Geometry

Square and Rectangle

Square � Area of circle : Area of square

� A closed figure with all 4 sides equal and all angles
90º.
90º
1
a
D a C 1
45° 45°
45° 45° a

r
90°
O
(2)2

Si
a 90° 90° a � (1)2 :
2
90° � : 2
45° 45° 11 : 7
45° 45° � P, Q, R, S are mid points of sides of square. PQRS
A B

p
a
is also a square.
d2
� Area = a2 = P, Q, R, S ABCD PQRS
2 a
n
� Perimeter = 4a
t
D R C
� Diagonal bisect the vertex angle. io
a
at
1 1
ic

S Q
Pr

� AC = a 2 = BD
1 1
bl

AC BD
Pu

� AO = BO = CO = DO = =
2 2 A B
P
� Diagonal bisect each other at 90°
Area of ABCD
on
n

90° Area of PQRS =

2
pi

� �DOC � �AOB � �AOD � BOC �

ga
am

D C
R
Ch

r
a
Ga

A a B
a
• Radius of incircle =r= Bigger : Outer : Medium : Medium : Small : Small
2
a circle square circle square circle square
d
• Radius of circum-circle = R= = : : : : :
2 2
d a
= R= = Area 8� : 16 : 4� : 8 : 2 � : 4...
2 2
R 2
= 1 1 1 1
r 1 2 2 2 2
Area of circumcricle 2 or
=
Area of incircle 1 88 : 56 : 44 : 28 : 22 : 14 ......

33
 Geometry
� Largest square inscribed in semi-circle � Area = Length × breadth = l × b
� Perimeter = 2 (l + b)
Diagonal do not bisect vertex angle.

r a AC = BD = l 2 � b2
�ABC � �CDA
o
AC BD
AO = OC = BO = DO = =
2 2
a2 � Diagonals bisect each other but not at 90°
a2 � = r2
4 90°
5 2 4 � �DOC � �BOA and �AOD � �COB
a = r2 � a2 = r2
4 5 � BO is median of �ABC � Ar �AOB = Ar �BOC

r
� Similarly Ar �AOB = Ar �BOC = Ar �COD = Ar �AOD
2

Si
a= r � In square/rectangle/parallelogram/rhombus
5
ABCD�
� P, Q, R, S are mid points of respective sides.
ABCD �
P, Q, R, S

p
D P C
D R C

4
a x y

n
b
t
2 b
S Q io z
a
at
o
ic

3 A B
Pr

1 l
bl

A B
P
Pu

1
�l �b
ABCD � Square/Rectangle Area � APB 2 1
= =
on
n

Area � ABCD l�b 2

1
Area (1 + 2) = Area (3 + 4) = Area ABCD
pi

2 Shaded Area 1
ga

� = � Area (x + y) = Area z
am

Rectangle Area ABCD 2

� A type of quadrilateral that has its parallel sides British Flag Theorem (For Square/Rectnagle)
Ch

equal to each other and all the four vertex angles

are equal to 90º.
Ga

� D C
y
90º z P w

x
D l C
� � A B
� 1 �
Note � AC and BD are not diagonals.
b 1 1 b ��AC BD
o
� P is any point inside P
� 1 � PA2 + PC2 = PB2 + PD2
� � x2 + z2 + w2 + y2 = x2 + w2 + y2 + z2
A l B

34
 Geometry

Parallelogram/Rhombus/Trapezium

Parallelogram � Area of all 4 triangle is same.

� It is a quadrilateral with opposite sides equal and 4�
parallel.
1
i.e., Ar �AOB = Ar �BOC = Ar �COD = Ar �DOA =
4

D Ar ABCD
C
180-� � d12 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos (180° – �) = a2 + b2 + 2ab cos �

r
d 22 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos � � d1 > d2

Si
� 180-� d12 + d22 = 2 (a2 + b2)
A B
� Area of Parallelogram
� AB ��� CD and BC ��� AD
D a C
� �A = �C, �B = �D

p
� Angle ratio �x:y:x:y h2
� Opposite angles are equal a b b

n
t
h1
� Sum of two adjacent angles is 180° io
a
A B
at
180° a
ic

� AB = CD and BC = AD
Pr

Area of Parallelogram = ab sin �

bl

� �ABC � �CDA
1
Pu

� Diagonal AC � BD Ar of �ABD = ab sin � = Ar �BDC

2
� ��� �, � � r
1
on
n

� Opposite �'s are congruent � Ar of Parallelogram = 2 × ab sin � = ab sin

2
pi

� Ar of Parallelogram = Base × Height � ah1 = bh2

ga
am

D a C a h2
� � = h
Ch

� 1 d1 � b 1
d2
Ga

b 1 O � P is any point P
1
b
� D a C
1 �
A � �
a B y
z w b
�COD � �AOB b
h2
�AOD � �COB
x h1
BD A a B
� BO = DO =
2
1
AC Area (x + y) = Area (z + w) = Area of Parallelogram
AO = CO = 2
2
ABCD
� Diagonal bisect each other but not at 90°.
90° 1 1
ah1 = bh 2
2 2

35
 Geometry
� D P C D C
d2
x y
2 d1
2
z
O a
d2
d1 2
A B 2
1 A a B
Ar �APB = Area � ABCD
2
d12 d22
� = a2
1 4 4
Ar (x + y) = Ar(z) = Area � ABCD
2 d12 + d 22 = 4a2
� D Q C 1 d1 d2
Area �BOC = � �

r
2 2 2
1 d1 d2 d1 × d2

Si
P Area of rhombus = 4 � � � =
2 2 2 2
Perimeter = 4a
Figure Made After Joining Mid Points
A B

p
Ar � APQ 3 � Scalene quadrilateral � Parallelogram
=
Ar � ABCD 8
Rhombus
a Square � Square

n
� Rhombus is a type of parallelogram with all sides
t
Rectangle � Rhombus
equal and diagonals bisect each other at 90º io
a
Rhombus � Rectangle
at
Trapezium
ic

90º
Pr

� It is a quadrilateral with one pair of parallel

bl

D a C
opposite sides. The parallel sides of a trapezium
�
Pu

180-� � is called bases and non-parallel sides are called

�
legs.
on
n

O
a a
pi

�
ga
am

� 180-�
�
A a B AB ���CD
Ch

� All sides are equal If AD = BC then it is called isosceles trapezium.

Ga

� �A = �C and �B = �D AD = BC
� Diagonal bisect vertex angle.
D C
� �

� Diagonal bisect rhombus into two equal areas.

P O Q
A1 B1
� AC � BD
� All 4� made by two diagonals are congruent. � �
A B
4�

AC BD AC � BD
� AO = OC = and BO = OD = �AOB � �COD
2 2
� Diagonal bisect each other at 90°. AB + CD
PQ =
90° 2

36
 Geometry
� b � b
D C D C
m m
m
P Q :P Q:

n n n

A a B A a B
Area � DCQP m ma � nb
= PQ =
Area � PQBA n m�n
Isosceles Trapezium
ma 2 � nb2
PQ = � D C
m�n
180-� 180-�

r
a 2 � b2 O
If m : n = 1 : 1 Then PQ =

Si
2
� �
� D b C A B
AB ���CD ; AD = BC
�A + �C = �B + �D = 180º

p
c d � Each isosce le s trapeziu m is a c ycli c
quadrilateral.

d1 d2
a �

n
t
or if a trapezium is inscribed in a circle it must
A a B
io
be a isosceles trapezium.
a
at
d12 + d22 = c2 + d2 + 2ab
ic
Pr
bl

1 AC = BD
� Area of trapezium ABCD = × (a + b) × h
2
Pu

D a C
� D b C
on

� �
n
pi
ga

h
am

� �
A P a Q B
Ch

b
A a B
Ga

b �a
�AOB � �COD AP = QB =
2
Area ��AOD = Ar �BOC �APD � �BQC
� Shift � ADP near �BQC ��trapezium converted to
D C rectangle.
x
� ADP �BQC ��
k k
O
y
D C/A p1

A B

k×k=x×y
k= xy
P Q B/D

37