able to alleviation the status
of poor rural people. The researcher collected better based on secondary sources found on
explained that the impact of MGNREGA from rural India. There is reasonable concentration
of MGNREGA concept which needs to be scattle across the nation as poverty alleviation in
rural India.

Tabassum (2018) studied on the MGNREGA on three socio economic development

on the MGNREGA from Aligarh in India. The present study critically the implementation of
MGNREGS in India. The present paper has taken three main objective first one is to evaluate
the income of women beneficiaries of MGNREGA. Second one is to measure the
stratification level of women beneficiaries through MGNREGA. Third one is to know the
impact of MGNREGA among rural women. The researcher collected better based on
secondary sources they found on explained that the impact of MGNREGA Aliagarh in India.
There is reasonable concentration of MGNREGA concept which needs to be scattle across
the nation as poverty alleviation rural in India. The men and women workers are hardly
labourer on MGNREGA in Odisha about the rural India. They finally said that Mahatma
Gandhi National rural employment guarantee act (MGNREGA) seems to have positive
impact on education of children of the family.

Vedanthadesikar (2018) studied on the topic of MANREGA a way to create

employment and poverty alleviation the present paper has taken three main objectives first
one is to analyse the role of MANREGA for generation employment in rural India second
one is to know the viability of MGNREGA for rural growth last one is how MANREGA able
to the alleviate the status of poor rural people. The data collected by the researcher secondary
through secondary data. His finding is the whole employment structure has been changed by
MGNREGA. Somehow data showed that MGNREGA is very much successful in gripping
rural economy MGNREGA able to alleviate the status of poor rural people and it decreased
unemployment.

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1.6 Gaps of Literature Review

From the above literature almost every study had been focused on some
general issues like wage, impact of the schemes, payment, lack of awareness about
the schemes etc. But no one has studied about the role of middleman which plays an
exploitative role by depriving the rights of the beneficiaries. So it is a broad gap in the
all review of literature which we already studied in some thesis topic on Mahatma
Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA).

1.7 Statement of the Problems

Lake of priority of government : One major problem with the Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) is the implementation
challenges faced by the government. These include delays in payments, corruption,
and lack of awareness among beneficiaries.
Lack of Awareness: Many people in rural areas are not aware of the scheme or the
benefits it offers. This results in low participation rates and underutilization of the
scheme.
Interfere of middle man: There are several issues related to the existence of fake job
cards, the inclusion of fictitious names, missing entries and delays in making entries
in job cards. Gandhi
These are the reason why we choose to do research on the topic of Mahatma National
Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). We want try suggest to the
government to improve in this schemes that’s why beneficiary will developed in their
income, buy food and clothes for their livelihood and better life.

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 CHAPTER – 2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 Introduction

This part present the research methodology on the Rural Employment Scheme: Study
with special reference to MGNREGA. It covers research design, sampling, tools of data
collection and sources of data collection.

2.2 Research Design

Research design is a blueprint of a scientific study. It includes research

methodologies, tools, and techniques to conduct the research. It helps to identify and address
the problem that may rise during the process of research and analysis. The present study is
purely descriptive and analytical in nature.

2.3 Sampling

Sampling means selecting the group that you will actually collect data from in your
research. The present study has taken simple random sampling method. The researcher has
taken 10 sample for the collection of the data about the MGNREGA schemes.

2.4 Tools of Data Collection

 Interviews schedule

In the Interview time researcher used the Pen and Notebook, note down this in the
notebook the answer of the respondents.

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  Observation

Researcher observed there in researching or enquiry time at that area what is increased or
decreased through the MGNREGA schemes. It helped or not to the beneficiaries.

2.5 Sources of Data collection

 Primary
 Secondary

Researcher use the sources of data collection both Primary and Secondary data based.

In the Primary Data collected from the respondent by using of Interview schedule.

In the Secondary Data collected from journals, articles, government records, newspaper and
official MGNREGA websites.

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 CHAPTER 3
DATA ANALYSIS

3.1 Study to the socio-economic profile of the respondent.

3.1.1 Age

Table 1.1

Table 1.1 Age Composition

25%

20-40
40% 40-55
55-70

35%

Sources: Computed from Primary Data

Above table (table 1.1) shows that age of the respondents , the age of between 20 to
40 people are 25%, age of between 40 to 55 people are 35% and age of between 55 to 70
or above 70 their percentage is 40 percentage.

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3.1.2 Marital status

Table 1.2

Table 1.2 Marital Status

5%

25% Married
Unmarried
Widow & Widower

70%

Sources: Computed from Primary Data

Above table (Table 1.2) shows that the marital status of the respondent. There are
much respondent was married their percentage is 70% and unmarried percentage are 25%
and widow/widower percentage is 5%. In this table we can say that there is less number
of widow/widower and high number of married respondent researcher are observe and
survey there.

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3.1.3 Educational status

Table 1.3

Educational Status
5.5
4.5
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5

Primary Secondary Illiterate

Male 5 2 1
Female 2 0 0
Sources: Computed from Primary Data

Above table (Table 1.3) refers to the educational status of the respondents which are
inquiry by the researcher in that area or that village. It says that the respondents are male
persons are 50% and female persons are 20% belongs from the primary education and
20% male persons are belongs from the secondary education and lastly 10% persons are
belongs from the illiterate category.

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3.1.4 Social category

Table 1.4

Social Category
SC ST OBC
10%
30%

60%

Sources: Computed from Primary Data

The above table (1.4) categorised by social groups. In that area most number of people
are Schedule Tribe(ST). That’s why the respondents are much more than other social
category. In there out of 100% Schedule Tribes are 60% and Schedule Caste are 30%
and left 10% respondent are Other Backward Class (OBC).

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 3.2 To find out the implementation procedure of MGNREGA

IMPLEMENTATION OF MGNREGA

At the field study time researcher observed or find some changes or implementation such
as, main role played by the GAON SAATHI, they are used the modern technology. At the
education field they are improved and there you can see the Unity in diversity, we feelings, in
the rural area researcher can observe there is much number of helping nature people and they
participate in every family’s social event like marriage and the ritual rules and regulations
which are existing in their village. These are the positive impact in the rural area.

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 CHAPTER – 4

4.1 Findings

 Mahatma Gandhi NREGA has led to major increases in wages of rural workers. SC, ST and
Women along with socially excluded communities benefit from and are included in Mahatma
Gandhi NREGA plans which could be a significant indicator of poverty alleviation in rural
areas.

 The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is to

enhance livelihood security of households in rural areas of the country by providing at least
one hundred days of manual wage employment to every household in a year.

 The MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) initiative
has now been in operation for ten years. The MGNREGA programme is the world's largest
social welfare programme. Several lakhs of villagers have been lifted out of rural poverty as a
result of the initiative.

 Enforcement of law and order. Land reforms. Infrastructure development like irrigation,
electricity, etc. Availability of credit.

 MGNREGA reduced poverty by up to 32 per cent and prevented 14 million people from
falling into poverty, a study by the National Council of Applied Economic Research
(NCAER) and University of Maryland using data from 26,000 rural households through two
rounds of survey conducted in 2004-5 and 2011-12 found.

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 4.2 Suggestions to improve the MGNREGA

 The villages must learn from the success of fellow villages. In this regard, every Panchayat
should ensure caution while framing and implementing the mandatory five-year plan under
MGNREGA.

 The government must now measure the potential outcome from the assets created under
MGNREGA. For this, it must track the impact of water harvesting structures in terms of local
land and water resources.

 For constant monitoring and maintenance of water work, the government can get the support
of communities and civil society organizations like the Paani Foundation (water survive).

 Adequate facilities such as soap, water, and masks, etc. must be provided free of cost to
workers during the pandemic.

 The government should provide greater funds for the proper implementation of the scheme.

 The government can enhance the number of days to 150-200 days depending on the
vulnerability in a particular state. Especially in Odisha, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand etc.

 The government should provide water supply for the worker during working time at the field.

 Especially should provide special facilities for the women and children the age of below 5
years which are taken by their mother during the working.

 Should pay the wage payment by the schedule time period that they will influence for work
in the MGNREGA schemes.

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4.3 Conclusion

Through this employment guarantee scheme the workmate of the MGNREGA share
their ideas and experiences with their workmates. They are regularly visit the Grama Sabha
& women are aware about employment opportunities and their rights. They have their own
savings account through this scheme. Savings helps to children’s studying, paying of debt,
medical care etc. The scheme creates an opportunity for the upliftment for the SC women in
the Panchayat. The scheme provides safe and secure employment opportunities to the women
without any discrimination on the basis of caste, colour, religion, and gender.

There was an increase in the certain indicators and decrease in others, but most of the
components showed in a progressive picture .The total number of household got employment
and families that got 100 days of employment increased but the same time the participation
of man showed decline, women participation increased. There were significant increases in
employment creation in the Grama Panchayat. Panchayat take all the promotional activities
for providing better employment through MGNREGA.

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4.4 References

1. Alexon,K,R and P.K,M. (2015) MGNREGS in Kerala, An Empirical study of the

problems and prospects with a focus on female beneficiaries, Research Scholar
(Economics), Department of Applied Economics Cochin University Science and
Technology Kochi, Kerala.
2. A.P. and S,Meghana and Ambily, A.S.(2017) studied on MGNREGA and Women
empowerment with reference to Kerala., Department of Commerce and Management
school of Arts and Science Amrita university Kochi, Kerala.
3. Deb, D. (2017).Impact of MGNREGA on Rural livelihood of Assam. Assistant
professor, Department of Commerce, NERIM Group of Institution, Guwahati.
4. Kumar,M,A and Kumar,M. ( 2016) studied on the impact of MGNREGA with special
reference to women beneficiaries in Muddukari block, coimbatore, Tamilnadu., Dr.
Ashok Kumar professor and Head, Department of management studies and research
Karpagam University, coimbatore - 641021, M. Kumar Research Scholar,
5. Mishra,A. (2016) studied on the MGNREGA and status of Rural Employment
Generation in India Research Scholar Department of Economics Banaras Hindu
University.
6. Narayanan,A.(2017), MANREGA is the program adopted for the rural development
in India, "MGNREGA" and rural development in India, PG Economics St. Joseph's
College, Irinjalakuda.
7. Sharma,D. and Karim,A. and Khanuja,S.S. (2017) A tool of generation of
employment and poverty Alleviation. Disha Sharma, Research Scholar (Phd) P.T.
Ravishankar Shukla university, Raipur, (C.G.) India, Dr. Abdul Karim head of
Department Govt. Mahaprabhu Vallabhacharya P.G. College, Mahasamund, (C.G)
India, Dr. S.S. Khanuja, Principal Durga College, Raipur (C.G) India
8. Tabassum,F. (2018) the present study critically analysis the implementation of
MGNREGS in India, Research Scholar of Department of Economics, Aliagarh
Muslim University, Aliagarh.
9. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) e-ISSN: 2321-5933, p-ISSN:
2321-5925.Volume 12, Issue 2 Ser. IV (Mar. –Apr. 2021), PP 54-57
www.iosrjournals.org
10. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN: 2319-7064 Index
Copernicus Value (2016): 79.57 | Impact Factor (2017): 7.296

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11. © 2018 JETIR August 2018, Volume 5, Issue 8
12. International Journal of Research in Social SciencesVol. 9, Issue 4, April - 2019,
ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081

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