Fin 1591022841

Government of Nepal
Ministry of Irrigation
Department of Irrigation
Planning Design Monitoring and Evaluation Division
Jawlakhel, Lalitpur
PREFEASIBILITY STUDY
OF
KALIGANDAKI-TINAU DIVERSION PROJECT
Final Report
Volume I: Main Report
June, 2011
Submitted by:
Pre-Feasibility Study of
Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
SILT Consultants (P) Ltd. would like to express its sincere gratitude to the Department of
Irrigation (DoI) for entrusting it the responsibility of conducting the Pre-feasibility study of
Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion project in Palpa, Rupandehi and Kapilvastu distiricts of Nepal.
We are particularly grateful to Mr. Shiva Kumar Sharma, DDG, DOI; Mr. Sudhir Man
Basnyat, DDG, DOI; Mr. Ashis Bhadra Khanal, SDE, DoI; Mr. Ajaya Adhikari, Engineer,
DOI; and Ms. Pramila Shrestha, Geologist, DOI for their cooperation and guidance in
conducting the study and expect the same in future as well. We are also thankful to them
for providing us their precious time and help making this project up to the Final Report.
We are also very thankful to local community, who spent their important time and effort with
the study team providing their proper and priceless responses to our quiries and extended
us immense assistance and support during the site visit. We are very much thankful to
local people, particularly, Mr. Padam Aryal, Mr. Arjun Shrestha, Mr. Mohan Amatya, and
Ms. Laxmi Magar for their kind help during the field visit. The team is thankful to all of them,
who are involved with this project directly and indirectly.
Finally, we are grateful to all the members of the study team, who are involved in this
project and helped us in one way or other through their teamwork, enthusiasm and active
participation with their important suggestions while preparing this project report.
SILT Consultats (P) Ltd.
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Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................................ a
Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... b
List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................................. g
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................................. h
Acronyms .................................................................................................................................................................... i
Salient Features ......................................................................................................................................................... k
Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................................... n
1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 1-1

1.1 Background .......................................................................................................................................................1-1
1.2 Project Components ..........................................................................................................................................1-2
1.2.1 Component-A: Development of Irrigation ...............................................................................................1-2
1.2.2 Component-B: Development of Hydropower .........................................................................................1-2
1.3 Objectives of the Study......................................................................................................................................1-2
1.4 Scope of Work ...................................................................................................................................................1-3
1.4.1 Procurement of Satellite Imageries and Processing ................................................................................1-3
1.4.2 Collection of Field Data/Survey Work .....................................................................................................1-3
1.4.3 Office Work..............................................................................................................................................1-3
1.5 Expected Output of the Study ...........................................................................................................................1-4
2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................... 2-1

2.1 Approach ...........................................................................................................................................................2-1
2.1.1 General Approach ....................................................................................................................................2-1
2.1.2 Project Management Approach ..............................................................................................................2-1
2.1.3 Approach to Inventory Update and Desk Study ......................................................................................2-2
2.1.4 Approach to Field Investigation and Survey ............................................................................................2-2
2.1.5 Approach to Planning and Investigation .................................................................................................2-2
2.2 Methodology .....................................................................................................................................................2-3
2.2.1 Desk Study/Inception Phase ....................................................................................................................2-3
2.2.1.1 Inception Meeting of Consultants..................................................................................................2-3
2.2.1.2 Review of Literature, Previous Studies and Reports ......................................................................2-3
2.2.1.3 Procurement of Satellite Image .....................................................................................................2-4
2.2.1.4 Potential Area Delineation for irrigation Development .................................................................2-4
2.2.1.5 Collection of Hydro-Meteorological Data for Water Resources of the Kaligandaki River Basin ....2-4
2.2.1.6 Inventory of Irrigation Systems in Rupandehi and Kapilvastu Districts .........................................2-4
2.2.1.7 Preparation of Updated Work Plan ................................................................................................2-4
2.2.1.8 Preparation of Proposed Table of Content for the Final Report: ...................................................2-5
2.2.1.9 Preparation and Submission of Inception Report: .........................................................................2-5
2.2.2 Field Investigation and Survey .................................................................................................................2-5
2.2.2.1 Phase-I Field Work .........................................................................................................................2-5
2.2.2.2 Phase-II Field Work ........................................................................................................................2-7
2.2.3 Methodology of Planning and Investigation ...........................................................................................2-8
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3 THE PROJECT AREA......................................................................................................................................... 3-1

3.1 Location And Accessibility .................................................................................................................................3-1
3.2 Climate of Study Area........................................................................................................................................3-2
3.3 Topography And Land Use ................................................................................................................................3-2
3.4 Potential Area for Irrigation Development ........................................................................................................3-3
3.5 Existing Irrigation Situation ...............................................................................................................................3-3
3.6 Socio Economic Profile ......................................................................................................................................3-9
3.6.1 General ....................................................................................................................................................3-9
3.6.2 Demographic Characteristics ...................................................................................................................3-9
3.6.3 Ethnic Composition .................................................................................................................................3-9
Source: District Profile of Rupandehi, ............................................................................................................3-10
3.6.4 Economy and Livelihood Pattern ...........................................................................................................3-10
3.6.5 Landholding Pattern ..............................................................................................................................3-10
4 WATER RESOURCES IN KALIGANDAKI BASIN .................................................................................................. 4-1

4.1 West Gandak Project.........................................................................................................................................4-1
4.2 Narayani Irrigation Project................................................................................................................................4-1
4.3 Bhairahawa-Lumbini Tubewell Irrigation Project .............................................................................................4-1
4.4 Banganga Irrigation Project ..............................................................................................................................4-1
4.5 The Chhattis Mauja Irrigation System (CMIS) ...................................................................................................4-2
4.6 Other Multipurpose Projects Studied In The Gandak Basin ..............................................................................4-2
4.6.1 Sapta Gandak Multipurpose Project .......................................................................................................4-2
4.6.2 Kali Gandaki -1 .........................................................................................................................................4-3
4.6.3 Kali Gandaki-2 ..........................................................................................................................................4-3
4.6.4 Andhi Khola Storage Project ....................................................................................................................4-3
4.6.5 Marsyangdi Storage Project ....................................................................................................................4-3
5 HYDROLOGY OF KALIGANDAKI RIVER ............................................................................................................ 5-1

5.1 General Hydrology ............................................................................................................................................5-1
5.2 Overview of Kali Gandaki River Basin................................................................................................................5-1
5.3 Rivers In the KaliGandaki basin .........................................................................................................................5-2
5.4 Water Supply Estimates ....................................................................................................................................5-4
5.5 Mean Monthly Rainfall .....................................................................................................................................5-4
5.6 Maximum Rainfall Data ....................................................................................................................................5-5
5.7 Hydrological Study of Kaligandaki River at Ramdi ............................................................................................5-6
5.7.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................5-6
5.7.2 Methodology of hydrological Study ........................................................................................................5-6
5.7.3 Kaligandaki Catchment ............................................................................................................................5-6
5.7.3.1 Catchment Physiography ...............................................................................................................5-6
5.7.3.2 Drainage .........................................................................................................................................5-7
5.7.3.3 Climate ...........................................................................................................................................5-7
5.7.3.4 Ecology and Geology ......................................................................................................................5-7
5.7.3.5 Water use .......................................................................................................................................5-7
5.7.4 Available Data ..........................................................................................................................................5-7
5.7.4.1 Stream Flow Data ...........................................................................................................................5-7
5.7.4.2 Rainfall Data ...................................................................................................................................5-8
5.7.5 Field Hydrology ........................................................................................................................................5-9
5.7.5.1 Discharge Measurement ................................................................................................................5-9
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5.7.5.2 Rating Curve Development ............................................................................................................5-9

5.7.5.3 Hydrological Analysis ...................................................................................................................5-10
5.7.5.4 Rational and Empirical Formulae .................................................................................................5-10
5.7.5.5 Rational Method ..........................................................................................................................5-10
5.7.5.6 Empirical Methods .......................................................................................................................5-11
5.7.5.7 Catchment Correlation .................................................................................................................5-12
5.7.6 Long Term Hydrology ............................................................................................................................5-12
5.7.7 Mean Monthly Flow ..............................................................................................................................5-12
5.7.8 Flood Estimation by Different Methods at Bridge Site ..........................................................................5-15
5.7.9 Recommended Design Flood .................................................................................................................5-15
5.7.10 Calculation of High Flood Level (HFL) ...............................................................................................5-16
5.7.11 Summary of Hydrological Study & Recommended Parameters .......................................................5-16
6 GEOLOGY OF PROJECT AREA .......................................................................................................................... 6-1

6.1 Regional Geology ..............................................................................................................................................6-1
6.2 Geology of the Project Area ..............................................................................................................................6-1
6.2.1 The Kaligandaki Super Group ..................................................................................................................6-1
6.2.2 The Tansen Group ...................................................................................................................................6-3
6.2.3 Sub Himalaya (Siwalik) Group..................................................................................................................6-3
6.3 Geological Structure at Project Area .................................................................................................................6-4
6.3.1 Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) ..................................................................................................................6-4
6.3.2 Tansen Synclinorium Boundary Faults.....................................................................................................6-4
6.3.3 The Bari Gad Fault ...................................................................................................................................6-4
6.3.4 Ramdi Fault ..............................................................................................................................................6-4
6.3.5 Palpe Klippe Thrust ..................................................................................................................................6-4
6.3.6 Himalayan frontal Thrust (HFT) ...............................................................................................................6-4
6.4 The geological Condition and its Engineering Significance ...............................................................................6-5
6.4.1 Headwork ................................................................................................................................................6-5
6.4.2 Engineering Significance ..........................................................................................................................6-5
6.4.3 Headrace Tunnel (HRT) ............................................................................................................................6-6
6.4.4 Surge Tank ...............................................................................................................................................6-6
6.4.5 Penstock Pipe ..........................................................................................................................................6-7
6.4.6 Powerhouse .............................................................................................................................................6-7
6.4.7 Tailrace Tunnel (TRT) ...............................................................................................................................6-7
6.4.8 Outlet Portal ............................................................................................................................................6-7
7 ELECTRICITRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY ................................................................................................. 7-1

7.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................7-1
7.1.1 Objective of Study ...................................................................................................................................7-1
7.1.2 Scope of Work .........................................................................................................................................7-1
7.1.3 Equipments Used in the Field Study ........................................................................................................7-2
7.1.4 Brief Geology ...........................................................................................................................................7-3
7.2 Methodology .....................................................................................................................................................7-3
7.2.1 Electrical Resistivity of Rocks ...................................................................................................................7-3
7.2.2 Electrical Resistivity Tomography Survey Design ....................................................................................7-4
7.2.3 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography Survey ...........................................................................................7-6
7.2.4 Interpretation of Electrical Resistivity Tomography Results ...................................................................7-6
7.2.5 Headworks Area, Pipal Danda, Palpa district ..........................................................................................7-7
7.2.6 Lithological Section of Profile, ERT 9 .......................................................................................................7-7
7.2.6.1 Lithological Section of Profile, ERT 9A ...........................................................................................7-7
7.2.6.2 Lithological Section of Profile ERT 10 .............................................................................................7-7
7.2.6.3 Lithological Section of Profile, ERT 11: ...........................................................................................7-7
7.2.6.4 Power House Site in Jhumsa, Palpa District ...................................................................................7-8
7.2.6.5 Lithological Section of Profile ERT 4 ...............................................................................................7-8
7.2.6.6 Lithological Section of Profile, ERT 5 ..............................................................................................7-8
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7.2.7 Outlet Portal in Belbash, Rupandehi District ...........................................................................................7-9
7.2.8 Vertical Electrical Sounding, Wenner Array ..........................................................................................7-10
7.2.8.1 Vertical Electrical Sounding, VES 1 IV ...........................................................................................7-10
7.2.8.2 Vertical Electrical Sounding, VES 2 ...............................................................................................7-10
7.2.8.6 Vertical Electrical Sounding, VES 9 & 9A ......................................................................................7-11
7.2.8.7 Vertical Electrical Sounding, VES 11 .............................................................................................7-11
8 PROPOSED HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT PLAN ........................................................................................... 8-1

8.1 Background .......................................................................................................................................................8-1
8.2 Project Access And Construction Power ............................................................................................................8-1
8.3 Power Sector in the Nepalese Context ..............................................................................................................8-1
8.3.1 Power Demand and its Development Situation ......................................................................................8-1
8.3.2 Multi Diversion Project Development in Nepal .......................................................................................8-2
8.4 Project Configuration ........................................................................................................................................8-2
8.5 Project Optimization .........................................................................................................................................8-5
8.5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................8-5
8.5.2 Sizing of the Project Components ...........................................................................................................8-5
8.5.3 Options Consideration .............................................................................................................................8-6
8.6 Project Engineering ...........................................................................................................................................8-6
8.6.1 Headworks ...............................................................................................................................................8-6
8.6.2 Headrace Tunnel......................................................................................................................................8-8
8.6.3 Settling Basin ...........................................................................................................................................8-8
8.6.4 Surge Tank ...............................................................................................................................................8-9
8.6.5 Penstock Pipe ..........................................................................................................................................8-9
8.6.6 Powerhouse .............................................................................................................................................8-9
8.6.7 Tailrace ..................................................................................................................................................8-13
8.6.8 Hydro-mechanical Coarse ......................................................................................................................8-13
8.6.9 Access Road Construction .....................................................................................................................8-14
8.7 Transmission Line ............................................................................................................................................8-14
8.7.1 Selection of Connection Point ...............................................................................................................8-14
8.7.2 Transmission Voltage Selection .............................................................................................................8-14
8.7.3 Design Criteria .......................................................................................................................................8-14
8.7.4 Route Alignment Selection and Optimization .......................................................................................8-15
8.8 Construction Planning and Schedule ...............................................................................................................8-16
8.8.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................8-16
8.8.2 Construction Activities...........................................................................................................................8-16
River diversion during construction ................................................................................................................8-16
8.8.3 Construction Material............................................................................................................................8-17
8.9 Energy Generation and Analysis .....................................................................................................................8-17
8.9.1 Energy Generation .................................................................................................................................8-17
9 WATER BALANCE STUDY ................................................................................................................................ 9-1

9.1 General ..............................................................................................................................................................9-1
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9.2 Water Balance Study of Kali Gandaki River ......................................................................................................9-1
10 AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN .......................................................................................................... 10-1

10.1 Cropping Pattern ........................................................................................................................................10-1
10.2 Land Use Pattern of Project Area ...............................................................................................................10-1
10.3 Existing Cropping Practices ........................................................................................................................10-2
10.4 Existing Cropping Pattern ...........................................................................................................................10-3
10.5 Agro Inputs .................................................................................................................................................10-3
10.6 Land use Land and Soil Types .....................................................................................................................10-4
10.6.1 Land Use ...........................................................................................................................................10-4
10.6.2 Land Systems and Land Capability ....................................................................................................10-4
10.6.2.1 Land Systems ...............................................................................................................................10-4
10.6.2.2 Land Capability .............................................................................................................................10-5
10.7 Proposed Agricultural Plan .........................................................................................................................10-5
10.7.1 Focus on Year Round Irrigation.........................................................................................................10-5
10.7.2 Proposed Cropping Pattern ..............................................................................................................10-5
10.7.3 Proposed Cropped Intensity and Crop Yield .....................................................................................10-6
11 IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT ............................................................................................................. 11-1

11.1 General .......................................................................................................................................................11-1
11.2 Crop Water Requirement ...........................................................................................................................11-1
11.3 Effective Rainfall .........................................................................................................................................11-3
11.3.1 Net Crop Water Requirements .........................................................................................................11-3
11.4 Irrigation Water Requirements ..................................................................................................................11-3
11.4.1 Field Efficiency ..................................................................................................................................11-3
11.4.2 Canal System Efficiency ....................................................................................................................11-3
11.4.3 Intake Water Requirement ...............................................................................................................11-4
12 PROPOSED IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT PLAN ............................................................................................. 12-1

12.1 General .......................................................................................................................................................12-1
12.2 Proposed Project Model .............................................................................................................................12-1
12.3 Diversion Headwork ...................................................................................................................................12-2
12.4 Diversion Tunnel .........................................................................................................................................12-2
12.5 Hydropower Generation .............................................................................................................................12-2
12.6 Intake..........................................................................................................................................................12-2
12.7 Canals .........................................................................................................................................................12-2
13 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................................... 13-1

13.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................13-1
13.2 Field Study ..................................................................................................................................................13-2
13.3 Baseline Environmental Paramaters ..........................................................................................................13-2
13.3.1 Physical Parameters ..........................................................................................................................13-2
13.3.2 Biological Parameters .......................................................................................................................13-3
13.3.3 Socio-economic Parameters .............................................................................................................13-3
13.4 Need of EIA in Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project ...................................................................................13-5
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14 TOTAL COST AND BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT ................................................................................................. 14-1

14.1 Total Cost of the Project .............................................................................................................................14-1
14.1.1 Total Cost of the Irrigation Development .........................................................................................14-1
14.1.2 Total Cost of the Hydropower Development ....................................................................................14-2
14.2 Benefit of the Project ..................................................................................................................................14-3
14.2.1 Assumptions .....................................................................................................................................14-3
14.2.2 Total Benefit of the Project...............................................................................................................14-3
14.2.2.1 Estimated Benefit of the irrigation development ........................................................................14-3
14.2.2.2 Estimated Benefit of Hydropower Development .........................................................................14-4
Energy Generation: .........................................................................................................................................14-4
Energy Selling Rate ..........................................................................................................................................14-4
14.3 Economic Analysis ......................................................................................................................................14-4
14.3.1 Economic Analysis of Irrigation Development ..................................................................................14-4
14.4 Economic Indicators ...................................................................................................................................14-5
14.5 Sensitivity Analysis .....................................................................................................................................14-5
15 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................................................... 15-1

15.1 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................15-1
15.1.1 Irrigation Development Project ........................................................................................................15-1
15.1.2 Hydropower Development Project ...................................................................................................15-2
15.2 Recommendations ......................................................................................................................................15-3
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3-1 : Mean Monthly Rainfall, Temperature and Relative Humidity of Bhairahawa Airport (Station No 705) ...........3-2
Table 3-2: Potential Area for Irrigation of Proposed Scheme ...........................................................................................3-3
Table 3-3: Existing Irrigation Schemes Inventory .............................................................................................................3-3
Table 3-4: Ethnic Composition of Kapilvastu District .......................................................................................................3-9
Table 3-5: Ethnic Composition of Rupandehi District .....................................................................................................3-10
Table 5-1: Long term flow records of Narayani (Gandak) River System (m 3/s) ...............................................................5-3
Table 5-2: Name of the River with Catchment area .........................................................................................................5-4
Table 5-3 : Mean Monthly Rainfall of the Study Area (mm) .............................................................................................5-5
Table 5-4 : 48 and 72 hour Annual Maximum Rainfall and PMP Depth for the Rainfall Stations of Gandak Basin..........5-5
Table 5-5: Catchment Characteristics According to Topography .....................................................................................5-7
Table 5-6: Gauging station at Kaligandaki River ..............................................................................................................5-8
Table 5-7 : Rainfall stations near Kaligandaki River catchment .....................................................................................5-8
Table 5-8: Hydrological analysis based on different gauging stations .............................................................................5-9
Table 5-9: Method used for estimation of flood at bridge site ........................................................................................5-15
Table 7-1: 2D ERT Survey Coverage ..............................................................................................................................7-2
Table 7-2 : Electrical Resistivity versus Lithology ...........................................................................................................7-4
Table 7-3 : WENNER Electrode Array for Profiling ..........................................................................................................7-5
Table 7-4: Conversion of Electrical Resistivity to Lithology ..............................................................................................7-6
Table 9-1: Water Balance ................................................................................................................................................9-3
Table 10-1: Land use pattern of Dang district ................................................................................................................10-2
Table 10-2: Existing cropping area, cropping intensity and crop yield (New) .................................................................10-2
Table 10-3: Existing cropping area, cropping intensity and crop yield (Rehabilitation) ..................................................10-3
Table 10-4: Cropping Calendar of various crops ...........................................................................................................10-3
Table 10-5 : Proposed Cropping Patterns and crop calendar ........................................................................................10-6
Table 10-6: Proposed cropping intensity and Crop Yields (New) ...................................................................................10-6
Table 10-7: Proposed cropping intensity and Crop Yields (Rehabilitation) ....................................................................10-6
Table 11-1 : Crop Water Requirement (CWR) ...............................................................................................................11-2
Table 14-1: Total cost of the project...............................................................................................................................14-1
Table 14-2: Total cost of irrigation development project ................................................................................................14-1
Table 14-3: Total Cost of the Hydropower Project .........................................................................................................14-2
Table 14-4: Summary of total annual benefit of the project............................................................................................14-3
Table 14-5: Incremental benefit of irrigation development .............................................................................................14-3
Table 14-6: Summary of earning from hydropower development ..................................................................................14-4
Table 14-7: Summary of Sensitivity Analysis .................................................................................................................14-5
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3:1: Location Map of Project Area.........................................................................................................................3-2

Figure 5:1: Catchments area of Kaligandaki Basin ..........................................................................................................5-2
Figure 5:2: Metrological Station of Basin .........................................................................................................................5-9
Figure 5:3: Rating curve.................................................................................................................................................5-10
Figure 5:4: Mean Flow Hydrograph ...............................................................................................................................5-13
Figure 5:5 : Flood measurement from different methods ...............................................................................................5-15
Figure 6:1: Geological Map ..............................................................................................................................................6-2
Figure 6:2: Geological Map of Headwork Area ................................................................................................................6-5
Figure 6:3: Geological Map of Power House Site Area ....................................................................................................6-6
Figure 6:4: Geological Map of Outlet Area .......................................................................................................................6-8
Figure 8:1: Proposed Tunnel Alignment ..........................................................................................................................8-8
Figure 8:2 : Access Road Nearby the Intake Area .........................................................................................................8-14
Figure 8:3: Present dry, wet and total energy production...............................................................................................8-18
Figure 8:4: Energy generation per month ......................................................................................................................8-18
Figure 12:1: Overview of Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project ......................................................................................12-3
Figure 13:1: Environment Assessment Process ............................................................................................................13-1
Figure 13:2 : Land use pattern of Rupandehi district .....................................................................................................13-4
Figure 13:3 : Land use pattern of kapilvastu district .......................................................................................................13-4
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Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project ACRONYMS
ACRONYMS
ADB : Agriculture Development Bank
AMIS : Agency Managed Irrigation System
APP : Agricultural Perspective Plan
BS : Bikram Sambat
CADP : Command Area Development Project
CBS : Central Bureau of Statistics
CCA : Cultivable Command Area
CIWEC : Canadian International Water and Energy Consultants
CMIS : Chhatish Mauja Irrigation System
CWR : Crop Water Requirement
BS : Bikram Sambat
DADO : District Agriculture Development Office
DC : Direct Current
DDC : District Development Committee
DGPS : Digital Global Positioning System
DDC : District Development Committee
DHM : Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
DOA : Department of Agriculture
DOED : Department of Electricity Development
DOHM : Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
DOI : Department of Irrigation
DOS : Department of Survey
DTW : Deep Tube Well
EA : Environment Assessment
EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment
EIRR : Economic Internal Rate of Return
EPA : Environmental Protection Act
EPR : Environmental Protection Regulation
ERT : Electricity Restivity Tomography
FAO : Food and Agriculture Organization
FGD : Focus Group Discussion
FMIS : Farmers Managed Irrigation System
GCA : Gross Command Area
GDP : Gross Domestic Product
GIS : Geographical Information System
GON : Government of Nepal
Ha : Hectare
HFL : High Flood Level
IEE : Initial Environmental Examination
ILC : Irrigation Line of Credit
IP : Irrigation Policy
KTDP : Kailgandaki -Tinau Diversion Project
Lps : Liter per second
LRMP : Land Resource Map Project
LS : Lower Siwalik
MHP : Medium Power Hydroelectric Project
MIP : Medium Irrigation Project
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Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project ACRONYMS
MM : Millimeter
MS : Middle Siwalik
MOI : Ministry of Irrigation
MTW : Medium Tubewell
MW : Megawatt
MWC : Main Western Canal
NBF : Northern Boundary Fault
NEA : Nepal Electrictiy Authority
NEC : Nepal Eastern Canal
MW : Megawatt
NGO : Non-governmental Organization
NISP : Nepal Irrigation Sector Program
NPC : National Planning Commission
O&M : Operation and Maintenance
PDSP : Planning and Design Strengthening Project
PMP : Probable Maximum Precipitation
PRA : Participatory Rural Appraisal
RRA : Rapid Rural Appraisal
SBF : Southern Boundary Fault
SMIS : Sorah Mauja Irrigation System
RRA : Rapid Rural Appraisal
STW : Shallow Tube well
TOR : Terms of References
USAID : United States Assistance for International Development
VDC : Village Development Committee
WECS : Water and Energy Commission Secretariat
WRS : Water Resources Strategy
WUA : Water Users Association
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Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project SALIENT FEATURES
SALIENT FEATURES
1 GENERAL
1.1 Project Name : Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project
1.2 Project Classification : New
1.3 Location :
Latitude : 30o 24'00” to 30o 64' 50” N
Longitude : 41o 75'00” to 45o 40'00” E
Elevation of the command area : 150 – 380 amsl
Elevation of the catchment area : 380 – 8126 amsl
Number of VDCs : 70 of Rupandehi and 40 of Kapilvastu
District : Palpa, Rupandehi, and Kapilvastu
Zone : Lumbini
Region : Western
Head works : Palpa District, 1.5 km downstream from Ramdi Bridge, Pipal
Danda VDC ward no. 9
Power house site : Palpa District, Dobhan Gau, Dobhan VDC ward no. 1, Right
Bank of Tinau River
Outlet portal : Rupandehi District, Belbase, Butwal Municipality ward no. 15,
5 km west from Butwal Bazar
Nearest Road Head : Siddhartha Hoghway
Nearest air port : Bhairahawa airport
Nearest market : Bhairahawa, Butwal, Taulihawa
1.4 Demography
Population (Total) : 1190395 nos.
Rupandehi : 708419 nos.
Kapil;vastu : 481976 nos
Population growth rate (Average) : 2.82% (As per 2058)
Rupandihi : 3.05% (As per 2058)
Kapilvastu : 2.60% (As per 2058)
1.5 Environment
Vegetation Clearance : Maximum
Residential wild life species : Not so many
EIA : Recommended
1.6 Hydrology and Meteorology
Climate : Tropical Monsoon
Hydrological region : 7
Catchment area : 10426 Km2
Average precipitation : 1599.4 mm
Mean Monthly Maximum temp : 28 oC
Mean Monthly Minimum temp : 13 oC
Average sunshine hours : 9
Relative humidity : 41-82%
Minimum Flow of river : 51.6 m3/sec
2 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
2.1 Irrigation System Development Plan
Command Area
Gross Command Area : 142000 Ha
Rupandehi : 93900 Ha
Kapilvastu : 48100 Ha
Culturable command area : 106600 Ha
Rupandehi : 70900 Ha
Kapilvastu : 35700 Ha
Irrigated command area : 106600 Ha
Existing Irrigation System : 43300 Ha
New Irrigation System : 63300 Ha
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Main Canal : 52 Km
Left Main Canal :
Length of canal : 14 Km
Road crossing : 19 nos
Super passage : 6 nos
Aqueduct : 10 nos
Syphon : 2 nos.
Right Main Canal
Length of canal : 38 Km
Road crossing : 43 nos
Super passage : 42 nos
Aqueduct : 26 nos
Syphon : 9 nos
2.2 Agriculture System Development Plan
Cropping Pattern
Existing cropping pattern : paddy, wheat, pulses, oilseed, potato, w. vegetable, sp.
Vegetable, sp. maize
Proposed cropping pattern : paddy, wheat, pulses, oilseed, potato, w. vegetable, sp.
Vegetable, sp. maize
Cropping Intensity of new system
Existing : 162.32%
Proposed : 205.69%
Cropping intensity of rehabilitation
Existing : 206 %
Proposed : 232 %
2.3 Hydropower Development Plan
Head Works
Length of tunnel : 30 KM
Diameter of tunnel : 9m
Net head available : 182 m
Design discharge : 81.96 m3/s
Turbine
Type of turbine : Francis
Number of turbine : 4 nos
Turbine efficiency : 92%
Length of penstock pipe : 450 m
Generator :
Type of generator : Synchronous
Number of generator : 4 nos
Phase : Three phase
Transmission Line
Length : 8 Km
Voltage : 132 KV
Energy Generation
Installed capacity : 104 MW
Total energy : 413.12 GWh
Dry energy : 132.05 GWh
Wet energy : 281.07 GWh
3 PROJECT COST ANALYSIS
3.1 Total cost of the project : NRs. 40,004,977,870.05
3.2 Cost of Irrigation System Development
Estimated cost : NRs 18,481,922,820.05
Cost per hectare : NRs. 173,376.39
3.3 Cost of Hydropower Generation
Estimated cost : NRs 21,623,050,050.00
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Cost per Megawatt : NRs. 207,913,942.8

4 PROJECT BENEFIT ESTIMATION
4.1 Total Benefit : NRs. 4,863,018,385.56
4.2 Benefit from Irrigation Development : NRs. 2,814,385,090.35
From Rehabilitation : NRs. 1,305,956,448.10
From New development : NRs. 1,508,428,642.25
Benefit from Hydropower generation : NRs. 2,048,633,295.00
From Dry Energy : NRs. 924,370,342.00
From Wet Energy : NRs. 1,124,262,953.00
5 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
EIRR : 13.5 %
Benefit cost ratio 10% : 1.31
Benefit cost ratio 12% : 1.12
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Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Kaligandaki Tinau Diversion Project (KTDP) is a runoff river type project, conceptualized with an
aim to divert Kaligandaki River water to Kapilbastu and Rupandehi district for irrigation, water
supply and industrial propose. It also has a possibility to generate hydro electricity in that stretch.
The head works is located in border of Syangja and Palpa District at 1500 m downstream from
Ramdi Bridge at Pipaldanda VDC Palpa. The irrigation command area is in north Tarai part of the
Rupandehi and Kapilbastu district. So the outlet of the project is in Basghari at Butwal Municipality
in Rupandehi District, Western Development Region of Nepal.
The project has an installed capacity of power generation of 104.00 MW and will irrigate (New)
63300.00 ha by left and right main canal in both districts. It utilizes a design discharge of
81.96m3/s with a gross head of 182.00 m. The catchment area of the Kaligandaki River at the
proposed headwork area is 10426.00 km2. It has elevation ranging from 380 amsl to about 8126
amsl. The average minimum flow of the river is 51.6 m3/s and the 1 in 100 years return period
flood, at the proposed intake, is found to be 10993.160 m3/s
Headwork is proposed at downstream of Ramdi bridge over the Kaligandaki River at the border of
Palpa and Syangja district and consist of a diversion weir, under sluice, side intake, spillway and
settling basin. Diversion weir is designed as a simple overflow weir with control radial gates. The
weir crest level is kept at near about the river bed. The under sluice is located at right bank of river
parallel to weir structures. A side orifice intake is designed at the right bank of the Kaligandaki
River to divert the flow into the headrace Tunnel at Pipal danda VDC.
After the intake from headwork site, a low pressure headrace tunnel is designed to convey the
design flow. The total length of the headrace tunnel up to settling basin is 50 m and after removing
sediment the water discharge to surge tank is 22+050 km tunnel having diameter 9 m in D Shape
and 450 m penstock pipe from surge tank to powerhouse having diameter of 6.4 m and bifurcated
in four numbers.
The project area covers 70 and 40 VDCs of Rupandehi and Kapilavastu districts respectively
connected with a Siddhartha Highway. It is accessible by regular air flights to Bhiarahawa from
Kathmandu. The project area has tropical monsoon climate with two distinct seaons, the swet
seaon and dry season. The average annual rainfall ranging from 1100 mm to 1800 mm which is
not adequate for year round cropping. Topography of project area comprised of flat cultivable land
suitable for irrigation with minor relief caused by ongoing rivers and past tectonic actions. Many
seasonal rivers, rivultes and streams intersect the area providing water for small scale irrigation,
drinking and religious purposes.
Potential area for irrigation development within the project area comes to be about 106600 ha out
of total 142000 ha of cultivable land. There are three rivers in the project area: Banganga in the
west, Tinau in the middle and Rohini in the east. There are some major irrigation systems like
Banganga Irrigation Project, bhirahawa Lumbini Ground Water Irrigation Project, Marchwar Lift
Irrigation Project and 16/36 Kulo Irrigation Project in the proposed area with year-round irrigation in
43300 Ha of land out of which about 27400 from surface and about 15900 from ground water.
These irrigation systems have rehabilitation needs for providing satisfactory irrigation facility.
Demographically, the total population of the project districts is 1190395 out of which 708419 of
Rupandehi ditstrict and 481976 of Kapilvastu district. The majority of ethnic groups residing in
Kapilvastu district are Muslim (19.44%), Dalit (15.95%) and Tharu (12.57%) whereas in Rupandehi
district, the ethnic composition is Brahmin (15.16%), Dalit (11.99%) and Tharu (10.6%), Tharus
being the indigenous community. Most of them are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood
and majority of the land owners of the project are small and medium farmers who hold 1-10 bigha
of land. The small and medium farmers own more than 80% of land and half of the population
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holds less than 1.5 bigha of land.
Existing irrigation systems will be used with rehabilitation of system to minimize the cost of the
project. The project area of 43300 ha will be facilitated with year round irrigation by existing system
while 63300 Ha will be irrigated by diverting the water through a tunnel from the Kaligandaki River.
The water from Kaligandaki River will be diverted to Belbash through 30 Km long tunnel.
Adequate water from the Kaligandaki will be provided to irrigation systems and hydropower plants
for their continual operation. Two canals one in right side will irrigate the lands in Rupandehi and
Kapilvastu districts and other one on the left will irrigate lands of Rupandehi district only. The
length of main right canal is 38 Km and length of left canal is 14 Km.
The cropping pattern of the project area has remained same as the existibng cropping pattern after
introducing the irrigation facility as well. The cropping intensity and crop yield have been raised
moderately after providing irrigation. The average existing cropping intensity of the project area
including the area covered by the left and right canal was 162.32% whereas the proposed
cropping intensity of the new irrigation area is 205.69 %. Similarly, the existing cropping intensity
of the area covered by the rehabilited irrigation system was 206% where the cropping intensity
after rehabilitation is proposd as 232%.
The proposed powerhouse of Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project is located at the Right bank of
the Tinau Khola Dobhan gau, Dobhan VDC at Palpa District. Powerhouse complex contains inlet
valve, turbines, generators and electromechanical accessories. The powerhouse consists of the
machine floor, control section and all the mechanical and electrical apparatus. The proposed size
of the powerhouse is 70m, 40m and 30m. The KTDP headwork is accessible through graveled
road from Ramdi Bazar to Pipaldanda gaun about 5 km and walking distance is nearby 20 min (2
km). So, two Km access road will be constructed from Pipaldanda to headwork site for
transportation accessibility.
Looking at the overall aspect of the project, the consultant has concluded that the social impacts
due to the project implementation are moderate. It is expected that the vegetation clearance in the
project area will be maximum. There are not so many residential wildlife species in the project
area. In order to minimize different environmental impacts, EIA and mitigation measures have
been recommended.
Financial analysis of the KTDP has been carried out to ascertain the viability of the scheme. The
analyses have been carried out based on marginal cost benefit approach for the adopted scheme,
based on economic and financial parameters deemed to be realistic and standard for analysis of
this nature of multi diversion. The cost benefit analysis shows the break-even status of the project.
The internal rate of return of the project has seen moderate from the point of view of economic
benefit to be gained after the implementation of the project. Based on the financial analysis of the
project, it is found attractive in economic terms for a selling price of 7 NRs/KWh and 4 NRs/KWh
for dry and wet energy respectively in power generation sector and other benefit in irrigation sector
including increment in cropping intensity and crop yield from rehabilitation of existing irrigation
systems.
The total cost of the project came to be NRs. 40,004,977,870.05 out of which the cost of irrigation
development came to be NRs. 18,481,922,820.05 whereas the cost of hydropower development is
21,633,050,050.00. The cost per hectare of irrigation has come to be NRs. 173,376.39 whereas
the cost per megawatt of power generation is NRs. 207,913,942.80.
The total benefit that can be earned from the project is comprised of the incremental benefit
generated from providing irrigation facility and the benefit generated from selling the generated
power. The total benefit that can be generated by the project is estimated as NRs.
4,863,018,385.56 out of which the benefit generated from irrigation development is estimated as
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NRs. 2,814,385,090.35 whereas the benefit generated by selling hydropower is estimated as

2,048,633,295.21.
The computed economic rate of return (EIRR) of the project is 13.5% at the base cost and benefit.
Similarly, the benefit cost ration at 10% and 12% discount rate has come to be 1.31 and 1.12
respectively. The project seems to be not very sensitive to the project cost increased by 20% of
the base cost and the benefit decreased by 20% of the base benefit. The EIRR in the case I and
Case II has come to be equal to 10.18 and 10.56 respectively whereas the BCR is equal to 1.02
and 1.05 respectively at discount rate of 10%.
The Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project has been recommended for further study as it is found to
be technically implementable, economically viable and environmentally friendly. It is also
recommened that an accurate assessment of long term hydrology as well as the geological
investigation is necessary for any irrigation and hydropower project. The consultant also
recommends conducting Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to make this project
environmentally friendly and sustainable.
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Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project INTRODUCTION
Chapter
INTRODUCTION
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Agriculture is the main stay of Nepal’s economy generating about two-fifth of GDP and employing
over four-fifth of active population and irrigation provides potential for increasing production within
this agriculture sector. Realizing the vital role of irrigation to enhance agricultural production,
Department of Irrigation (DOI) has been implementing several small, medium and large irrigation
projects in the hills and Terai. In addition, there are numbers of Farmer Managed Irrigation
Systems (FMIS) in the country that constitute about two third of the total irrigated area and have
age-old traditions of irrigation water management. Irrigation potentiality of the two terai districts
Rupandehi and Kapilvastu has also posed significant importance in irrigation development of the
country where irrigation is mostly dependent on monsoon rainfall. Despite rehabilitation of several
FMIS, year round irrigation in these two districts has not been achieved due to lack of appropriate
investigation and study.
Water Resources Strategy of Nepal and National Water Plan have also emphasized the need to
develop year round irrigation systems with inter-basin water diversion and water storage schemes
and DOI is performing invaluable role in this aspect. However, in developing such large scale
irrigation projects in sustainable way several issues and concerns are inevitable and DOI also
addresses them with great challenges.
Land resources are enormous in the three districts western terai Rupandehi and Kapilvastu
Districts and agriculture is the primary occupation of the populace. These districts are also the
economic, cultural, and business center of the Western region. Many Farmers managed Irrigation
Projects are existed in these areas. Soraj Chattis Mauja Irrigation Project constructed and
managed by the farmers of Rupandehi is a model of management and local resource mobilization.
The Government has also implemented many irrigation systems in these districts and their
performance is satisfactory in increasing agricultural production and reducing poverty.
Bahirahawa-Lumbini Ground Water Project is one of such project which has changed the living
standard of the people of this area. With the ever-increasing population growth and decrease in
man-land ratio, the pressure on developing year round irrigation is high on these areas. But due to
lack of reliable sources of irrigation water the cultivated areas are less productive and farmers are
dependent on monsoon rainfall. Realizing the role of year round irrigation potential as part of
agricultural development, DOI under the Ministry of Irrigation has been doing pioneering work in
Preparing Feasibility study of potential projects considering the inter-basin transfer and storage
schemes.
In this respect, DOI has awarded the contract of consulting services to SILT Consultants,
Kathmandu to carry out the “Pre-feasibility Study of Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion”. This report is
the outcome of the review of literature, desk study, review of satellite imagery, and interpretation of
data and information carried out by the Consultants.
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1.2 PROJECT COMPONENTS

The Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project is a runoff river type project comprised of two major
components:
(A) Development of Irrigation Facility and

(B) Development of Hydropower
A short description of each component is briefed here under.
1.2.1 Component-A: Development of Irrigation
The component A of this project is focused on development of year round irrigation facility to
Rupandehi and Kapilvastu Districts, which mainly consists of:
 Diversion of Kaligandaki river to Belbash at the right bank of Tinau River through tunnel,
 Development of irrigation infrastructures in Rupandehi and Kapilvastu districts,
 Promotion of conjunctive use of existing irrigation water with new river diversion
1.2.2 Component-B: Development of Hydropower
The component B of this project is targeted to development of hydropower in route to irrigation

channel, which mainly consists of:
 Storage of Kaligandaki River water at dam site in Palpa District,

 Development of power plant in route to Tinau River,
 Promotion of rural electrification.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to carry out pre-feasibility level study to identify various
components of the projects such as diversion head works, inlet, tunnel, outlet, power generation,
canal alignment, command area, required structures of the main canal. The study envisages to
have a fairly good estimate of the cost involved, the expected benefits in terms of irrigation and
hydropower generation and possible environmental effects that would enable DOI to draw out a
conclusion whether it is beneficial to carry out further study or not The recommendation from
prefeasibility study will be helpful to decide for further detailed study. So, a desk and field study to
a level sufficient to decide on detailed study is necessary for Kaligandaki Diversion Project
(KTDP). Specifically, the objectives of this study are outlined below.
 Assessment of water availability in Kaligandaki Basin.

 Assessment of water requirement for ongoing and completed projects for year round
irrigation.
 Assessment of water availability for transferring Kaligandaki river water to Tinau after
allocating water to the committed water requirements in the downstream.
 Assessment of water availability at Tinau River and within and around the command area
from different local sources and finding out the required water to be diverted to command
area.
 Identify possible head works site in Kaligandaki River, tunnel alignment, power house area,
main canal alignment, and main canal structures and carry out pre-feasibility level of field
survey and investigation.
 Assessment and analysis of cost and benefit of the project.
 Recommendation for further study.
1.4 SCOPE OF WORK

In order to fulfil the objectives of project, DOI has provided detailed scope of work in the TOR
which includes processing of satellite images of the project area, collection and review of
secondary data, water resources assessment of Tinau river in general and Kaligandaki river in
particular, irrigation inventory survey of Rupandehi, and Kapilvastu Districts, water requirement
assessment, and cost estimate of the project including economic analysis. The brief description of
the scope of work is presented hereunder.
1.4.1 Procurement of Satellite Imageries and Processing
Procure satellite imageries of resolution 2.5m or better and of bandwidths good enough to provide
true color image of the area covering Palpa, Rupandehi and Kapilvastu districts, possible head
works site, possible outlet, power house and canal system. Process the images suitably in such a
way that they are compatible to be read along with the digital vector and raster maps published by
the Department of Survey.
1.4.2 Collection of Field Data/Survey Work
The following data should be collected during field study:
 Collect the hydrological and meteorological data of Kali Gandak basin.

 Conduct inventory survey of irrigation systems in the command area.
 Make necessary discharge measurements to find out the water availability at the inlet of
command area from local rivers/ streams.
 Collect the data of cultivated land and irrigated land in the command area.
 Collect information on cropping pattern and crop production in the command area,
 Collect information on cropping pattern and crop production in ongoing and completed
project near the command area.
 Reconnaissance survey to identify possible head works site tunnel alignment and outlet
area.
 Conduct fieldworks for geological mapping of head works site, tunnel and outlet area.
 Conduct 2D Electrical Resistivity Test of the head works site and the outlet area.
 Survey along the main canal alignment.
1.4.3 Office Work
The following work should be conducted during office study:
 Review and assess the previous studies, relevant reports and secondary information.
 Calculate crop water requirements on fortnightly basis for various crops to be grown in the
command area and the other projects around the area taking into consideration of agro
climatic conditions of each of the areas.
 Adopt suitable cropping pattern for each of the areas under year round irrigation.
 Calculate offtake water requirement on fortnightly at the head works of each of the areas.
Give due considerations to the locally available water resources from local streams,
especially in case of command area.
 Assess the flow available at various head works locations of each of the areas at
Kaligandaki River on fortnightly basis over the historical period for which flow data are
available.
 Assess flow surplus and deficit at each of the head works of major diversion schemes in
Kaligandaki River.

 Review the Gandak Agreement between and Nepal and India in context of trans valley
water transfer from the Kaligandaki and study the effect on the water availability due to
Kaligandaki Tinau Diversion
 Assess the flow available for diversion to the command area and compare it with the off
take requirement.
 Identify the head works site locations for diversion of Kaligandaki water to Tianu river
based on geo-physical, environmental and hydrological considerations,
 Assess the water availability of water in Kaligandaki and compare them with the diversion
water requirement for irrigation.
 Identify the outlet location/s of the tunnel feeding the main canal in the command area.
 Determine optimum size of the tunnel/s type of the head works and outlet structure.
 Assess hydropower generation at the outlet at Tianu River.
 Determine optimum configuration of the head works site, tunnel and outlet structures.
 Prepare geological map of the head works site, tunnel alignment and outlet structure.
 Prepare reports on 2D Electrical Resistivity Test.
 Prepare longitudinal section of the main canal.
 Prepare layout map of the head works site, tunnel and outlet structures.
 Identify the type of structures required in the main canal.
 Determine the cost of head works site, tunnel, outlet structures and power generation units.
 Determine the cost of canal system including canal and structures.
 Determine the cost of command area development by reviewing the cost incurred or being
incurred in similar projects of the Department of Irrigation.
 Assess benefits from hydropower generation and crop production.
 Conduct benefit cost analysis.
 Recommend activities for further investigation.
1.5 EXPECTED OUTPUT OF THE STUDY

The major output of the pre-feasibility study will be as follows:
 Water resources assessment of Kaligandaki river at the site of diversion,

 Land resources assessment of Rupandehi and Kpilvastu Districts with consideration of
irrigation water requirement and availability of flow,
 Identification of existing irrigation systems in Rupandehi and Kapilvastu Districts,
 Identification of existing and possible water use in the Kaligandaki basin,
 Pre-feasibility level survey of selected diversion sites, tunnel, main canal and their
associated structures,
 Pre-feasibility study report including cost estimation, financial and economic analysis, and
recommendations for further investigation.

Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
Chapter
APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
2.1 APPROACH
2.1.1 General Approach
The general approach of the Consultants which has been followed during the study period
includes the following points.
 Selection and mobilisation of appropriate study team from best qualified professionals,
 Selection of methods and technologies which have been tested and proven optimum,
 Application of an optional combination of the methods and technologies based on
practicality, Client's requirements, site specific requirements, and sound engineering
judgments,
 Enhancement of environmental qualities and environmental protection,
 Close contact and effective coordination with the Client and with all the concerned persons
and authorities,
 Regular briefing to the Client and concerned personnel and authorities on the progress of
the study,
 Full use of available and relevant reports, standards, maps/drawings, specifications and
other norms, which can be obtained from all concerned agencies.
2.1.2 Project Management Approach
The following pertinent general management approaches have been adopted by the Consultant
during the study period.
 Full use of available and applicable reports, standards, maps/drawings, specifications, and
other information for execution and completion of the proposed pre-feasibility study in
accordance with accepted professional standards and sound engineering practices,
 Clearly defined roles and responsibilities for each member of the proposed study team
personnel,
 Strict adherence to the work schedule,
 Sufficient flexibility to respond to desired changes and directions,
 Systematic procedures for quality control,
 Systematic monitoring of both process and performance,
 Completion of the proposed services within the stipulated time and budget,
 Zero compromise on the quality and standards of outputs of the study.

2.1.3 Approach to Inventory Update and Desk Study
The approaches at this stage were based on the review of secondary data and information
regarding irrigation in Rupandehi and Kapilvastu Districts and water resources assessment in the
Kali Gandaki River. The main documents and reports reviewed were:
 Policy and legal documents,

 Reports and studies on water use inventory,
 Water utilization and proposed schemes on Kaligandaki river,
 Existing manuals and guidelines for the planning and design of irrigation projects in the hills
and valleys, etc.
2.1.4 Approach to Field Investigation and Survey
The field study sites are located in Palpa, Rupandehi, and Kapilvastu districts of Western Nepal, to
which frequent visits could have been difficult to arrange. Therefore, the field works were planned
meticulously and implemented systematically. The consultants followed the approaches listed
below in order to get the intended outputs without big hindrances:
 Continuous coordination and liaison with the Client;

 Effective coordination and close interaction between the team members;
 Efficient management of the logistics;
 Minimization of repetition of works by adequate planning, effective organization, efficient
monitoring and timely feedback;
 Preparation and use of standard workable formats for ensuring uniform data collection for
minimizing subjective deviations, and for establishing effective and objective interpretation
of the collected data;
 Use of appropriate computer software/ packages for the analyses of hydrological,
engineering, and socio-economic data.
2.1.5 Approach to Planning and Investigation
In order to plan and investigate the feasibility study of Kaligandaki-inau Diversion Project, the
Consultant has adopted the guidelines and norms established by the Government. The consultant
studied the precedence and established practices for the planning and investigation with
necessary rectification. The planning of the study was adopted as per the approval of the DOI on
the consultant’s proposed alternative. In addition to these general management approaches, the
Consultant has focused on following planning activities:
 Define study area – preparation of location map,

 Describe base condition – water resource, land resource, topographical elements, existing
public and community irrigation systems, existing hydropower projects, and committed
irrigation projects respect to irrigation development,
 Identify public concerns – public views on irrigation development activities, methods of
irrigation and reliability of water sources,
 Establish planning objectives – identification survey (field work phase-I), pre-feasibility
survey (field work phase-II), hydrological assessment,
 Formulation of plans and develop alternatives – possible alternatives of water diversion,
canal alignments, dam sites, and storage schemes,
 Evaluation of impacts – social impacts, economic impacts, and environmental impacts.
2.2 METHODOLOGY
The Consultant’s detailed methodology that was followed for each of the tasks and corresponding
activities as well as the ways to carry out the activities in a coordinated manner are described in
the following phases:
Phase I - Desk study/Inception phase
Phase II - Fieldwork/Investigation phase
Phase III - Office works/Reporting phase
2.2.1 Desk Study/Inception Phase
Inception phase was started immediately after the signing of the contract. The tasks during this
phase involved setting up of the office arrangement, collection of all available reports, maps and
data, and preparation for field works pertaining to the execution of survey and investigation of the
project. The team leader was responsible for managing all these tasks and coordinates with each
other. The Team Leader’s first task was to confirm the project management structure including
setting out the responsibilities of all professionals and lines of communication. The following
activities have been carried out during inception phase of the project.
2.2.1.1 Inception Meeting of Consultants
The Team Leader organized an inception meeting which was participated by the Consultant’s
team members with the concerned key officials of the Client to present and discuss the detailed
programs and schedules of the team. This initial meeting was important and imperative to ensure
the highly précised nature of the Project, for establishing a cohesive and effective functioning
group and securing the full co-operation and support of all concerned.
2.2.1.2 Review of Literature, Previous Studies and Reports
The main purpose of review of literature, previous reports and studies is to be aware of existing
plans and policies of the government to address the issues of new irrigation development and
feasibility study, past experience in hill irrigation planning and implementation, and to collect data
and information to best interpret the study. The main reports and studies that were reviewed are:
 Water Resources Strategy 2002,

 National Water Plan 2005,
 Water Resources Act 1992,
 Water Resources Regulations 1993,
 Agriculture Perspective Plan 1997
 Interim Plan 2008-11,
 Environmental Protection Regulations 2054,
 Irrigation Policy 2060,
 National Environmental Guidelines 1993,
 Past Reports and Studies
 Hydrological information of Kaligandaki river and its tributaries,
 Meteorological data of the Kaligandaki basin and Rapti basin,
 Topographical and land use maps,
 Socio-economic and demographic information of related study area,
 PDSP Manuals (DOI-1990), etc.
In addition to the review of these policy documents along with previous reports and guidelines
some other data and information were also collected and reviewed. Above mentioned information
was collected from different sources, such as Department of Irrigation (DOI), Ministry of Irrigation
(MOI), Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS), Department of Electricity Development

(DOED), Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DOHM)
and other relevant institutions.
2.2.1.3 Procurement of Satellite Image
During the inception phase the Consultant has procured satellite imageries of specified resolution and
bandwidths good enough to provide image of the area covering Rupandehi, and Kapilvastu districts,
possible dam site, possible outlet, power house and canal system. The images is processed suitably
in such a way that they are compatible to be read along with the digital vector and raster maps
published by the Department of Survey. In addition, the Consultant made a list of digital vector and
raster maps that would be required for the study. The DOI has availed these maps to the Consultant
to the extent they are published by DOS. These maps are cartographically processed following the
standard norms and procedures.
2.2.1.4 Potential Area Delineation for irrigation Development
The identification and delineation of potential area has been carried out using a topographical map of
1:25,000 scales as well as in GIS based data. This identification and delineation is tentative and is
presented in A4 size paper. The area identified and delineated during the inception phase of the study
has been verified during the field study phase.
2.2.1.5 Collection of Hydro-Meteorological Data for Water Resources of the Kaligandaki

River Basin
The assessment of water resources within the Kaligandaki river basin is the most important aspects
of pre-feasibility study. To assess the available water resources and its commitment to the existing
projects, analysis of gauging station data has been collected during this phase of the study. Water
resources assessment is based on the evaluation of the following conditions and features:
 Water availability and water requirement of Gandak Canal System which is guided by Gandak
Agreement made between Nepal and India.
 The assessment study has been particularly focused on the availability water in the Gandak
Barrage during the lean season as mentioned in the agreement.
 Water availability and water requirement of Rupandehi and Kapilvastu, Districts (proposed
and existing),
To perform the water resources assessment the Consultant has collected the hydrological and
meteorological data from the DHM. The Consultant also reviewed these data and prepared a plan to
carry out field works required to make necessary water resources assessment including availability of
local resources in the rivers of Rupandehi, and Kapilvastu for irrigation.
2.2.1.6 Inventory of Irrigation Systems in Rupandehi and Kapilvastu Districts
The Consultant has prepared a list of completed, ongoing and proposed irrigation systems in the two
study districts defining their locations, layout and command area to the extent possible. During the
field work this inventory is verified and updated.
2.2.1.7 Preparation of Updated Work Plan
After identification of tentative locations of potential irrigation areas of the river stretch, specific tasks
and activities to be carried out in the field and home office were identified. Based on the identified
work plan the time schedule and manpower schedule were reviewed and amended.

2.2.1.8 Preparation of Proposed Table of Content for the Final Report:
The inception report contained the proposed table of content for Final report to be submitted by the
Consultant. The table of content has been discussed with responsible officials of DOI and has been
finalized accordingly.
2.2.1.9 Preparation and Submission of Inception Report:
As per the requirements of the study, a detailed report explaining the results achieved by the desk
study, questionnaire to be used and checklist to be followed during the field study has been prepared
(this current report). The inception report contained a detailed plan for further mobilization of the
Consultant’s team to the fieldwork. The desk study report also has a detailed methodology for
carrying out the survey and investigation as well as planning and design works of irrigation systems.
Moreover, the desk study report contained the proposed table of content of the draft report.
2.2.2 Field Investigation and Survey
The main objectives of the field investigation and survey were to collect the on-site data and
information for a pre-feasibility level study, which required topographical, hydrological, geological,
engineering, socio-economic and environmental data and information. After the submission,
review and approval of the Inception Report, the field work was mobilized. Field investigation and
survey works were carried out in two phases. The first stage was to cover the preliminary type field
study while second phase consisted of pre-feasibility survey of all components of the project. The
brief description of each phase of the work is presented hereunder:
2.2.2.1 Phase-I Field Work
a. Inventory Survey of Irrigation Systems in Rupandehi and Kapilvastu Districts:
Reconnaissance Visit:
During the initial stage of field visit a reconnaissance survey of the Palpa, Rupandehi, and
Kapilvastu districts was carried out. The main objective of the survey was to identify the potential
irrigation systems, water sources of the irrigation systems, and possibility of including in the
command area of the proposed project.
Inventory Survey:
The team of consultant made a walkthrough survey along all the existing canal systems in the
project districts tracking the trail with hand held GPS equipment. The canal systems that were
studied comprised of main canal and branches and lower level canals covering more than 30 ha.
These tracks were downloaded to a computer on a daily basis and saved in shape files to make a
layer of canal system in GIS. Important structures of the canals were noted and recorded to make
another layer in GIS. In case of canals traced by digital maps and satellite images, the canal
alignment was checked in the field and all important structures recorded. The diversion points
were also recorded for each of the canal systems. The canal capacities at the diversion point were
measured using suitable methods. The discharge of river at diversion point was measured using
standard norms. The discharge at the diversion points were measured in case of canals with
running water at the time of survey. The cropping pattern, cropping intensities and crop production
for each of the canal systems were also recorded using questionnaires and forms.
The Consultant collected necessary information from the Irrigation Division Office at Bahirahawa,
and Kapilvastu in case of ongoing irrigation systems and planned ones. The consultant measured
the discharge of rivers at the off-take points in such cases. The Consultant took photographs of the
diversion points, all the major structures and features of each of the canal systems. A hard copy
along with digital copy of these photographs with caption describing them in short has been
submitted along with this Field Report.

b. Collection of Data on Irrigation Systems:
During this stage of field work, the Consultant visited the various irrigation projects located within
the Kali Gandaki river basin. Those systems were Banganga, Chattis Mauja, Bhairahawa-Lumbini
Ground Water Project. During this visit, the Consultant made an assessment of the existing
cropping pattern, crop yields and crop production for each irrigation system. Relevant data were
also collected from the concerned offices such as Banganga Irrigation Project at Kaplivastu,
Irrigation Division Offices at Bhairahawa and Kapilvastu. The data included water requirement
practices, cropping pattern adopted, expected crop production, canal alignment, command area,
socio-economic data etc. The Consultant also visited concerned District Agriculture Offices and
collected data on cropping pattern, crop yield, etc.
c. Identification Survey of Dam Site, Diversion Alignment and Outlet Structure:
Based on the maps prepared during the desk study, the team of Consultants visited the possible
dam sites, important points on the tunnel alignment and outlet structures. They had fixed four
alternate Head work sites and it was presented and finally the best HW site was selected after
discussion. The team of expert visited proposed hydro power site and collected all necessary data.
Observations on these bench marks have been made using DGPS equipment to define them in
terms of latitude, longitude and reduced level. These values transformed to match with the
projection system adopted by Survey Department.
The team made general geological and physical observation with an aim to identify the best option
for the dam site, tunnel alignment and outlet structures. The team also observed the villages and
the settlement and took information on the possible area, settlement that would be submerged due
to the dam. All the observation in the field was noted and photographs were taken. The team also
visited the concerned office at Palpa districts headquarter, Tansen and collected socio-economic
data relevant to submergence and other activities. The Consultants also made similar observation
at the outlet area in Rupandehi. The team of experts also assessed the road to the dam site in
addition to possible material quarry sites.
d. Hydrological Survey
The hydrologist measured the present discharge at various locations using Float method for
velocity and the Cross- sectional area by Leveling instrument. The measured discharge is
compared with the data collected during the desk study. A straight portion of the river with no
cross currents and negative flows was chosen for discharge measurement. The flow in the stretch
was reasonably uniform. Longitudinal section from 100m upstream to 100m downstream was
surveyed to define the slope of the river near the measurement sites. For quantification of
roughness parameter of river channel the size of bed and bank materials and vegetation were
assessed. Velocity area method has been used for design discharge computation. Manning's
formula with suitable roughness coefficient is used for estimation of the past floods based on the
existing flood marks or the information provided by local people. In addition, the hydrological
survey of the proposed study included the information on:
 Recent major floods,

 Frequency of flooding in a year,
 Trace marks of past floods
This information was collected using PRA techniques that included focused group discussions,
time trend mapping, and key informant interviews.

2.2.2.2 Phase-II Field Work
a. Canal alignment Survey:
The Consultant has surveyed the main canal alignment. The Left main canal is 14 Km and Right
main canal length canal is 38 Km. The basis of such survey has become the preliminary alignment
drawn during desk study. Necessary amendment on the alignment has been made based on
observation during survey. Points have been observed using hand held GPS equipment for
latitude and longitude and using level instrument for levels. The points for observation are selected
in such a way that the desired ground levels as stipulated in the preliminary longitudinal profile are
met. The point along the main canal alignment has been taken at an interval of approximately 100
m. Closer points have been observed in major undulations within 100 m. Observations have also
been made for cross drainage works defining parameters such as left bank, right bank, water lines,
thalweg etc.
The value of latitude and longitude together with the levels for each of the points has been noted
on a field book. The points recorded in the GPS equipment have been downloaded and the values
are used for checking against those recorded in the field book. Bench marks has been established
at approximately 1 km interval along the canal alignment. These bench marks are connected to
the trigonometric points established by DOS by fly leveling. The levels of the bench marks have
been determined after correcting errors following standard procedure. GPS observation on each of
these benchmarks has been taken and recorded appropriately. A list of such bench marks defining
their locations, level, type and short description in relation to the existing features on the ground
has been prepared. Observations have also been made for any part of the canal that may require
lining, excessive cutting or filling, rock cutting etc.
b. Geological Investigation of Dam Site, Tunnel, Power house site and Outlet Structure:
Engineering Geological Mapping:

The geologist just made a reconnaissance survey of the area and made field report. The
geological fieldwork has been carried out to cover an appreciable amount of the surrounding area
such that the regional geological picture is clear. Special emphasis has been given to the
investigation of active faults and other kind of instabilities in the project areas. The engineering
geological part of the pre-feasibility report included the engineering geological maps accompanied
with one or more cross sections and relevant photographs.
2D Electrical Resistivity Test:

Unlike conventional electrical profiling in which only the lateral variation in the electrical resistivity
is measured, the 2D electrical resistivity profiling is capable of showing both lateral and vertical
variation in electrical resistivity. In this method, by increasing the distance between current and
potential electrodes one can get information from deeper part of the sub-surface and by shifting
both current and potential electrodes along a profile it is possible to record lateral changes in
electrical resistivity. It is capable of detecting boundaries between unconsolidated material and
rock and identifying weathered rock from fresh rock and contact between rocks of different
lithology and different rock mass quality. A total of 4 km (approx.) survey has been carried out at
different component locations such as dam site, intake, power house site and outlet site places
comprising weak zones as indicated by other investigations.
The 2D electrical profiling has been conducted by using Wenner electrode configuration that may
be varied according to the depth requirement. The planned depth of investigation is between 30 m
to 100m depending upon the type of the structure to be considered. Measurements were taken by
using resistivity meter such as TERRAMETER SA300C (an ABEM product, Sweden) or other
equipment having equivalent or better quality.

c. Collection of Addition Data:
Additional data relating to the surface and ground water irrigation facility available within the
command area has been collected and used to assess the water requirement for irrigation. Along
with this, the construction norms and wage rate approved by the Rupandehi and Kapilvastu
districts have also been collected and used for project cost estimation during this phase of the field
work.
2.2.3 Methodology of Planning and Investigation
a. Preparation of Field/ Interim Report
The consultant has prepared a Field Investigation Report and submitted to DOI. The report
contained a short description of all the field works including relevant maps, photos, charts and
drawings. The field report also showed an overview of field conditions of specified dam site, tunnel
alignment and canal alignments with regards to their technical features. The report also contained
the data and information with respect to existing irrigation facilities. The field reporting has been
carried out in two stages as mentioned in TOR.
The Field Report of the Study work contained the following information.
 General description of the project indicating location and accessibility,

 List of irrigation systems identified and surveyed and time spent to investigate the field
information,
 Description of the proposed project including salient features of each component,
 List of data collected during the field investigation program,
 Main activities of the investigation program and its findings,
 Major disparity with respect to the previous studies.
b. Data Analysis and Optimization
This part of the study has commenced after the completion of Phase I Field work although some
part of it has been done in parallel. The work is consisted of, but not limited to, the following
activities:
Preparation of Irrigation Inventory of Rupandehi and Kapilvastu Districts:

The track records observed with GPS is processed suitably to make a layer of existing irrigation
systems using GIS software like ARC view. Each of the irrigation system is named and attributed
to the corresponding attribute files. The attribute files is also be populated with attributes such as
canal length, command area etc. Similarly, another layer of important structures has also been
prepared based on the observation made in the field. These structures is classified suitably and
attributed. The layers so prepared is processed and transformed suitably to make them compatible
with the datum and projection system adopted by DOS. The list of irrigation system- completed,
ongoing and planned, is updated. The data obtained from the field concerning existing cropping
pattern, crop yields and cropping intensities for each of the canal systems are analyzed and
documented.
Based on the collected data during the field a summary of utilizable and available water of each
irrigation system in the project districts is prepared. In addition, the Consultant has made an
assessment of irrigated and rain-fed area in the project districts.

Assessment of Existing Crop Production:

The Consultant has made an assessment of present crop production in Rupandehi and Kapilvastu
Districts both under irrigated and rain-fed condition. The consultant has prepared the farm budget
of each crop including net benefit of crop production.
Adoption of Cropping Pattern and Intensities under Year Round Irrigation:

Based on the data collected during the Phase I Field Work, the consultant has analyzed the
existing situation and adopted suitable cropping patterns for each of the areas within the
Rupandehi and Kapilvasu Districts, under the command of irrigation projects - Banganga, Chattis
Mauja and Bhairahawa Lumbini Groundwater Irrigation Project. The cropping patterns have been
reflected climatic, soil condition as well as the socio-economic condition of the areas.
Assessment of Crop Water Requirement under Year Round Irrigation:

Crop water requirement is assessed under year round irrigation with the cropping pattern adopted
as above for each of the areas within the project districts. Soil condition and agro-climate of the
areas is also taken into account.
Assessment of Diversion Requirement:

The Consultant has made an assessment of diversion requirement for year round irrigation at the
diversion point of each of the areas within the project area under the command of irrigation
projects - Banganga, Chattis Mauja and Bhairahawa Lumbini Groundwater Irrigation. Due
considerations has been given to the available rainfall and locally available water resources. The
requirement is calculated on fortnightly basis over the historical period for which hydro-
meteorological data are available.
Preparation of Preliminary Alignment of the Main Canal:

The Consultant has prepared a preliminary alignment of the main canal based on the information
available on the digital map as well as those collected during the Phase I Field works. Other canal
systems below the main canal system can be drawn at conceptual level to have a greater idea on
how the water from the main canal has been distributed to the branches. Efforts have been made
to make best use of the existing canal systems. Off-take points are fixed on the main canal. The
command area, water level and discharge at each of the off-take points is assessed. The canal
section is designed at various section of the Main Canal and a preliminary longitudinal profile of
the main canal has also been prepared based on design sections.
The Consultant identified gaps in data collection during Phase I Field Works that were collected
during Phase II Field Works. The Consultant has submitted two copies of the Field Report
incorporating all the data analysis and maps.
c. Preliminary Project Design
After completing all the field works the Consultant has concentrated on the design of river
diversion, canal alignment, and other associated designs. The Consultant has completed all
preliminary design and presented it in narrative form. The design works are briefed as follows:
Design of Canal Profile:

Based on the survey data of the topography and command area the canal profile is designed and
alignment has been fixed. The basic parameters of the canal are designed for all section of the
alignment. The positions of the structures along the canal have been marked on the profile. Type
of the canal earthen or lined has been clearly marked along with type of earth works to be
involved.
Cost Estimation for Irrigation Development:

Based on the canal section type and design of some of the typical structures, the cost of main
canal system has been estimated. The cost of ongoing or recently completed projects under DOI

has been reviewed based on which the cost of secondary canal system and command area
development has been assessed.
Preliminary Design of Diversion Structure:

Preliminary design of the dam has included general layout of the dam, type of dam, its height,
general sizes, diversion arrangement, spillway, type and size of the power house at the dam site,
estimate of live and dead storage volume etc. Design of the tunnel included optimum size, lining,
supports etc. Similarly, the design of outlet structure included general layout of the structure, and
size of power house.
Geological Interpretation of the Area:

Data processing of geological investigation and electrical resistivity test is carried out in two
stages: electrical imaging and polygon modeling. Suitable computer software is used in each
stage. Geological interpretation is given to the electrical resistivity values obtained during polygon
modeling. Final interpretation is presented in the form of geoelectric section showing both bed-rock
overburden boundary and zones of different rock mass quality. This study report contains short
description of 2D electrical resistivity survey and its major findings.
Cost Estimates of the Diversion Structure:

Preliminary cost estimate of the diversion structure is done based on international practices and
engineering norms. Cost of load evacuation, preliminary cost of access road, cost of resettlement
is also assessed.
d. Preparation of Maps
Various Maps are prepared in the scale of 1:25000 and in A3 paper sizes. These include
topographical map overlaid on satellite image, general layout of the Main canal, profile of main
canal, general layout of diversion structure including dam site, tunnel and outlet structure, area of
submergence, geological maps.
e. Cost Benefit Analysis
The Consultant has made cost benefit analysis and sensitivity analysis of the project using the
cost to be incurred for development of irrigation facility for new and rehabilitation of the existing
irrigation schemes and the cost to be incurred for development of hydropower project. The
Consultant has also computed the economic rate return of the project.
f. Preparation of Draft Final Report
After completing the preliminary design, estimation, drawings including narrative interpretation of
the findings, the Consultant has prepared a Draft Final Report on Pre-feasibility Study of Kali
Gandaki-Tinau Diversion Project. The draft report has following main contents:
 Summary of works performed during field investigation and office work,

 Identification of potential land area in the Rupandehi, and Kapilvastu districts,
 Preliminary design of major components of the irrigation projects,
 Preliminary hydrological analysis and water resources assessment of the Kali Gandaki basin,
 Study report on cost estimating and economic analysis,
 Photographs of the site from the field survey,
 Any other significant information.
The Draft Final Report is comprised of three volumes. The first volume is the main report which
describes the context of study, methodology adopted and degree of accuracy of the data, their

analysis, result and discussion while the second volume comprises of several annexes containing
field data including detailed design, quantity and cost estimation, photographs, formats, minutes
and all relevant documents and in the third volume comprises all drawings.
The Consultant has also made a presentation on the Draft Final Report in DOl and made note of
the suggestion made during the subsequent discussions.
g. Preparation of Final Report
After making the necessary remarks and comments on the draft report, the final report will be
prepared. All the comments and suggestions made by the DOI will be incorporated, amended and
rectified if necessary. Additional information will also be collected and the final report will be
submitted with all the relevant maps and annexes.

Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project THE PROJECT AREA
Chapter
THE PROJECT AREA
3 THE PROJECT AREA
3.1 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY

Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project is located at Palpa (Boarder of Palpa and Syangja) district of
Western Development Region whereas the command area for irrigation development is located
within Rupendehi, and Kapilvastu districts. The head works for diversion of the required discharge
is located in the downstream of the power house of Kaligandi hydel project that is about 400 m up
stream of Ramdi bridge of Siddartha Rajmarg. The head works site at this stage has been
identified about 1.5 km downstream of Ramdi Bridge of Siddhartha Highway. The water of
Kaligandaki will be diverted to Belbash at the right bank of Tinau River, at west of Butwal, through
a 30 km long, tunnel. The location of the diversion point as well as exit of the tunnel is finalized by
the experts after discussion with DOI officers. The head available in the process of diversion will
be utilized for the generation of power. A power house will be located west of Jhumsha Bridge. A
crossing structure will be constructed in Tinau River at a suitable location. Out portal will be in
north of Belbash wich is situated in Butwal Municipality, about 5 km west of Butwal Bazar. Left
canal will irrigate the lands in Rupendehi & right canal irrigate in Rupandehi and Kapilvastu district.
The agricultural lands of Rupendehi and Kapilbastu districts will be off-taken. The proposed
command area covers the area encompassing, main canals on the north to Indo Nepal border on
the south, Banaganga River on the west and Rohini River on the east.
The project area for irrigation lies in the inner Terai, between Chure and Mahabharat range. The
proposed new command area is about 63300 ha and the command area for rehabilation of
existing irrigation schemes is 43300 ha. The project command area is accessible through an all
weathered road transport on the East West highway. Continuous air service is available from
Kathmandu to Bhairahawa. One can reach the project area by regular day and night bus service
from Kathmandu and other major towns of the country.
The study area is accessible by regular flights to Bhairahawa from Kathmandu. The diversion site
at Kaligandaki is about 70 km north of Bhairahawa and about 50 km from Butwal. The tunnel
alignment passes parallel to some parts and crossing in the some part of Siddhartha Highway. The
main canals on both sides also run parallel to the East West Highway.
There are mainly two large irrigation projects within the command area. The Bhairahawa Lumbini
Ground Water Project covers about 20,300 ha and Marchawar lift irrigation project covers about
3,500 ha in Rupendehi and 16/36 Kulo systems which constitute mainly two FMISs, irrigate about
3,500 ha land utilizing the water from Tinau River. There are a number of FMISs exiting within the
command area. These systems have been utilizing the waters from local rivers, which are
seasonal in nature in terms of water availability. The groundwater potential of the Rupandehi is
considered one of the best in the country.

Study Area
Figure 3:1: Location Map of Project Area
3.2 CLIMATE OF STUDY AREA

The climate of study area is tropical monsoon climate with two distinct seasons, the wet season
and dry season. The wet season starts from June and ends on September while dry season
continues from October to May. The rainfall occurs mainly during wet season, which is caused by
aerographic effect of Himalayan topography. The average annual rainfall of study area ranges
from 1,100 mm to 1,800 mm. The hottest months are May and June while coldest months are
December and January. The average monthly maximum temperature is 28oC while minimum is
9oC. The monthly average maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity and rainfall of
Bhairahawa Airport (Station No-705) are presented in tabular form (Table 3.1). The relative
humidity records indicate that the area maintains high percentage of humidity reaching up to 81
percent in August September and the lowest humidity of 41 percent in April.
Table 3-1 : Mean Monthly Rainfall, Temperature and Relative Humidity of Bhairahawa
Airport (Station No 705)
Lat: 27.520, Lon: 83.440, Ele: 109 m
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
Rainfall 16.5 13.4 16.5 16.8 51.0 259.2 543.8 349.7 249.9 63.8 7.3 11.5 1599.4
mm
Max 13.4 14.8 20.0 24.8 27.4 27.7 26.6 26.3 25.4 22.1 17.9 14.2
Tem oC
Min 8.7 9.9 13.8 18.4 23.2 25.6 25.9 25.8 24.8 20.2 14.3 10.2
Tem oC
RH % 82 71 56 41 51 65 79 81 81 75 73 80
Source: Climatological Records of Nepal, DHM, 1998
3.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND LAND USE

The topography of the study area mainly comprises of the plains of terai in the receiving end of the
tunnel and hills in the delivery end. The land is generally flat with minor relief caused by ongoing
river and past tectonic actions. Many seasonal rivers, rivulets and streams intersect the area
providing water for small scale irrigation, drinking and religious uses. These all rivers and streams
drain to the Rohini river and in the Tinau River in the Rupandehi Districts and in the Banganga
River in the Kapilvastu District most of them running from north to south.

3.4 POTENTIAL AREA FOR IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT

The project area belongs to 70 VDCs of Rupandehi district and 40 VDCs of Kapilvastu district. The
potential area for irrigation is assessed based on the data of cultivated and cultivable land
categorized VDC wise by District Agriculture Development Office (DADO) Rupandehi.
Table 3-2: Potential Area for Irrigation of Proposed Scheme
Potential area for irrigation GCA (ha) CCA (ha)

Rupandehi District (70 VDCs) 93,900 70,900
Kapilvastu District (40 VDCs) 48,100 35,700
3.5 EXISTING IRRIGATION SITUATION

Rupandehi and Kapilvastu are the only districts of Lumbini Zone where most of the land is flat and
cultivable and therefore a great potential for agricultural production. The proposed command area
has three perennial rivers traversing from east to west: Banganga river in the west; and Tinau river
in middle and Rohini river in the east. It also has numerous small streams or rivulets as tributaries
of these three rivers. However there are some major irrigation systems like Banganga IP,
Bhairhawa Lumbini Groundwater IP, Marchawar Lift IP and 16/36 Kulo IP in this proposed area
with year-round irrigation facilities. Over the years several agencies have assisted the
communities with small or medium irrigation projects. These agencies include DOI, DDC, VDC,
DADO etc. Notwithstanding these efforts the situation regarding irrigation in Rupandehi and
Kapilvastu is more and less satisfactory even though both these two districts have ample fertile
land. It is estimated that of the total land area with irrigation potential, only about 40% get some
kind of irrigation.
Table 3-3: Existing Irrigation Schemes Inventory
Surface Irrigation Schemes under Rupandehi District:
S. I.D. Name of Project Category Progra VDC/Ward No. CCA Remarks

N. [New/ rehab] mmme
1 1 Char Tapaha I.P. Rehab MIP Motipur, Sauraha Pharsatikar, 2570
Butwal M.N-14 &15, Semlar -1 to
4,7 to9, Khadwa Banagai - 1,2,6,
Manpakadi - 5,6,8, Amuwa -
2,3,4
2 2 Danda I.P. Rehab ILC Basantpur, Bagha-6 & 9 800
3 4 Dumdumuwa I.P. Rehab NISP Siddharthanagar Municipality - 9 150
4 5 Gaindahawa Nala I.P. Rehab NISP Semara - 7 90
5 6 Gaindahawa Tal I.P. Rehab MIP Bishnupura - 1,3,6,8 & 9 312
6 7 Gajedi I.P. Rehab IWRMP Gajedi - 3,4,6 & 7 419
7 8 Ghaghara I.P. Rehab NISP Hatibanagai & Siddharthanagar 1800
Municipality -3,4 & 5
8 9 Gothawa Bhumka I.P. Rehab ILC Amuwa - 8,9, Harniya - 3,6,7 & 350
Dayanagar - 1,2
9 10 Inguriya I.P. Rehab ILC Dudhraksha - 1,5 & 8 250
10 11 Kanchan Khola I.P. Rehab NISP Saljhandi - 4,6,8 & 9 170
11 12 Khadawa Motipur I.P. Rehab NISP Gonaha - 6,7,8,9 & Sakraun 800
Pakadi - 3,4,5,7,8,9
12 13 Kothi I.P. Rehab NISP Rurdhapur - 3 175
13 14 Lapsi I.P. Rehab ILC Padsari - 1,3 & 4 200
14 15 Lausi I.P. Rehab NISP Madhauliya - 5,7 & 9 275
15 16 Marchawar Lift I.P. Rehab Central karauta, Semara, Raipur, 3500
Silautia, Bagauli, Pharena,
Thumhapipraha, Asuraina,
Rohinihawa, Betkutia, Bogadi,

S. I.D. Name of Project Category Progra VDC/Ward No. CCA Remarks

N. [New/ rehab] mmme
Majhagawaa, Bairghat,
Maryadpur & Gonaha
16 17 Parroha I.P. Rehab DIO Parroha 450
17 18 Purniya Bandh I.P. Rehab NISP Manpakadi – 4 & Manmateriya - 105
6
18 19 Siyari Amuwa I.P. Rehab NISP Amuwa – 4 to 9 800
19 20 Siyari Harnaiya I.P. Rehab DIO Harniya- 2 to 8 350
20 21 Sorha Chhattis I.P. Rehab MIP Butawal Municipality - 13, 3500
Shankarnagar, Annadaban,
Karahiya, Makrahar
Total 17066
Ground water Schemes under Rupandehi District:
ID Tubewell Stage Location Remarks

No. No.
CCA
2 W/01 I Farsatikar 110
56 W/03 I Bhalwari 110
53 W/04 I Shakhuwani 110
1 W/05 I Parsawal 120
2 W/01 I Farsatikar 110
56 W/03 I Bhalwari 120
53 W/04 I Shakhuwani 110
1 W/05 I Parsawal 110
43 W/07 I Karaunija 120
54 W/09 I Muriyari 120
55 W/10 I Jahada 120
57 W/11 I Karahia 120
58 W/12 I Semara 120
38 W/13 I W.Pauni 120
39 W/14 I Bankatti 120
44 W/15 I E.Pahuni 120
46 W/16 I N.Supauli 120
42 W/17 I Khairia 110
47 W/18 I S.Supauli 110
40 W/19 I E.Samari 110
41 W/20 I Tikuligharh 110
4 W/21 I Dubaulia 120
35 W/22 I Betahi 120
36 W/23 I Dogna 120
14 W/24 I Suda Farsatika 120
45 W/25 I Mohanganj 120
6 W/26 I W.Kewalpur 120
3 W/27 I E.Kewalpur 120
51 W/28 I Bihuli 120
31 W/29 I Pakadihawa 120
9 W/30 I N.Guraulia 120
8 W/31 I Puraini 120
7 W/32 I Rajahar 120
11 W/33 I Manpakadi 120
15 W/34 I S.Guraulia 120
12 W/35 I W. Sitalpat 120
13 W/36 I E.Sitalpat 120
10 W/37 I Kuwari 120
23 W/38 I Madhubani 120


No. No.
CCA
17 W/39 I Sisawa 120
16 W/40 I Belahia 110
18 W/41 I Bhagalpur 110
48 W/42 I Kotihawa 80
37 W/43 I Amuwa 60
63 W/44 I W.Sakhuwani 100
30 W/45 I Kanari 100
34 W/46 I Sarjuganj 100
33 W/47 I Rehara 60
5 W/48 I Ramganj 100
24 W/49 I W.. Khungaon 100
21 W/50 I E. Khungaon 100
25 W/51 I Dayanagar 100
29 W/52 I W.Semari 100
20 W/53 I Bahata 100
19 W/55 I Chhapia 60
27 W/56 I Madanganj 100
50 W/57 I Jura-II 110
22 W/58 I Bharaulia 110
32 W/59 I S.Madanganj 110
28 W/60 I Banghusari 110
26 W/61 I Baidali 110
61 W/62 I Bardahawa 110
64 W/63 I Jamuhani 110
62 W/64 I Beyoratola 110
52 W/65 I Chamkipur 110
65 W/66 I Thatarihawa 110
60 W/67 I Baraulia 60
59 W/68 I Gangolia 60
49 W/69 I Pathardanda 80
102 TW/01 II Harhawa 80

105 TW/02 II Pipara 80
100 TW/03 II Bhilarhawa 80
96 TW/04B II Mahadeva 60
107 TW/05B II Ekla 80
94 TW/06B II Mangalpur 80
98 TW/07 II N.Ahirauli 80
95 TW/08 II Amuali 80
99 TW/09 II Gobrauli 80
108 TW/12 II W Bharaulia 80
109 TW/13 II Sonbarsa 80
101 TW/14B II S.Ahiraul 80
104 TW/15 II Mainahia 80
106 TW/16 II S.Bharaulia 80
97 TW/17B II W.Gobrauli 80
92 TW/18B II Kurmindihawa 60
93 TW/19B II Dhauthania 60
91 TW/20B II Gidahiya 60
88 TW/21B II S. Pohawa 60
85 TW/22 II N.Pohawa 60
84 TW/23B II N.Sihawa 60
87 TW/24B II Lalpur 60

No. No.
CCA
86 TW/25C II E.Bairihawa 60
90 TW/26B II S.Sihaw 60
89 TW/27C II W.Bairihawa 60
130 TW/28C II Jogada 80
110 TW/29B II Rambhapur 60
112 TW/30B II Madhubani 80
111 TW/31B II Bankashiya 80
113 TW/32B II Wazirganj 80
114 TW/33C II Piparpatia 60
117 TW/34B II Mahilwari 80
116 TW/35 II Mahilwar 80
115 TW/36 II Tulsipur 80
118 TW/37B II Patijhiya 60
119 TW/38B II Sipawa 80
l
135 CWW/01 III S Kanari 80
134 CWW/03 III Jagatha 80
136 CWW/07 III Laxmipur 80
127 CWW/11 III Kaithautia 80
128 CWW/12 III Tilauri 80
126 CWW/15 III Garsari 80
131 CWW/17 III Kamharia 80
137 CWW/18/3 III Kanauli 80
138 CWW/22 III Subba Semara 80
124 CWW/27 III Dhamsar 60
133 CWW/28 III Barewa 80
122 CWW/29 III E. Krishnapur 80
121 CWW/30 III W. Krishnapur 60
120 CWW/31 III Orlahawa 60
125 CWW/32 III Parsauni 80
123 CWW/33/1 III S Chhapia 80
132 CWW/34 III Pathraiya 80
129 CWW/35/3 III Tilandihawa 60
139 CEW/01 III S Tikuligarh 60
140 CEW/02 III Durganagar 80
141 CEW/03 III Rehara 60
143 CEW/04 III Chalia 80
144 CEW/05 III Amuwa/Rakhauna 60
145 CWW/06 III Guljarnagar 80
146 CWW/07 III Nagthan 80
142 CWW/08 III Bagdhura 60
66 CEW/09 III Kanchibazar 60
147 EW/01 III Dhekawar 60
148 EW/02 III Petbania 60
180 EW/03 III Shiktahantola 60
149 EW/04 III Rajabari 60
151 EW/05 III Bhawarabari 60
152 EW/06 III Birta 60
155 EW/07 III Siktahan 60
153 EW/08 III Bararahawatola 60
154 EW/09 III Kadmipur 60
178 EW/10 III Khurhuria 60
170 EW/11 III Laxmipur/Dhakdhai 60

No. No.
CCA
166 EW/12 III Pokharbhindi 60
169 EW/13 III Pajarkati 60
179 EW/14 III Amuwa 60
162 EW/16 III Janaura 60
163 EW/17 III Patkhauli 60
156 EW/18 III Shankarpur 60
160 EW/19 III Narayanpur 60
161 EW/20 III Balahiya 60
176 EW/22 III Majhaulia 60
157 EW/23 III Brindaban 60
158 EW/24 III Betaulia 60
159 EW/25 III Kushmahatola 80
177 EW/26 III Jamuhani 60
164 EW/27 III Lodhpurwa 60
172 EW/29 III Taraini 60
150 EW/30 III Bhelai 60
165 EW/31 III Gauri 60
167 EW/32 III Sishania 60
168 EW/34 III Ramnagar 60
175 EW/35 III Tarkullaha 60
173 EW/36 III Chainpur 60
174 EW/37 III Kadmahawa 60
171 EW/38 III Sapahi 60
181 EW/39 III Pakdihawa 60
67 WW/01 III Jharbaira 60
68 WW/02 III E.Dhauli 60
69 WW/03 III Ashidhawa 60
70 WW/04 III Shivapur 60
71 WW/05 III Bangain 60
72 WW/06B III Bhujauli 60
74 WW/07 III Bagmaradanda 60
73 WW/08 III Sandi 60
75 WW/09 III N. Nanauli 60
77 WW/10 III Sitapur 60
83 WW/11 III S. Nanauli 60
76 WW/12 III Sarhawa 60
82 WW/14 III Semara 60
78 WW/15 III N. Kharenchaw 60
81 WW/16 III S. Kharenchaw 60
79 WW/18 III Chamkia/Bichw 60
80 WW/19 III Parora 60
15200
Surface Irrigation Schemes under Kapilvastu District:
S.N. I.D Name of Project VDC/Ward No. Name of Source C.A. Remarks
1 1 Banganga Irrigation Kopuwa,Niglihawa,Tilaurakot, Banganga River 6,250
Project Kapilvastu,Gotihawa,Basantpur,
Parsohiya,Simhakhor,Bedauli,
Rangapur,Sauraha, Sandih
2 3 Bethi Irrigation Sub Banskhor - 7,8,9 Bethi River 200
Project
3 4 Dohani Irrigation Sub Dharmpaniya -8 Jamuwar Khola 480
Project
4 6 Gangaulia Gautiariwa Gajehada -3 Gangauliya Nala 165

Irrigation Sub Project
5 7 Ghaghawa Irrigation Patana - 1,7 & Hathausn - 8 Ghaghawa Nala 375
Sub Project [Jamuwa Khola]
6 9 Jahadi Irrigation Sub Jahadi Jamwar Khola 233
Project
7 11 Karma Irrigation Sub Banskhor - 5 Karma Nala 130
Project
8 14 Rangapur Sagar pond Rangapur - 1 Mashayia River 48
Irrigation Sub Project & sagar
[Lift]
9 15 Shringee Ghat Irrigation Motipur,Banganga,Gajehada & Banganga River 2523
Sub Project kopuwa
Total 10404
Ground Water Irrigation Schemes under Kapilvastu District:
Command
Location
Area (Ha.)
S.N. Well Type Remarks
VDC/Ward No. CCA
1 DTW Kopuwa-7, Jhanda 40.00
2 DTW Kopuwa-7, Gwarikhal 40.00
3 DTW Kopuwa-7, Loharbagiya 40.00
4 DTW Kopuwa-5, Materiya 40.00
5 DTW Kopuwa-7, Baikunthapur, 40.00
Satmuhane
6 DTW Kopuwa - 5, Madhauliya 40.00
7 STW Hathusa-7, Chatiya 10.00
8 MTW Hathusa-7, Chatiya 20.00
9 STW Hathusa-7, Baddihawa 10.00
10 STW Hathusa-7, Baddihawa 10.00
11 STW Hathusa-6, Bhadsarawa 10.00
12 STW Hathusa-6, Bhadsarawa 10.00
13 MTW Hathusa-4, Bankatawa 20.00
14 STW Patana-9, Pipara 10.00
15 MTW Patana-8, Thekai 20.00
16 MTW Patana-4, Dharampur 20.00
17 DTW Banganga-8, 40.00
Bathanpura(Mundrelitol
18 DTW Gajeda-2,Hariharpur 40.00
19 MTW Nikilihawa-7, Pachahara 20.00
20 MTW Nikilihawa-8, Phadarath 20.00
21 MTW Jahadi-8, Bangai 20.00
24 STW Phulica -2, Bargadawa 10.00
25 STW Phulica -2, Bargadawa 10.00
26 MTW Phulica -2, Bargadawa 20.00
27 MTW Patariya -9, Uchadihawa 20.00
28 MTW Patariya -4, Patariya 20.00
29 MTW Patana-7, Danapur 20.00
30 MTW Patana-8, Balapur 20.00
31 DTW Banganga-2, Gobodiya 40.00
Total 720

3.6 SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE
3.6.1 General
Prior to Lard Reform Policy of the Government in 1965 the majority of land belong Jamindars and
birta owners. Later with the promulgation of Land Reform Act and migration from uphill, land is
being fragmented into thousands of holdings. The land management is also associated with the
river bank erosion and reclamation of eroded plains. There are mainly two types of land according
to its utilization: Upland and low lands. Upland is not irrigated with conventional surface irrigation
and known for dry root crops such as maize and pulses. In some foothill areas of Mahabharat hill,
uplands are composed up of reddish soils and are less fertile. The lowland is almost wet and
composed up of loamy soil. Paddy is the most popular crop during monsoon while in winter wheat
and beans are grown. Spring maize and off-season vegetables are becoming popular for small
land holdings, which has been encouraged due to availability of market facility at Bharahawa,
Butawal and Taulihawa.
3.6.2 Demographic Characteristics
These two terai districts of western region Rupandehi and Kapilvastu are famous for agriculture. A
large number of populations from the hills of western region had migrated to these districts.
According to the records from CBS, in 2001 there were 117,856 households in the Rupandehi
district. The total population was 708419 out of which 360773 were male and 347646 were female.
Similarly, the total households in the Kapilvastu district was 72932 and the total population was
481976 (247875 male and 234101 female). However, since then the migration to these districts
from other areas, particularly the nearby hill districts are widely believed to have increased
significantly due to conflict as well as urbanization.
3.6.3 Ethnic Composition
The two terai districts Rupandehi and Kapilvastu are multi-ethnic and multi-cultural districts. In
recent decades people from different ethnic groups and communities from different hill districts of
the region as well as other parts of the country have migrated to these districts and settled all over
the districts alongside the local population. The breakdown of the population of the study districts
according to the ethnic groups is presented in Table 3.4 and 3.5.
Table 3-4: Ethnic Composition of Kapilvastu District

Ethnic groups / castes Population Percentage
Muslim 93585 19.44
Dalit 76775 15.95
Tharu 60476 12.57
Yadav 46563 9.67
Bahun 40316 8.38
Kurmi 30805 6.40
Chhetri 18850 3.92
Baniya 11579 2.41
Magar 10194 2.12
Kewat 9582 1.99
Bandhe 8862 1.84
Bahun Tarai 8778 1.82
Teli 7783 1.62

Ethnic groups / castes Population Percentage

Kalwar 4997 1.04
Others 52136 10.83
Total 481281 100.00
Source: District Profile of Kapilvastu,
Table 3-5: Ethnic Composition of Rupandehi District

Ethnic groups / Castes Population Percentage
Bahun 106920 15.16
Dalit 84570 11.99
Tharu 74763 10.60
Muslim 62751 8.90
Magar 61870 8.77
Yadav 54449 7.72
Chhetri 40361 5.72
Kewat 21380 3.03
Lodha 20472 2.90
Gurung 19650 2.79
Kurmi 15900 2.25
Newar 15550 2.20
Mallah 11302 1.60
Others 115509 16.37
Total 705447 100.00
Source: District Profile of Rupandehi,
3.6.4 Economy and Livelihood Pattern
Major source of income and livelihood for the people of Rupandehi and Kapilvastu is agriculture.
However, in recent years this trend is changing because of in migration from other areas and
growing influx of populace to urban areas. Agriculture may be the major source of income for most
of the households; it may be supplemented with some other activities such as small
trade/workshops, business, service, etc. A large number of rural as well as urban youths are
attracted towards the foreign employments. This muscle drain in the rural area has created some
problem of labour scarcity in the villages.
3.6.5 Landholding Pattern
A large part of the study districts has cultivable land. Until a few decades ago these districts were
known to have a few big landlords ‘zamindars’ controlling most of its land. However, this situation
has been changed. But the fragmentation of land is occurring continuously. Currently majority of
the landowners are small and medium farmers holding from 1 up to 10 bigha of land who own over
80% of the land.

Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project WATER RESOURCES IN KALIGANDAKI BASIN
Chapter
WATER RESOURCES IN KALIGANDAKI BASIN
4 WATER RESOURCES IN KALIGANDAKI BASIN
4.1 WEST GANDAK PROJECT

The west Gandak Irrigation Project has a gravity system providing year round irrigation to an area
located on the right (west) bank of the Narayani River in Nawalparasi district. It is served from the
Gandak Barrage primarily by the Nepal Western Canal (NWC) but also in part by the distributaries
of the Main Western Canal (MWC), which serves major irrigation areas in India. The planned
command area is 13,400 ha of which 11,800 ha is in the Nepal Western Canal System and 1,600
ha in the Eastern Canal System.
4.2 NARAYANI IRRIGATION PROJECT

The Narayani Project provides irrigation water from surface and ground water sources to area in
Parsa, Bara and Rautahat Districts. Surface water supplies are obtained from the left (east) bank
intake of Gandak Barrage on the Narayani River via India’s Main Eastern Canal (MEC) and Don
Branch Canal, The Nepal Eastern Canal is supplied from the Don Branch Canal near the border,
extends eastwards for about 75 km to the Bagmati River and serves by gravity the project area to
the south, up to the Indian border. The command area is divided into 15 blocks, the boundaries of
which are defined largely by rivers which flow in a north-south direction.
The agreement with India regarding canal closures adversely affects the availability of water in the
project area in March, April, November and December. The agreement specifies that up to
24.1m3/s will be delivered whenever required to the head of the NEC, via India’s Don Branch
Canal, except during scheduled closure periods for repair and maintenance of the Don Branch
Canal. Two annual closures are scheduled- the first in the November/December and the second in
March/April.
4.3 BHAIRAHAWA-LUMBINI TUBEWELL IRRIGATION PROJECT

The Bhairahawa-Lumbini project area is located in Rupandehi district. The net command area of
the Stage-I area is 7,600 ha. This is part of a 20,000 ha (gross) project area located between the
Dano River to the west, the Rohini River to the east, the Churia hills in the north and the Indian
border to the south. The stage-II area (NCA 4,500 ha) is located to the west of the Dano River.
The project is the first major Deep Tube Well development in Nepal. The average yield of paddy in
the project area has reportedly increased from 1.8 t/ha to 4.6 t/ha, and the average cropping
intensity has increased to about 190%.
4.4 BANGANGA IRRIGATION PROJECT

Banganga Irrigation System has a gravity system providing monsoon season irrigation to an area
located on the left (east) bank of the Banganga River in the Kapilvastu District. The project is
served from headworks on the river, and is enhanced by an offstream storage reservoir named
Jagadishpur Reservoir to provide some reliable winter season irrigation supplies. The Jagadishpur
reservoir has been listed in the Ramsar Wetland Conservation site and is house to a large number

of migratory birds. The planned NCA is 6,500 ha and DOI has declared a total of 6,000 ha. This
project has been improved under the ADB financed Command Area Development Project (CADP).
New tertiary and quaternary canal systems, main and secondary canals, control structures,
increased reservoir capacity, drainage works have been provided under the project.
4.5 THE CHHATTIS MAUJA IRRIGATION SYSTEM (CMIS)

CMIS is located in Rupandehi District of Western Development Region. It covers almost all wards
of Shankarnagar, Aanandban, Karaiya, Makrahar and Gangoliya Village Development Committees
(VDCs) as well as ward numbers 10, 11, 12 and13 of Butwal Municipality. It is believed that it was
initially constructed by the local people (Tharus) between the years 1846 and 1863 during the
Rana Prime Minister, Jung Bahadur. At that time the system used to serve only a few Maujas. Due
to the migration of people from the hills, it is observed that there is a significant expansion of land
currently serving 59 Maujas with a command area of 3500 ha. At a time when this system used to
serve only 36 Maujas, it was given the name Chhatis Mauja Irrigation System.
Total benefited population is approximately 53,000 (26,000 males and 27,000 females). Total
household is about 13,000. A unit area of irrigation is considered to be 25 bigha of land. This unit
is used for two purposes of WUA management. One is a criterion of assigning one farmer per unit,
called Kulara, in maintenance works of main canal and intake. Another is four representatives from
each Kulara in the mass meeting representing the farmers of that Kulara. At present there are 162
Kularas in the system and 648 representatives. The system has a central WUA committee and 59
Mauja committees for branch canals. In addition, the Mauja committees are grouped into nine
Ilakas. Each Ilaka has one member who is elected or chosen by consensus from among the
representatives and functions as a linkage between the central committee and its Mauja
committees.
The first 4 Km canal is commonly used by CMIS and Sorah Mauja Irrigation System (SMIS). At
chainage 4 Km, canal water is divided into two systems by a proportional divider 60% for CMIS
and 40% for SMIS. The total length of CMIS main canal is 11.0 km. The discharge available for the
system is approximately 4.0m3/sec. There is continuous water supply to the branch canals during
the monsoon period. So water duty for paddy used in the system is about 1.10 liter/sec/ha.
4.6 OTHER MULTIPURPOSE PROJECTS STUDIED IN THE GANDAK BASIN
4.6.1 Sapta Gandak Multipurpose Project
The Sapta Gandak Multipurpose Project would involve construction of a dam on Narayani River
below the confluence of Kali Gandaki in Devghat. A dam of 50 m height has been proposed to
generate power along with some irrigation facilities with a view to replace existing Narayani
Pumping Station in the Chitwan District. Complementary irrigation development would be possible
within the Siwalik valley area downstream from the proposed dam (Nawalparasi and Chitwan
Districts), or extending into Terai plain area of Nawalparasi and Rupandehi Districts.
Alternatively, reconnaissance study indicates that an inundation type irrigation intake could be
constructed on the right bank of Sapta Gandaki near the proposed dam site, to serve areas in
Nawalparasi and Rupandehi Districts. The potential incremental irrigation areas for these
schemes vary from about 33,000 ha from the Sapta Gandaki Multipurpose Project serving only the
Siwalik Chitawan and Nawalparasi valley areas to as much as 100,000 ha (Nawalparasi and
Rupandehi districts) for the possible Lumbini Zone Irrigation Project.

4.6.2 Kali Gandaki -1
Kaligandaki -1 is a storage type multipurpose project with power generation along with some
irrigation facility. The Kalidandaki-1 has catchment area of 9150 Km2. The installed capacity of
power station is is 1600 MW.
4.6.3 Kali Gandaki-2
This project was studied to Pre-Feasibility Study level in October, 1985 by the NEA (then
Electricity Department). It is situated about 35 km North of Mahendra Highway in the districts of
Tanahun and Nawalparasi in the Kali Gandaki River. The catchment area of Kali Gandaki -2 is
11374 Km2. The installed capacity of power generation is 660 MW.
4.6.4 Andhi Khola Storage Project
This is a storage project studied to Pre-feasibility level by Nepal Electricity Authority. The pre-
feasibility report was reviewed at the Fine Screening and Ranking Study of Medium Power
Hydroelectric Project (MHP) in 1997 by the Canadian International Water and Energy Consultants
(CIWEC). The dam of this project is located about 1.5 km upstream of the confluence of
Andhikhola with the Kaligandaki River. The site is accessible through Kaligandaki-A access road.
This project was not found to be economically attractive and was not recommended for further
study by the consultant.
4.6.5 Marsyangdi Storage Project
The Marsyandi is a storage type project with installed power generation capacity of 740 MW. The
catchment area of this river is 4500 Km2. It is a high dam project with dam height of 235 m and live
storage capacity of 3600x106 m3.

Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project HYDROLOGY OF KALIGANDAKI RIVER
Chapter
HYDROLOGY OF KALIGANDAKI RIVER
5 HYDROLOGY OF KALIGANDAKI RIVER
5.1 GENERAL HYDROLOGY

Hydrology is of key importance for any water resources scheme planning. An accurate
assessment of long-term hydrology is essential to such project. The longer the hydrological record
the more reliable is the estimation of design parameters for the project. In the case of ungauged
(i.e. either limited or no stream flow records) river, direct measurements of hydrological
parameters are not available. The main objective of the hydrological study is to study rainfall
pattern, to pertain discharging capacity of catchment, generate mean monthly flow and to predict
design discharge, flood flow and low flow of the river. The overall aim of the hydrological and
meteorological study of the project is to estimate the design flow for the required capacity of the
hydropower plant and to estimate floods and low flows of the river.
The general hydrology of the study area is influenced by the southeast monsoon during months of
June to September. The monsoon air stream is forced to rise as it meets the Himalayas resulting
in heavy rainfall on the slopes facing southwards. The study area is categorized as medium rainfall
zone of Mahabharat hills. The winter rainfall is related to weather systems moving from the west.
As the study area lies below 2,500 m altitude there is no snowfall and the contribution in hydrology
is the rainfall and groundwater recharge. In addition, the study area is formed with several drains
and small rivers draining to Kaligandaki River and the Tinau River. The topography and geology of
the area tend to promote rapid runoff mainly during monsoon season and availability of water for
irrigation is limited in non-rainy seasons. According to Medium Irrigation Project Design Manual the
study area is categorized as hydrological region no 5 and the assessment of available flow for
irrigation is carried out using PDSP manual design procedures.
5.2 OVERVIEW OF KALI GANDAKI RIVER BASIN

Kali Gandaki River flowing out of the Mustang Bhot Himal, joins the Trishuli River at Devghat in the
foot hills of the Churiya region, and onwards from it, the river is known as Narayani. It is also
known as the Sapta Gandaki River. There are several deep gorges, along the Kali Gandaki River,
the deepest one being about 1219 m deep between Dhaulagiri and Annapurna peaks.
Myagdi originating from the southern slopes of Dhaulagiri, Madi emerging from the Annapurna
Himal, and Barigad Khola coming from Dhaulagiri near Dhorepatan join the Kali Gandaki at
Benighat , Kalya near Kusma and Aeselu Chaur, north-east of Ridi Bazar respectively. The East
Rapti River originating from Okhardanda near Bhimphedi joins the Narayani River at Khoriya
village. The Trishuli River ensues from Gosain Kund, Dhunche of the Himalayan range. Budhi
Gandaki, Marshyangdi, Seti, etc. are the tributaries of Trishuli. It joins the Kali Gandaki at Devghat
in Chitwan; Budhi Gandaki joins the Trishuli at Benighat in Dhading. The Marshyangdi River
coming out of Damodar Himal joins the Trishuli in Mugling. It has a gorge 1400 m deep, between
the Annapurna and Manaslu peaks. The Seti originating from Annapurna Himal, flows through
Pokhara and joins the Trishuli at Khonre. The total length of river net-work inside Nepal is about
8,000 Km and corresponding river density is 0.29 Km/Km2.
From the point of view of discharge, the Narayani river basin is the biggest river system of Nepal
with the annual surface run-off of 50.46 billion cubic meters at the gauging site in Narayanghat.
Kaligandaki is the longest river in this river basin which is 332 Km long and this makes the
Narayani river system to be about 400 Km long.
From the recorded data of 31 years (1963-1993), at Narayanghat, the average annual daily flow of
Narayani River is 1600 m3/sec, varying from a maximum of 22500 m3/sec of mean daily flow to the
minimum of 169 m3/sec. This gives the ratio of maximum flow to minimum flow of this river to be
around 133.
Figure 5:1: Catchments area of Kaligandaki Basin
The water of Kaligandaki River is being utilized for irrigation by local farmers since time
immemorial. The Gandak agreement made between the Government of Nepal and India in 1959
(amended in 1964) has recognized Nepal's right to further use of Narayani basin but with
restriction for the trans-basin use. The treaty has provision that a minimum flow has to be
maintained during the three dry months of the year viz. March, April and May in order to meet the
irrigation requirements in the Indian Territory. This provision in the treaty has created some
constraints for the inter basin transfer of water from Kaligandaki River. However, the water could
be used giving due honor to the agreement made between the two governments. Regulation of
flow by constructing reservoirs in the upstream reach of the present diversion could be one of the
effective ways to meet this provision of the treaty.
5.3 RIVERS IN THE KALIGANDAKI BASIN

Kaligandaki is the main stem of the river which drains 11,600 Km2 and is 316 Km long. The
Narayani River system with Kaligandaki as the main stem is 451 Km long. In the upper reaches,
Kaligandaki is called Muktinath Khola. It flows in south west direction till Kalapani in Mustang
District when it takes a turn towards the south east. It passes through deep gorges in this region
and the deepest is 5,488 m between Dhaulagiri and Anapurna peaks. It again flows south west till
its confluence with Myagdi Khola in Baglung district when it flows towards south east. It meets

Modi Khola it Kushma in Parbat district and starts flowing due south west. Near its confluence with
Badigad and Ridi Khola around Ridibazar, it makes an O-bend and flows due east till Arauli in
Tanahu district when it makes an S-bend and joins the Narayani River at Devghat in Chitwan. It is
then called Narayani River. The Narayani River flows towards south west from Devghat and turns
to the south near Tamaspur in Nawalparasi district before it goes to India. It joins the Ganges in
India and is known as Gandak River in the Indian Territory. The name of the rivers and the long
term flow calculation is presented in Table 5.1.
Table 5-1: Long term flow records of Narayani (Gandak) River System (m3/s)
Month/ Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Myagdi Khola at
Manglaghat 16 13 14 19 26 73 244 222 200 60 31 19
Kali Gandaki at
Seti Beni 54 46 46 61 94 263 696 814 568 228 113 73
Andhi Khola at
Dumrichaur 5 4 3 3 7 36 104 99 71 27 10 7
Badigad Khola at
Rudrabeni Gulmi 29 22 17 14 18 65 287 353 302 139 69 40
Kali Gandaki at 130
Kotagaon 114 90 80 91 142 389 4 1543 1131 535 258 156
Mardi Khola at
Lahachowk 4 3 3 3 4 13 51 54 38 16 7 4
Seti River at
Phoolbari 13 12 12 13 20 52 139 158 108 55 25 17
Madi River at
Shisaghat 19 17 17 20 33 78 227 233 170 75 39 27
Khudi Khola at
Khudi Bazar 5 5 4 4 5 7 15 23 19 10 7 5
Marsyangdi River
at Bimal Nagar 48 44 43 53 97 217 464 655 444 182 93 61
Marsyangdi River
at Gopling Ghat 49 42 41 55 96 229 571 607 463 210 104 66
Chepe Khola at
Garam Besi 6 5 4 4 6 19 60 72 58 27 13 8
Burhi Gandaki at
Arughat 38 33 37 63 105 221 409 421 315 167 87 53
Phalankhu Khola
at Betrawati 2 2 2 2 2 12 38 45 32 12 5 3
Trisuli River at
Betrawati 45 40 42 51 86 228 531 573 371 159 83 56
Tadi Khola at
Tadipul 10 7 5 6 8 34 101 132 98 44 23 13
Narayani River at 421
Narayanghat 370 304 283 361 582 1590 0 5100 3440 1550 785 499
Rapti River at
Rajaiya 12 9 7 7 8 19 66 79 70 33 17 12
Manahari Khola
at Manahari 6 5 4 6 9 16 43 57 55 23 11 7
Lothar Khola at
Lothar 2 2 2 2 2 6 23 31 28 9 4 3
Source: DHM, 1996

5.4 WATER SUPPLY ESTIMATES

The surface water records published by DHM (1998) cover data of 23 stations in the basin. The
names of the rivers with their catchment area are given in Table 5.2. The Department of Hydrology
and Meteorology (DHM) has established a hydrological station on Kaligandaki River at different
location. The station has been in operation since 1972.
Table 5-2: Name of the River with Catchment area
S.N. St. No. River Name Catchment Area (km2)

1 404.7 Myagdi Khola at Mangala Ghat 1,112
2 410 Kali Gandaki at Seti Beni 6,630
3 415 Andhi Khola at Dumrichaur, Andhimuhan 476
4 417 Badigad Khola at Rudrabeni, Gulmi 1,990
5 420 Kali Gandaki at Kotgaun 11,400
6 428 Mardikhola at Lahachow 160
7 430 Seti River at Fulbari 582
8 438 Madi Khola at Sishaghat 858
9 439.3 Khudi Khola at Khudi Bazar 151
10 439.7 Maysyandi River at Bimal nagar 3,774
11 439.8 Marsyangdi River at Gopling Ghat 3,850
12 440 Chepe Khola at Garam Besi 308
13 445 Burhi Gandaki at Aru Ghat 4,270
14 446.8 Phalandu Khola at Betrawoti 162
15 447 Trishuli River at Betrawoti 4110
16 448 Tadi Khola at Tadi Pool, Belkot 653
17 450 Narayani River at Narayanghat 31,100
18 460 Rapti Rver at Rajaiya 579
19 465 Manahari River at Manahari 427
20 470 Lothar Khola at Lothar 169
21 475 Khageri Khola at Tikauli 118
22 480 Kair Khola at Jurpani 80
23 485 Burhi Rapti at Chitrasari 184
5.5 MEAN MONTHLY RAINFALL

The rainfall characteristic of the study area is mainly governed by monsoon rainfall. The mean
monthly rainfall at some of the locations of the study area are given in Table 5.3.The first three
stations are in Rupandehi district, while Station No 727-Lumbini is located in the Kapilvastu
District.

Table 5-3 : Mean Monthly Rainfall of the Study Area (mm)
Month/ Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
Station
Bhairhawa 16.5 13.4 16.5 16.8 51.0 259.2 543.8 349.7 249.9 63.8 7.3 11.5 1599.4
Airport
(705)
Bhairhawa 16.1 16.5 17.6 20.4 61.7 241.9 506.2 351.4 282.4 68.2 6.1 13.1 1601.6
Agri (707)
Butwal 15.4 17.4 18.5 26.5 88.7 401.9 763.4 565.6 426.6 118.3 11.9 14.7 2504.9
(703)
Lumbini 22.1 15.8 11.1 21.2 58.9 257.3 489.1 326.7 245.8 43.1 3.6 8.9 1503.6
(727)
Dumkauli 21.2 11.8 18.9 51.4 142.1 412.0 656.6 451.7 341.7 88.2 6.5 14.5 2216.6
(706)
Parasi 15.8 18.0 21.8 32.4 78.1 306.7 556.1 400.9 311.6 70.7 5.0 14.3 1831.4
(708)
Dumkibas 16.4 13.7 14.1 29.8 103.6 364.5 624.7 493.8 370.3 80.1 8.0 14.3 2133.3
(710)
Source: DHM, 2000
5.6 MAXIMUM RAINFALL DATA

There are altogether fourteen rainfall stations within the Kaligandaki River Basin at upstream of the
Headwork site at Ramdi. The 24, 48 and 72 hours Annual Maximum rainfall and Probable
Maximum Precipitation (PMP) depth has been calculated by Tahal Consulting Engineers in the
Kaligandaki Basin Study which is presented in Table 5.4.
Table 5-4 : 48 and 72 hour Annual Maximum Rainfall and PMP Depth for the Rainfall Stations of
Gandak Basin
DHM Station Elevation Max 24 hr Max 48 hr Max 72 hr 24 hr 48 hr 72 hr

Index (m) Rainfall PMP PMP PMP
Rainfall Rainfall (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
(mm) (mm)
601 Jomsom 2744 89 123 172 533 682 745
604 Thakmarpha 2566 81 127 156 443 734 995
605 Baglung 984 128 180 223 580 832 897
606 Tatopani 1243 112 123 149 431 509 554
607 Lete 2384 112 132 133 442 537 670
608 Muktinath 3609 70 135 166 227 319 484
Ranipauwa
609 Beni Bazzar 835 200 265 284 556 976 1013
613 Karkineta 1720 185 282 325 632 847 963
614 Kushma 891 166 227 242 756 819 928
615 Bobang 2273 120 170 252 379 478 709
616 Gurja Khani 2530 96 140 198 321 498 580
619 Ghorapani 2742 141 223 260 504 698 710
701 Ridhi Bazzar 442 247 267 292 901 1099 1128
702 Tansen 1067 409 512 526 1108 1653 1739

5.7 HYDROLOGICAL STUDY OF KALIGANDAKI RIVER AT RAMDI
5.7.1 Introduction
This section of the report contains an overview of the hydrology of the Kaligandaki River
catchment with respect to the proposed head works. For the present analysis, the flow data is
available from the year 1972 to 2006 from the DHM with some months' data missing. The data
received from the DHM are average 24 hour flows, instantaneous minimum and maximum flows
and water level records. These data were closely inspected and some erroneous data were
dropped. These data have been used to estimate the average monthly flows, derive the flow
duration curve, high flow analysis and the low flow prediction.
This hydrological study is carried out for Kaligandaki River at 1500 m downstream from Ramdi
bridge site for the construction of a headwork of Kaligandaki Tinau multi diversion project. The
study is concentrated in determining the maximum design flood at the Head works (15000 m D/S
of bridge site) and respective High Flood Level so as to define the span and height of the weir.
And it is also calculate the annual minimum and maximum flow of Kaligandaki River at headwork
site. The depth of scour is also calculated for the purpose of foundation design of weir.
5.7.2 Methodology of hydrological Study
The hydrological study of the project area thus comprised of the desk study including collection of
meteorological data, Collection of available topographical maps of scale 1:50,000 produced by
Department of Survey, and field investigation. Specifically, the hydrological study is conducted by:
 Collecting hydro-meteorological data from DHM records such as rainfall and river flow data
in the vicinity of headwork site;
 Determining the effective catchment area for head works area
 Measuring discharge near gauging station using current meter/ salt dilution method
 Analysisng rainfall runoff and river flow based on collected data;
 Estimating maximum design discharge by established formulae with different return periods
and recommendation of design flood for further analysis;
 Preparing rating curve at H/W site for the determination of HFL;
 Recommending the span, free board and height of weir;
 Calculating normal and maximum scour depths at foundation of weir.
5.7.3 Kaligandaki Catchment
5.7.3.1 Catchment Physiography
Kaligandaki River catchment lies within the Gandaki river basin. The catchment is located in
Western Development Region of Nepal. The catchment of Kaligandaki River at the proposed
project site has characteristics of mountainous and snow fed catchment. The catchment area is
pear shaped having dendritic drainage pattern, elongated towards North and total catchment area
of the Kaligandaki is 10426 Km2 at the proposed head work site. It has elevation ranging from 380
m to about 8180 m masl. Therefore, during dry season contribution towards the base flow is from
snowmelt.
The study conducted by WECS and DHM have categorized that the catchment area belongs to the
Hydrological Region 1. The Kaligandaki flows with an average river slope of about 1 in 12 over the
head works area of the project. According to the topography, the catchment of the Kaligandaki for
intake area is characterized in Table 5-5.

Table 5-5: Catchment Characteristics According to Topography

Intake area
Elevation in masl
Area in Km2 %
Above 5000 1120 11.67
Between 5000 and 3000 3220 30.08
Below 3000 5950 57.25
Total catchment area 10426 100.0
5.7.3.2 Drainage
Kaligandaki River is one of the main tributaries of Gandaki Basin and also the major river of
country flowing north to south part. Ridi, Andhi Khola, Badighad Khola, Madi are the major
tributaries of the Kaligandaki. The Kaligandaki flows with an average river slope of about 1 in 12
over the head works area of the project. As per hydrological study conducted by WECS and DHM,
the value of monsoon wetness index and mean precipitation were adopted as 1020 mm and 1594
mm respectively.
5.7.3.3 Climate
As per climatology of Nepal, the catchment area of Kaligandaki River lies in the himalayan region.
The annual average precipitation is about 1000-2500 mm. The minimum and maximum
temperatures are 5º C and 30ºC respectively. The air and noise pollution levels are almost nil.
5.7.3.4 Ecology and Geology
The catchment lies in the himalayan region. Forest, shrub and bushy land are the major vegetation
cover within the Kaligandaki catchment area. Mass movement, gully erosion, geomorphological
instabilities etc are negligible. Most part of the catchment occupies sound geologically stable rocky
terrain.
5.7.3.5 Water use
The topographic analysis of the available maps showed that the most part of the catchment has
been covered with densely mixed forest. As the slope of the catchment is steep, there are no
appreciable cultivation and settlement within the catchment. There is no consumptive use (e.g.
irrigation) of water in the project area, so all the flow is available for irrigation and generation of
electricity. Water quality of the Kaligandaki seems relatively good and springs are common in the
project area.
5.7.4 Available Data
5.7.4.1 Stream Flow Data
Stream flow records are important to estimate the flow. There are no stream gauges in the
proposed head works area. However, there are three DHM gauging stations: Station Nos. 410,
419,1, 420 towards upstream and downstream of the same river. For the catchment correlation
purpose, the stream flow record of the Kaligandaki River at the gauged location was looked. The
gauging station, lying at about 2 km downstream from the proposed headworks site with the
catchment area ratio 0.91, is listed in Table 5-6.

However, 10 years of stream flow data (from 1996 to 2006) are available for Kaligandaki at
Andhighat. Therefore, the hydrological analysis for mean flows and flow duration curve were
limited to these available data.
Table 5-6: Gauging station at Kaligandaki River
Station Name Station No. Latitude Longitude Elevation (m) Catchment Area, km2
At seti Beni 410.0 28.01 83.59 546 6693
At Kota gaun 420.0 27.75 84.84 198 11400
At Andhighat 419.1 370 10020
5.7.4.2 Rainfall Data
Precipitation data is needed for the analysis of surface runoff and to know the nature of the
catchment with respect to the river flow. To further understand the effects of the elevation and
location, the rainfall around the vicinity of the project area were also studied. In the vicinity of
Kaligandaki catchment, DHM has established rainfall station at Jomsom, Syangja, Kusma, Beni
and Baglung. For the hydrological study, these stations were selected due to the same catchment
area of Kaligandaki basin. Brief descriptions of these rainfall stations are tabulated in Table 5-7.
Table 5-7 : Rainfall stations near Kaligandaki River catchment
Station Name Station No. Latitude Longitude Elevation, m

1. Jomsom 601 28.78 83.71 2744
2. Syangja 605 28.26 83.60 984
3. Kusma 609 28.35 83.56 835
4. Beni 614 28.21 83.70 891
5. Bagling 805 28.10 83.88 868

Metrological Station of Basin Thiesson Polygon Data of Catchment
Figure 5:2: Metrological Station of Basin
5.7.5 Field Hydrology
5.7.5.1 Discharge Measurement
In the river reach, there are three gauging stations installed from 1964 to 1996. From these
gauged data, we have to obtain the flow data base of the headwork site. The hydrological analysis
is done based on above gauging station by catchment area correlation.
Table 5-8: Hydrological analysis based on different gauging stations

Station Name Station No. Latitude Longitude Elevation Catchment
m Area, km2
At seti Beni 410.0 28.01 83.59 546 6693
At Kota gaun 420.0 27.75 84.84 198 11400
At Andhighat 419.1 370 10020
5.7.5.2 Rating Curve Development
The rating curve is developed from nearest and same channel characteristics flow measurement
station.

Figure 5:3: Rating curve
5.7.5.3 Hydrological Analysis
Since the Kaligandaki Project is run-of-the-river project, it is essential to conduct long-term

hydrological investigation as well as to estimate the low flow and flood flow. Various attempts, as
listed below, were made to compute these parameters.
5.7.5.4 Rational and Empirical Formulae
The first attempt was use of rational and empirical methods to compute the flood flow in the project
area. Rational method and firstly used two empirical methods are briefly stated below.
5.7.5.5 Rational Method
This approach is presented here as one of the common methods which quantifies run-off from
watersheds. This approach is based on the criterion that for extreme flood of uniform intensity
distributed evenly equal to a certain percentage of the rainfall intensity occurs when entire basin
area is contributing at the outlet. Equation 5-1 expresses the mathematical form of this approach.
CIA 5-1
Q
3.6
Where,
Q : Flood discharge, m3/s
C : Runoff coefficient, value of 0.6 was taken here
I : Rainfall intensity, mm/hr
A : Catchment area, km2

Rainfall intensity in Equation 5-1 is the function of time of concentration of the flood and
geographical location of the basin and consequently varies with return period.
5.7.5.6 Empirical Methods
Empirical formulae (Varshney, 1974) were attempted to arrive at simple forms of relationships for
the flood flow on the river in terms of various flood factors, the most common being the catchment
area. For the present study, two methods: modified Dicken’s formula and Fuller formula were
used. They are mathematically expressed below.
Dicken suggested an empirical formula (Equation 5-2) based on catchment area and snow area in
catchment for the different return periods. After conducting frequency studies on Himalayan Rivers
with snow catchment, Roorkee (1976) incorporated the effected snow area in the catchment.
Q T  CT A 0.75 5-2
Where,
QT : Peak discharge for the return period T years
A: Catchment area in Km2
CT : Dicken’s constant which is a function of return period and catchment area given by
Equation 5-3
 1185  5-3
C T  2.342 log( 0.6T )  log 4
 P 
 a  6   5-4
P   100
 A 5000  a  
a: Snow Area in Km2
A 5000 Area below 5000 m elevation in m
In addition, an attempt was made to find peak flow using Fuller’s formula (Subramanya, 2004)
which was derived for catchment in USA. In this approach, Fuller (1914) suggested three empirical
formulae: for annual mean flow (Equation 5-5), maximum 24-hr flood with frequency once in given
return period (Equation 5-6) and maximum instantaneous flood flow (Equation 5-7) respectively.
Q av  Cf A 5-5
Q T  Q av 1  0.8 log T 5-6
 5-7
 A  
0.3
Q max  Q T 1  2  
  2.59  
Where,
Q av : annual mean flow in m3/s
Q T : maximum 24-hr flood with frequency once in T years in m3/s
Q max : maximum instantaneous flood flow in m3/s
A: Catchment area in km2
Cf : Fuller’s coefficient varying between 0.18 to 1.88

5.7.5.7 Catchment Correlation
Since there is no availability of hydrological data of the project area, an attempt was made to
correlate the flows with Kaligandaki River at Kotgau, Andhi Ghat and Setibeni Station. The
catchment area at gauge is simmilar to the studied basin and the catchment parameters in these
two locations are proportionally equal. Most of the snow covered area lies within the catchment of
the proposed headworks site, which implies that the contribution of the snow in runoff will be more
in the studied river basin than that in the gauged basin.
This approach was used to compute the mean monthly flows of Kaligandaki as prorated flow for
both long-term hydrology and extreme hydrology. In order to determine the prorated flows
hydrology of both gauged and ungauged catchment were determined using HYDST method. The
hydrology was correlated with the help of prorated factor (WECS & DHM, 1991) which
subsequently multiply the long-term flow of gauged river
5.7.6 Long Term Hydrology
Water availability assessment of run off river multipurpose projects is made on the basis of long-
term hydrology of the proposed area. The long-term hydrology depends on climate, topography,
geology and landuse pattern of the area. Due to mountainous topography and inadequate
hydrological investigations, long-term hydrology is difficult to define in remote areas of Nepal.
Major approaches of defining long-term hydrology are mean monthly flow and flow duration curve,
which play important role in the economic viability of multipurpose projects.
5.7.7 Mean Monthly Flow
Estimation of mean monthly flow can give an indication whether the flow at the proposed site
seems adequate for power generation. For the larger part of the year, the flow in any stream will
be lesser than mean monthly flow because average flow is obviously between low flow and high
flow. Therefore, the power flow diverted through intake of the project should be somewhat less
than mean monthly flow.
In order to develop the annual hydrograph of Kaligandaki, various methods discussed. Among
these methods, rational and empirical methods cannot compute the mean monthly flow.
Kaligandaki is the measured catchment so all flow data is summarized and present below.

Figure 5:4: Mean Flow Hydrograph

Table 5-9: Mean monthly flow of Kaligandki River
Month Jan. I Jan II Feb. I Feb.II Mar. I Mar. II Apr. I Apr. II May I May II Jun. I Jun. II
1996 107.60 115.44 114.79 117.32 105.40 96.54 88.63 104.31 123.60 135.24 185.07 628.79
1998 121.67 104.38 96.20 93.47 94.75 102.14 101.60 136.70 182.67 238.20 212.73 883.50
1999 127.67 113.94 105.27 99.51 95.76 97.43 99.10 120.89 134.20 231.13 585.40 775.71
2000 117.93 106.30 99.86 95.42 84.60 91.89 100.27 138.86 139.73 282.27 723.33 894.57
2001 110.87 99.73 93.21 88.37 83.38 87.29 79.58 96.59 141.33 158.60 330.27 717.86
2002 93.03 100.64 90.91 84.17 82.98 86.97 89.93 109.61 143.23 201.33 267.80 455.86
2003 95.44 78.63 69.47 82.60 73.38 83.85 85.31 102.71 88.99 136.77 169.33 715.00
2004 97.59 91.13 76.35 78.22 72.76 81.33 70.53 86.26 83.74 136.83 145.67 403.00
2005 91.85 89.74 80.87 75.32 75.82 81.67 72.47 89.86 82.94 115.31 116.41 317.43
2006 98.15 84.51 78.57 75.65 71.62 71.39 70.98 81.56 110.51 209.80 338.33 323.43
Average flow 106.68 99.26 91.35 89.10 84.41 88.22 86.31 106.96 122.76 180.04 296.16 603.15
Correction Factor 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91
Actual flow of River 97.56 90.78 83.55 81.48 77.20 80.68 78.94 97.82 112.27 164.66 270.86 551.62
Month Jul. I Jul. II Aug. I Aug. II Sep. I Sep. II Oct. I Oct. II Nov. I Nov. II Dec. I Dec. II
1996 1101.33 1612.38 1443.87 1840.25 1177.60 643.43 497.47 340.94 266.40 200.21 155.47 125.31
1998 1961.33 1564.00 2125.33 2884.00 764.87 671.86 564.00 395.87 268.20 222.00 165.87 148.33
1999 915.53 1398.33 1259.60 2270.67 1409.73 940.50 731.80 422.47 263.87 213.50 153.87 139.40
2000 1523.73 1357.33 1788.47 1696.67 1642.00 1103.71 447.13 328.47 235.53 189.21 141.40 132.13
2001 702.60 1833.27 1458.27 2330.67 1278.13 587.86 363.73 281.40 198.33 170.43 126.07 111.71
2002 953.73 1647.53 1148.07 1425.60 712.13 561.71 343.73 213.53 147.60 137.64 112.05 105.29
2003 1275.33 1288.87 1240.73 1624.80 1294.80 1012.07 447.60 312.73 193.73 160.71 117.76 108.96
2004 746.67 1073.00 864.87 1055.33 910.40 644.93 573.00 303.93 179.27 146.79 121.47 113.72
2005 922.60 1167.27 852.73 1191.00 664.53 515.79 370.80 395.80 213.87 167.14 127.80 117.19
2006 740.07 1041.87 648.93 934.93 712.47 584.29 349.33 235.27 154.27 141.86 111.08 90.13
Average flow 1113.31 1425.52 1292.13 1660.96 1022.08 715.81 454.39 316.16 209.50 174.14 138.21 123.02
Correction Factor 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91
Actual flow of River 1018.19 1303.72 1181.73 1519.05 934.76 654.65 415.57 289.15 191.60 159.26 126.41 112.51

5.7.8 Flood Estimation by Different Methods at Bridge Site
The details of flood measured in different return period year and by different methods at bridge site
is given in Table 5.10 and presented in Figure 5.5 below.
Table 5-9: Method used for estimation of flood at bridge site

Methods Return Period Year
5.00 10.00 50.00 100.00 1000.00
Freq. Ansigh Adhighat 5918.39 7092.58 9818.97 10993.16 12167.35
Freq. Kota gaon 5442.52 6655.52 9472.04 10685.05 14714.57

Freq. Setibeni 3708.06 4302.85 5683.91 6278.70 8254.54
HYDEST 5182.82 6030.91 7867.95 8640.69 11241.65
MHSP 6001.52 8640.68 10519.67 11852.51 17342.71
Dickens 4478.80 7583.12 10687.44 12024.40 16465.68
Figure 5:5 : Flood measurement from different methods
5.7.9 Recommended Design Flood
The design flood frequency is determined with the basic consideration of the risk involved and the
cost of minimizing that risk. The risk factor is dependent on the type and size of structure, volume
of water impounded by it and the extent of damage in the event of failure of the structure, which
depends on the population and property downstream of the structure likely to be affected by the
worst eventuality of the failure of the structure.

Based on international practices, guidelines, type and size of the structures, impounded volume
and preliminary assessment of the extent of likely damage in the event of worst failure, the
frequency of design flood for this bridge is recommended equal to 100 years. Thus, the value of
design flood at head works Site of Kaligandaki is recommended equal to 10,993.16 m3/s for 100
years return period.
5.7.10 Calculation of High Flood Level (HFL)
The HFL has been fixed by fitting the design discharge of 10,993.16 m3/sec in cross-section of
Kaligandaki River Head works site provided by survey team. The design discharge is adopted for
100 years return period, as the bridge lies in the district level road. According to the c/s data of
river, the high flood level is at 388.00 m, the lowest bed level of river being at 375.0 m. The head
works span required for this HFL may be of about 210 m according to field investigation.
It is better to increase the head works (weir axis) span up to 256 m so that the HFL will come
down accordingly better passage of flood discharge and also constructed the side emergency
spillway for passing excess of water. Considering all these it is recommended to adopt the HFL at
388.00 m i.e. 11 m from the lowest river bed level.
5.7.11 Summary of Hydrological Study & Recommended Parameters
 Catchment Area at headwork Site: 10426 Km2

 Design Flood Frequency: 100 Years
 Design Flood Discharge: 10993.16 m3/s
 Highest Flood Level (HFL): 388 m (11m above the river bed)
 Lowest River Bed Level: 375 m

Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project GEOLOGY OF PROJECT AREA
Chapter
GEOLOGY OF PROJECT AREA
6 GEOLOGY OF PROJECT AREA

6.1 REGIONAL GEOLOGY
Regional geological set up in the area epitomizes the general litho- tectonic framework of the
Himalayas. The NW-SE general trading rocks of the Lesser Himalayas and Sub Himalayas
(Siwaliks) are observed in the region.
The Lesser Himalayan rock overlies the molass deposits of sub Himalaya along Main Boundary
Thrust (MBT). The Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) delimits the tectonic boundary of Sub
Himalaya against the indo-gangetic plain to the south of MBT. The Lesser Himalaya is
predominantly made up of slates, phyllites, schist, limestone, dolomites quartzites rocks with
various degree of metamorphism with intricate system of faults, folds and thrusts. The Siwaliks
rocks are younger sedimentary molasses deposits of tertiary age.
6.2 GEOLOGY OF THE PROJECT AREA

The name of geological unit of the proposed project site at the Lesser Himalayan zone is taken
after H. Sakai, 1985. The rocks of the zone can be grouped in to two major stratigraphic units: the
Kali Gandaki Super group and the Tansen group and partly Sub Himalaya (Siwalik) group.
The Tansen group consists ranging in age from late carboniferous to early Miocene and of
Gondawana and post Gondawana rocks, which are made up mainly of clastic sediments. The
underlying Kali Gandaki super group is made up of quartzite, dolomite, limestone, vari coloured
calcareous slate and phyllite. The general description of lithostratigraphic unit of the project area is
given below. Geological Map of the Project Area is shown in Figure 6.1.
6.2.1 The Kaligandaki Super Group
Andhi Formation (An):

The formation is found at head work site of the project. The formation is a monotonous thick
sequence of phyllitic slate with occasional inter beds of silt stone and quartzite.
Heklang Formation (He):

The formation is distributed in a narrow belt and is composed mainly of dark – green phyllitic slate
or phyllite. The phyllite is intercalletted at several horizontal with calcareous sandstone, marl and
dolomite.
Virkot Formation (Vk):

This formation is composed of white to pink quartzite and reddish purple phyllitic slate
Chappani Formation (Ch):

The formation can be divided into three members; the Lower member is characteristic mainly of
grey slate and limestone, the middle of thinly laminated clay slate, and the upper quartzite.

Figure 6:1: Geological Map

The Geological map and its cross section of the Lesser Himalaya at and around project site (after H. Sakai, 1985) and the geological map of the project
area (published by Department of Geology and Mines)

Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project
Khoradi formation (Kh):

The formation is made up of mostly dolomitic stromatolites and others (sandstone, meta
sandstone and quartzite and intra formational reworked pebble formation).
Saidi Khola Formation (Sk):

The formation consists chiefly of coarsely sandstone and shale beds. There occur several
intercalations of rhythmites beds.
Ramdighat Formation (Rm):

This formation consists of calcareous argillite and a minor amount of this limestone. Coarse clastic
rocks are extremely rare. It is divided in to three members: the lower black and green slate, the
middle interlayering beds of varicoloured calcareous slate and limestone, and the upper green and
grey calcareous slate with limestone.
Kerabari Formation (ke):

In the proposed area, the Kerabari Formation is distributed between MBT and the Tansen
synclinorium. The formation is composed entirely of monotonous light gray, bedded dolomite.
6.2.2 The Tansen Group
The outer most part of the Lesser Himalayas in the area forms Tansen Synclinorium which
embraces the Tansen Group of the Gondawana and Tertiary rocks. The Tansen group is
surrounded by the Kerabari Formation on the north-central, western and southern side.
Sisne Formation (Si):

The formation is composed of glacial diamictite with fluvial sandstone, bioturbated rhythmile of
sandstone and shale.
Taltung Formation with Aulis Basalt:

Fluvial conglomerate, sandstone and shale with basaltic lava is the main lithology of the
formation
Amile Formation (Am):

The foamtion is composed of white and ferruginous quartzite with fossiliferous limestine.
Bhainsekati Formation (Bh):

The main composition of the formation is black shale with oolitic hematite.
Dumri Formation (Du):

The main lithology of the formation is thick massive fluvial sandstone with green and red shale.
6.2.3 Sub Himalaya (Siwalik) Group
The Siwalik group of the Himalaya can be divided into 3 major units viz, the Upper, the Middle and
the Lower Siwaliks. There is only two units of the Siwaliks is observed in project site. The Upper
Siwalik unit is not found here.
Lower Siwalik (LS):

It consists of fine grained, hard grey sandstone inter bedded with purple and chocolate colored
shale. Sand stone are moderately indurate.

Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project
Middle Siwalik (MS):

It consists of medium to coarse grained friable arkosic sandstone and fine to medium grained,
hard massive grey sandstone interbedded with green to greenish grey clay, grey shale and thin
bands of pseudo conglomerate and mudstone.
6.3 GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AT PROJECT AREA

The geological structure of the area is prime important for the detailed design of the project
structure. The location and stability of the project structure must be based on the detailed
knowledge of the geological structure.
6.3.1 Main Boundary Thrust (MBT)
The southern margin of the Lesser Himalaya is separated from the Siwaliks by MBT which
considered as still active thrust. The MBT lies along HRT at about chainage 17+00 Km N and can
be traced by a sharp alignment of valleys and characteristic land form like pressure ridges and
fault terraces. Along the HRT, the Kerabari Formation is in fault contact with assive sandstone of
the Middle Siwaliks. The black limely slates and banded limestones are so strongly sheared that
they lost their original bedding planes.
6.3.2 Tansen Synclinorium Boundary Faults
The Tansen Group in the Tansen synclinorium is circumscribed by the underlying Kaliganaki
Super group with a sole thrust that is represented by southern Boundary Fault (SBF) and northern
Boundary Fault (NBF). The eastern limb of the SBF and NBF can be traced along the HRT at
about change 10+ 00 Km.
6.3.3 The Bari Gad Fault
The fault has a component of vertical displacement, and the Andhi Formation on the northern side
is relatively uplifted. The fault is more or less parallel or sub parallel to the Kaligandaki River at the
project area The Bari Gad Fault lies at the Upper reached of the HRT.
6.3.4 Ramdi Fault
The fault lies at about ch. 6+00 Km of HRT. The fault is marked by a zone of fault breccias and is
topographically expressed by linear strike valleys and landslides have occurred along this at
several places.
6.3.5 Palpe Klippe Thrust
The Kaligandaki Super Group over thrust up on the Tansen Group in the central part of the
Tansen synclinorium and forms the Palpe Klippe.
6.3.6 Himalayan frontal Thrust (HFT)
The HFT separate the Siwaliks and Indogangetic plane. The thrust is active in nature throughout
the Himalayan range, but it is not exposed clearly everywhere.

6.4 THE GEOLOGICAL CONDITION AND ITS ENGINEERING SIGNIFICANCE

The geological condition and its significance at the different project structures sites is described
below.
6.4.1 Headwork
The weir site is proposed at about 1500m downstream from the Ramdi Bridge at a relatively
narrow valley. The width of the river is about 65 m and the proposed crest length is about 120 m.
The river flows almost west to east at the proposed location. The head works area consists of dam
axis, desander basin and inlet portal
On both the abutments, the bedrocks are found exposed at the proposed weir site. The bedrocks
at the abutments are found represented by the intercalation of quartzite and phyllite. The quartzite
is grayish white in colour, thin bedded to massive, fine to medium grained, hard and compact. The
phyllites are dark grey to greenish grey in colour, thinly to thickly bedded, soft and laminated. At
some places the quartzites is found to be calcareous. The percentage of quartzite is more as
compared to phyllite, at the proposed weir site.
The current river bed material deposit is about 5 m in depth. The range of the overburden depth is
5-12 m at right bank of the river. The outcrop rock are thinly joined and fractured in both banks of
the river .The general trend of the rock is N80°E-S80°W dipping towards southeast. The amount of
dip varies from 20° to 30°. The proposed inlet portal is located on right bank of Kali Gandaki River
at an elevation of 380 m. amsl. At the inlet portal site, good rock exposure of quartzite of quartzite
intercalation with phyllite is observed. The thickness of boulder overburden is found upto 7 m.
6.4.2 Engineering Significance
Comparatively the location is good for headworks location. The slightly joined and fractured hard
and compact quartzite may need special treatment (mainly grouting) during the construction for
stability. The percentage of the comparatively weak rock slaty phyllite is less than quartzite. ERT
survey also shows that the rock below 12m depth is also joined and fractured. The calcareous
condition of the quartzite rock need special grouting. The slope in the uphill direction seems to be
stable. The Geological Map of Headwork area is as shown in Figure 6-2.
Figure 6:2: Geological Map of Headwork Area

6.4.3 Headrace Tunnel (HRT)
The proposed headrace tunnel of about 22.3 Km lies on the right bank of the Kali Gandaki River.
As described in geological description of the project area, the HRT lies on Kaligandaki super
Group and Tansen Group of Lesser Himalaya and only few portion lies in Siwaliks. The HRT route
lies in complicated geological structures (Figure 6.3). The HRT tunnel will also encounter major
fault and thrusts like Barigad Fault, Ramdi fault, Tansen synclinorium Boundary Fault and Main
Boundary Thrust (MBT).
The headrace tunnel route, in general, will be oblique to the rock orientation but it may also
encounter parallel and perpendicular situation with the rock orientation. The proposed tunnel
alignment will have a maximum and minimum overburden of 945 m and 138 m respectively.
Engineering Significance:
About 20 Km length of HRT lies in Lesser Himalayan zone i.e. Kaligandaki Super group and
Tansen group. The Geological cross section (Figure 6.3) clearly shows that the rock type found at
surface may be different in tunnel alignment level due to folding and thrusting of the rocks. The
remarkable faults and thrusts encountered along HRT need more attention both for tunnel design
and construction. There is possibility of local faults and shear zone encounter during detailed
study. The fault breccias along with Ramdi Fault and MBT is challenging for HRT construction. At
least 4- 5 adit tunnel is required for construction.
6.4.4 Surge Tank
The Proposed surge tank is located at an elevation of about 360 m from the sea level. The surge
tank lies on Lower Siwalik formation. The main composition of the formation at surge tank site is
intercalation of pebbly sandstone, black brown fine sand stone and black shale. Most of the rocks
at this site are moderately weathered, medium hard and highly fractured. The thickness of black
shale observed at site is 1 m. The thickness of the colluvial overburden is 3-5 m. The general trend
of rock is N 80 °E to S 80 °W dipping towards North-West. The amount of dip varies from 28°to
40°.
As the sandstone is comparatively hard and stable the foundation of surge tank should be on
sandstone layer. The Geological Map is as shown in Figure 6-3.
Figure 6:3: Geological Map of Power House Site Area

6.4.5 Penstock Pipe
The proposed penstock pipe line of about 400 m in length follows the moderately sloping
vegetation covered terrain. The whole alignment of penstock is weathered sandstone and
mudstone. The thickenss of the overburden is 3 m in upper part and 13 m at lower part. The rock
condition along penstock seems to be critical for its stability. The surface penstock may be suitable
as the sub surface rock is also mainly weathered sandstone and mudstone.
6.4.6 Powerhouse
The proposed powerhouse site is located on right bank of the Tinau khola at Dobhangaun of the
Dobhan VDC in Siwalik Formation. The proposed power house is located on the terrace deposit.
The thickness of the colluviums overburden is 4-10 m and comprised of gravel, cobbles and
boulder of sandstone and shale in sandy matrix. The thickness of the overburden is found up to 20
m in eastern side of the power house. The ERT survey also indicates that the sub layer of the
power house is mudstone. Geological Map of the Powerhouse area is as shown in Figure 6.3.
The rock condition of the power house may consider as favorable situation. There is no symptom
of tectonic activities. Design of the power house foundation should be done as a gravel and
boulder mix soil condition. The surface power house is recommended based on the prevailing
geological condition.
6.4.7 Tailrace Tunnel (TRT)
The tailrace tunnel of about 7.8 Km in length is proposed to connect powerhouse to outlet portal at
Basgahri. The proposed tunnel alignment will pass through Lower Siwalik Formation (LS) and
Middle Siwalik Formation (MS). Lower Siwalik Formation comprises of fine grained sandstone with
interbeds of red colored mudstone, shale, siltstone and occasional marl and covers about 2.5 km
of TRT. Middle Siwalik Formation (MS) consists of medium to coarse grained sandstone, pebbly
sandstone with siltstone, mudstone and relicts of sandstone.
The entire TRT through Siwalik is geologically sensitive site. The TRT having 7.8 Km length is
assumed as comparatively longer length. The end of TRT is near to HFT which will be risky for its
suitability and stability.
6.4.8 Outlet Portal
The proposed outlet portal is located at an elevation of about 180m from the sea level at Basghari.
The outlet portal lies in surfacial deposits belonging to quaternary to recent in age. Surfacial
deposit consists of alluvium deposit which comprises of silt, sand, gravel in terrace, flood plain and
stream channels. The overburden is about 5 m to 12 m thick composed of slided mass of Siwalik
rockes. Geological map of outlet area is shown in Figure 6-4

Figure 6:4: Geological Map of Outlet Area

Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project ELECTRICITRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY
Chapter
ELECTRICITRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY
7 ELECTRICITRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY
7.1 INTRODUCTION
Geophysical exploration using two Dimensional (2D) electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) survey
plays a significant role in determining the subsurface resistivity distribution by making
measurements on the ground surface. From these measurements, apparent resistivities are
recorded during the fieldwork, which are later converted to true resistivity using appropriate
computer software. These true resistivities are then converted to subsurface geological condition.
The 2D electrical resistivity profiling is capable of detecting boundaries between unconsolidated
materials (overburden), rocks, identifying weathered rock from fresh rock and contact between
rocks of different lithology. Kaligandaki Tinau Diversion Project Headworks site is located in
Khaldepani, Pipal Danda VDC Ward No. 6 of Palpa District. The power house site lies in Jhumsa
village, Phukum Phant, Palpa District. The outlet portal for irrigation is located in Belbase, Butwal
Municipality of Rupandehi district. The locations of headworks site is shown in Figure No. 3-3
(Volume II: ERT), power house site in Figure No. 3-4 (Volume II: ERT) and outlet portal in Figure
No. 3-5 (Volume II: ERT); all in downloaded Google map. The reference tree near the outlet portal
is shown in Photo No. 1 (Volume II: ERT).
7.1.1 Objective of Study
The main objective of the proposed study consists of mapping vertical as well as horizontal
variation of electrical resistivity to enable detection of the boundaries between unconsolidated
materials and rocks of the different resistivity. The objectives of the survey are to define the
following:
 The thickness of the overburden materials

 Nature of the overburden materials
 Depth of the bedrock
 Characteristics (quality) of the bedrocks, etc.
7.1.2 Scope of Work
To fulfill these objectives of the study, the headworks site is mapped by four 2D ERT profiles and
power house and outlet portal will be covered by five and three 2D ERT profiles respectively.
These ERT profiles are shown in Figure Nos. 3-3, 3-4 and 3-5 (Volume II: ERT) (Google maps).

Table 7-1: 2D ERT Survey Coverage
S. Profile Site Proposed Covered slope

N. No.
Length, m Length, m
A: Headworks site, Khaldepani, Pipal Danda
1 ERT 9 In right bank, Parallel to Kaligandaki river 150 175
2 ERT 9A In right bank, Parallel to Kaligandaki river 150 175
3 ERT 10 Parallel to Kaligandaki in up slope 150 175
4 ERT 11 Perpendicular to ERT 9 & 10 150 175
B: Power House, Jhumsa
5 ERT 4 Power house site 150 175
6 ERT 5 Power house to Surge shaft through penstock 750 800
alignment
7 ERT 6 Power house site 150 175
8 ERT 7 Through penstock alignment II 150 175
9 ERT 8 Through penstock alignment II 150 175
C: Outlet Portal, Belbase
10 ERT 1 Outlet portal 500 550
11 ERT 2 Across outlet portal 150 175
12 ERT 3 Across outlet portal 150 175
Total Coverage 2,750 3,100
The positions and lengths of the profiles are shown in the Google map. As this study is the part of
pre-feasibility study, neither topographic survey was conducted nor was contour map prepared.
Hence the ERT sections are presented in horizontal cross sections. The total proposed ERT
coverage for nine profiles was 2,750m, but the actual coverage made is 3,100m in slope distance.
The details of 2D ERT coverage are tabulated in Table No. 3-4 (Volume II: ERT). The multi core
cable layouts for ERT survey are shown in Photo Nos. 2, 3, 4 and 5 (Volume II: ERT) for different
ERT profiles. An active landslide in the left bank of Jabai Khola near outlet portal is shown in
Photo No. 6 (Volume II: ERT).
In addition to ERT survey, Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were also conducted at thirteen
locations in study areas to gather additional information of subsurface lithology and help for the
better interpretation of ERT results. The Wenner electrode configuration was employed with
electrode separations varying from 5m to 80m at the step of 5m.
7.1.3 Equipments Used in the Field Study
In the surveys works, the field data acquisition was made using the following equipments:
 Multi function digital DC Electrical Resistivity & Induced Polarization meter

 Multiplex electrode converter (Multi electrode switching equipment)
 Multi core cable with each take out at every 5m (60 take outs in total)
The equipment has the following special technical features:
 Capable of conducting DC Electrical Resistivity, Induced Polarization & Spontaneous

Potential data acquisition in normal mode
 Capable of conducting Electrical Resistivity and Induced Polarization Tomography

(Imaging). Any survey length can be covered using roll along technique.
 Capable of mass data storage of up to 43,680 number of data in equipment memory
 Capable of multiple functions, high accuracy, fast operation, high reliability etc. (It takes
only 20 minutes to complete one multi electrode survey (Electrical Resistivity Tomography)
with 60 electrodes, 552 data points)
 Input Impedance over 50 Mega Ohm
 Voltage 900 V DC (Peak to peak)
 Maximum current output 3A
 Transmitting Power 2700 Watt
 All data acquisition operations are microcomputer controlled and user friendly menu driven
 High anti interference performance and precision, integrated with multistage wave filtration
and signal enhancement technology
 Automatic cancellation of Self Potential, drift and electrode polarization
 Can perform with 18 different electrode configurations. However, virtually any electrode
configuration can be used.
 Stored field data can be downloaded to the Personal Computer easily using RS 232 port.
The data download can also be in RES2DINV recognizable format.
7.1.4 Brief Geology
The quartzite and slaty phyllites are exposed in the right bank of Kaligandaki River near the
headworks site. The exposures are shown in Photo Nos. 7 and 8 (Volume II: ERT). The power
house site lies in the Siwaliks. The outlet portal also lies in Siwalik rocks, which are exposed in
Jabai khola as shown in Photo Nos. 9, 10, 11 & 12 (Volume II: ERT).
7.2 METHODOLOGY
7.2.1 Electrical Resistivity of Rocks
Electrical resistivity of the rocks or sediments depends on the resistivity of the rock mineral matrix
and the fluid contained in its pore spaces. Rocks are composed primarily of quartz, feldspar and
mica or other silicate minerals, which are poor conductors. They contain water in the pores, which
is usually a better conductor. Thus the resistivity of, say, sandstone, generally depends on
geometry of its pore spaces and the resistivity (or salinity) of its contained fluid. As permeability
and porosity decrease, resistivity usually increases, when there is no change in formation fluid.
The resistivity also depends upon the age of the rock or sediment as, with age, they become
compacted and/or weathered. Compacted rocks show very high resistivity compared to
unconsolidated sediments like clays, sands, gravels and so on as there will be less fluid in it. The
weathered rock shows low resistivity when there is presence of water in it. Dry rocks or sediments
have very high resistivity (of the order of 10,000 to 100,000 Ohm-m), whereas water bearing rocks
or saturated sediments become much less resistant (10 to 1,000 Ohm-m). The resistivity of
different rocks and sediments are shown in Table 7-2.
All rocks contain some pores in them. Under any reasonable circumstances, these pores are partly
or completely filled with water. This water usually carries some salt in solution so that the water
content of rock has a far greater capacity for transmitting current than does the solid matrix of the
rock unless highly conducting minerals are present.
In some rocks such as consolidated sedimentary rocks, porosity is intergranular in nature

consisting of the spaces left over after the rock grains were compacted. In other rocks and
particularly in igneous rocks, porosity occurs primarily in the form of joints. In general, hard rocks
are poor conductors of electricity, but geological processes like weathering, dissolution,
hydrothermal alteration; faulting and shearing can alter rock to increase the porosity and

permeability of rock and hence decreases resistivity. By comparison, compaction of sedimentary

rock and metamorphism of all types may result in lower porosities and permeability. Resistivity is,
therefore, a widely varying parameter, which changes not only from lithology to lithology, but also
within a particular formation of same lithology.
Table 7-2 : Electrical Resistivity versus Lithology
Lithology/ Electrical Resistivity (Ohm-m) Range

Rock type/Ore 1.00E-01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+02 1.00E+03 1.00E+04 1.00E+05
Fresh Granite
Weathered Granite
Limestone
Quartzites
Sandstones
Gravels
Alluvium
Clays
Data source: Ward, 1990; Telford et al 1990
Apparent resistivity values obtained in the field are not equal to the actual resistivity of the geologic
units which affect the potentiality measured at the potential electrodes, unless measurements are
being made over homogenous ground (Telford and others, 1990). At shallow exploration depth
and at short current electrode spacing, shallow layers through which most of the current flows
mostly influence measured apparent resistivity. As electrode spacing increases, a greater
proportion of the induced current flows into deeper geologic layers, thus the response measured at
the surface is reflective of the resistivity of increasingly deeper geologic units as the electrode
spacing are increased. Hence as the distance between the current electrodes increases, so does
the exploration depth or the depth of investigation of the survey (Figure 7-1).
7.2.2 Electrical Resistivity Tomography Survey Design
Electrical Resistivity Tomography survey is usually conducted following the various arrangements
of four electrodes, two current (C1 and C2) and two potential (P1 and P2) depending upon the
specific purpose (Figure 7-1).
There are many electrode arrangements, which can be used in the ERT field survey. These arrays
have advantages and disadvantages. In some geological situations one is particularly better than
the other to give better response. To map lateral changes in structures Dipole-Dipole and
Schlumberger are better. Wenner seems to have a strong signal/noise ratio but smoothes the
picture more.

C1 P1 P2 C2
Electrodes shifting in this direction

Inhomogeneity in the overburden
(C1 and C2 are current electrodes; P1 and P2 are Potential electrodes
Current electrodes are also denoted by A and B and Potential Electrodes by M and N)
Table 7-3 : WENNER Electrode Array for Profiling

The choice of a particular electrode array for the survey in question depends upon many factors.
These are summarized below:
Ease in handling:
As mentioned above, gradient and pole-pole arrays are easier to handle. Only two electrodes are
to be moved along the profile. Three electrodes are to be moved in Pole-Dipole array and all four
electrodes are moved in Wenner, Schlumberger and Dipole-Dipole arrays adding complications in
handling more electrodes.
Signal to noise ratio:

In a collinear electrode arrangement, signal to noise ratio or SNR depends on whether the
potential electrodes M and N are placed within or outside of the current electrodes A and B. The
voltage between M and N and SNR will be higher for the former than for the latter case. In this
regard, Wenner array rates higher followed by Schlumberger and Dipole-Dipole arrays. Wenner
array has the highest SNR among the conventional arrays. The Pole-Pole, Pole-Dipole and Dipole
–Dipole arrays are more sensitive to near surface variations. Hence, even in very noisy areas, the
Wenner array measurement is the most reliable.
EM coupling:
Frequencies of source signals used in DC resistivity surveying are usually very low (from DC to 50
cycles per seconds) to avoid electromagnetic effects. Most commercial instruments use square
waves or pulsed direct currents as source signals. Such signals yield high harmonics, which may
result in coupling between the two dipoles and the wires connecting them to the recording
instrument. The coupling increases with the frequency, electrode configuration and conductivity of
the medium of the flowing current. In this regard, pole-dipole, gradient, Schlumberger and Wenner
arrays are progressively more susceptible to coupling. However, the coupling can be reduced
taking special care while laying the current and potential cables in the field.
Lateral resolution:
The resolving powers of these arrays are different. It is found that the gradient array has better
ability to resolve the steeply dipping inhomogeniety. Coggon, (1973) and Dey et al (1975) establish
that Schlumberger array ranks with Wenner array in its lateral resolving power.

Vertical Resolution:
A better vertical resolution helps to demarcate the boundary between different lithology/geology
more accurately. The experiment showed that (Loke, M. H. 1999) the vertical resolution is best
exhibited by Wenner array. The Dipole-Dipole and Wenner-Schlumberger arrays come only after
Wenner array.
Anomaly Pattern:
Pole-Dipole is an asymmetrical array and gives rise to somewhat more complicated anomalies in
the pseudo section. Signal strength or anomaly strength measured with Pole-Dipole array
decrease less rapidly compared to Dipole-Dipole array.
This (Wenner) array is a robust array, which was popularized by the pioneering work carried out by
the University of Birmingham research group (Griffiths and Turnbull 1985; Griffiths, Turnbull and
Olayinka 1990). Many of the past and present 2 D surveys are carried out with this array. Based
on these considerations, it is found that Wenner array has the advantages of:
 ease of field operation,
 high signal to noise ratio,
 symmetrical array and hence symmetrical anomalies,
 good lateral resolution,
 good vertical resolution etc. Hence this array method was employed in the present study
programme. The schematic diagram of this array is shown in Figure No. 4 (Volume II).
7.2.3 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography Survey
As mentioned above Wenner electrode configuration was employed in the present study program.
7.2.4 Interpretation of Electrical Resistivity Tomography Results
The filed data were filtered, processed and treated with the software, RES2DINV. The software
inverts the field data and calculates the appropriate model in term of resistivity and provides output
in the form of resistivity contours. This inversion data is used to draw up the lithological and
geological information. The basic principle behind the relation between resistivity data and
lithology/geology are already dealt with in above sections. In the conversion from resistivity data to
lithology, Table 7-3 has been used. This correlation table has been prepared based on the local
geological information and experience with similar works in other parts of the country. However, it
should be noted that the resistivity of certain lithology has wide variation and the Table 7-3 is just
an approximation. These inversion results showing resistivity model of all twelve profiles (six for
headworks site and six for power house site) are presented in Figure Nos. 5 to 16 (Volume II:
ERT) and are attached. Geological/lithological information is extracted from the ERT result
(resistivity contour value) and are marked in the respective ERT sections in Figure Nos. 5 to 16
(Volume II: ERT) .
Table 7-4: Conversion of Electrical Resistivity to Lithology
Electrical Resistivity Resistivity Expected Lithology

range, Ohm-m & class
symbol Overburden Bedrock
Up to 300 Low Fine sediments, Moist sediments Highly weathered, soft more
weathered rock (Mudstone)
300 to 1,000 Medium Coarse sediments, gravels, Weathered to fresh hard rock
boulders, rock fragments (Siltstone)
Over 1,000, over 3,000 High More boulders, rock fragments Fresh, hard rock (Sandstone,
, above water table Conglomerate)

7.2.5 Headworks Area, Pipal Danda, Palpa district
The headworks area consists of dam axis, desander and inlet portal and lies in Khaldepani ward
No. 6 of Pipal Danda VDC. The ERT profiles covering these areas are shown in Figure No. 1
(Volume II: ERT). Altogether four profiles (ERT 9, 9A, 10 and 11) were surveyed here.
7.2.6 Lithological Section of Profile, ERT 9
This profile runs parallel to Kaligandaki River in its right bank. It was surveyed for dam axis and
inlet portal. It crosses ERT 11. The ERT result and lithology are shown in Figure No. 5 (Volume II:
ERT). There is medium to high value resistivity contour in the top part of the profile indicating
presence of overburden composed of gavels and boulders. This overburden is about 12 m thick
near chainage 100 m. It exists as a thin soil cover near chainage 150 m.
The underlying layer also shows mainly medium to high resistivity contours up to chainage 240m.
This is quartzite, slaty phyllite bedrock. This bedrock is under thin cover of soil layer near chainage
140m and is exposed to near chainage 225 m. In the south west of chainage 240 m, there are low
resistivity contours indicating presence of more fractured part of bedrock.
7.2.6.1 Lithological Section of Profile, ERT 9A
This profile also runs from right bank of Kaligandaki River and parallel to it. It crosses ERT 10. This
profile was laid down about 80 m downstream of ERT 9, overlapping from its North West part to
200 m with ERT 9. So we can see many identical resistivity images in the south eastern part of
ERT 9 and north western part of ERT 9A. The ERT profile layout is shown in Figure No. 1 (Volume
II: ERT) and ERT result and lithology are shown in Figure No. 6 (Volume II: ERT).
There is high value resistivity contours in the top layer. This is overburden of alluviums composed
with more gravels and boulders. The overburden is about 6m thick near the end of ERT 9 or near
chainage 200 m. The second layer shows similar features up to chainage 240 m as in ERT 9. In
the south east of chainage 240 m, there are low resistivity contours, indicating presence of
fractured bedrock up to chainage 305 m. In the further south east of chainage 305 m, the fractured
bedrock represented by low resistivity contours is exposed.
7.2.6.2 Lithological Section of Profile ERT 10
This profile was laid down in the upslope starting from right bank of Kaligandaki River crossing
ERT 9 and 11. Layout of the profile is presented in Figure No. 1 (Volume II: ERT). ERT result and
lithological section are shown in Figure No. 7(Volume II: ERT). There is medium to high resistivity
contours in the upper part in the entire length of the profile. There is overburden consisting of drier
or with more boulders in it. The thickness of overburden is about 7m near chainage 50m and 3m
near chainage 150m.
The underlying second layer is marked by low to medium resistivity contours up to chainage 150m.
This is fractured bedrock. In the region from chainage 0 m to 90 m, there is high resistivity
contours beneath the low-medium resistivity contours indicating presence of hard bedrock in the
lower part. There is high resistivity contours from chainage 150 m to 200 m, and from chainage
240 m to Kaligandaki River right bank suggesting presence of hard bedrock. The medium
resistivity from chainage 200 m to 240 m indicate existence of fractured bedrock.
7.2.6.3 Lithological Section of Profile, ERT 11:
This is a north west to south east profile running sub parallel to Kaligandaki River and ERT 9
further upslope from ERT 9. Layout of the profile is presented in Figure No. 1 (Volume II: ERT).
ERT result and lithology are shown in Figure No. 8(Volume II: ERT). There is mainly medium to
high resistivity contour in the upper layer, indicating existence of overburden with more boulders.
The overburden is exposed or under a thin soil cover in the north west of chainage 120 m. The
thickness of the overburden is about 7 m near chainage 140 m and less than 4m near in the south
eastern part.
The second layer is marked by low to medium resistivity contours from chainage 0m to 55m, 140m
to 160 m and in the south east of 175m indicating presence of fractured and/or weathered
bedrock. The high value resistivity contours are present from chainage 55 m to 140 m and 160 m
to 175 m suggesting existence of hard bedrock.
7.2.6.4 Power House Site in Jhumsa, Palpa District
The power house, surge tank, penstock alignment etc. lie in the right bank of Tinau River in
Jhumsa, Phukum Phant in Palpa District. Five ERT profiles were surveyed here (ERT 4 to ERT 8).
The results are discussed below.
This profile runs sub parallel to Tinau Khola in its right bank. It crosses ERT 5 and its layout is
presented in Figure No. 2 (Volume II: ERT), whereas the ERT result and lithology are shown in
Figure No. 9 (Volume II: ERT). The shallow layer is marked by patches of medium to high
resistivity values in the entire length of the profile suggesting existence of colluvial deposit as
overburden with gravels. The thickness of the overburden is about 4m in the west of chainage
75m, 8m near chainage 200m and even more thick in the eastern part.
The underlying second layer is represented by mainly low/medium resistivity contours indicating
presence of drier upper part of mudstone. This layer is about 7m thick all over the profile, except
near chainage 190 m where it is about 20 m thick. The third layer exists as low resistivity layer
indicating presence of mudstone of Lower Siwalik.
7.2.6.6 Lithological Section of Profile, ERT 5
This profile runs in south west to north east direction from right bank of Tinau Khola to up slope to
surge tank area. It crosses ERT 4, ERT 6, ERT 7 and ERT 8. The profile layout is shown in Figure
No. 2 (Volume II: ERT) and ERT result and lithology are shown in Figure No. 10 (Volume II: ERT.
There patches of low to high resistivity contours in the top layer. This is colluvial overburden. The
high resistivity contours are present mainly near chainage 60m and 480m suggesting existence of
more rock fragments in these parts. The low resistivity contours are observed near chainage 200m
indicating presence of more soils. The overburden is about 4m thick near Tinau khola right bank,
13m thick near chainage 200 m, 6 m thick near chainage 350 m and 3 m near surge tank area.
The second layer shows mainly medium to high resistivity contours from right bank of Tinau khola
to chainage 480m. This is drier top part of mudstone. This layer is about 4m thick near Tinau
khola, 13m thick near chainage 200m and 8m thick near chainage 400m. The third layer exists as
mainly low resistivity layer. This is representing mudstone of Lowe Siwalik and extends below 40m
depth.
This profile was laid down in north-west south-east direction in the upslope crossing ERT 5 near
gauge reader's house. Layout of the profile is presented in Figure No. 2 (Volume II: ERT). ERT
result and lithological section are shown in Figure No. 11(Volume II: ERT). There is low resistivity
contour in the north western part of profile up to chainage 100 m. This is colluvial overburden with
more soils in it. In the south eastern part, there are medium resistivity contours suggesting
presence of more gravel in the overburden. The thickness of overburden is about 5 m near
chainage 50 m and 3 m near chainage 200 m.

The underlying second layer is marked by medium resistivity value contours from chainage 115m
to north western part. This is drier upper part of underlying mudstone. This layer is about 15m thick
near chainage 150 m and thicker in the south eastern side. The third layer show low resistivity
suggesting presence of soft weathered rock or mudstone of Lower Siwalik, which extend below 40
m depth.
This is also north-west south-east profile laid down near the surge tank area. Layout of the profile
is presented in Figure No. 2 (Volume II: ERT). ERT result and lithology are shown in Figure No. 12
(Volume II: ERT). There is mainly medium resistivity contour in the upper layer in the entire length
of the profile, indicating existence of colluvial overburden with mainly soils and little rock
fragments. The sandstone bedrock is exposed to the north western end of the profile. The
thickness of the overburden is about 5m near chainage 100m and 7m near chainage 200m.
The second layer is marked by medium resistivity up to chainage 45 m, from chainage 90 m to

140m and 190 m to 210 m. This may be weathered sandstone as exposed in the north western
end of profile. The low resistivity contours are present from chainage 45 m to 90 m, 140 m to 190
m and in the south east of chainage 210 m. This may be mudstone. The sandstone and mudstone
both extend to over 40 m depth.
This is a north-west south-east profile crossing ERT 5. Layout of the profile is presented in Figure
No. 2 (Volume II: ERT). ERT result and lithology are shown in Figure No. 13 (Volume II: ERT).
There is mainly medium resistivity contour in the upper layer, indicating existence of colluvial
overburden. The thickness of the overburden is about 5 m near chainage 50 m, 12 m near
chainage 110 m and 6m near chainage 200 m.
The second layer is marked by medium resistivity up to chainage 30 m, chainage 105 m to 140 m
and chainage 210 m to 240 m. As in ERT 7, this is weathered sandstone. The low resistivity
contours are present from chainage 30 m to 105 m, 140 m to 210 m and south east of chainage
240 m. This is mudstone of Lower Siwalik.
7.2.7 Outlet Portal in Belbash, Rupandehi District
The outlet portal area lies in Belbase of Butwal Municipality ward No. 15 of Rupandehi district. This
area was covered by three ERT profiles (Profile ERT 1 to ERT 3). The profile layout is shown in
Figure No. 3 (Volume II: ERT).
This is a south-west north-east running profile crossing ERT 2 and ERT 3. This profile was laid
down with respect to the reference tree, which lies at chainage 50 m. Layout of the profile, ERT
result and lithology are presented in Figure No. 3 and 13 (Volume II: ERT) respectively.
There are patches of low to medium resistivity contours in the top layer in the entire length of the
profile. The medium resistivity contours are present up to chainage 140 m from south western end,
220 m to 260 m and near chainage 425 m. There is colluvial overburden with more rock
fragments. Low resistivity contours are observed from chainage 140 m to 220 m, near chainage
320m and north east of chainage 450 m. The colluvial overburden in these parts is composed of
more soils. This overburden is the part of old landslide of products of Siwalik rocks. The thickness
of overburden is about 12 m near chainage 75 m, 5 m near chainage 125 m, 11 m near chainage
200 m and 400 m, 6 m in the north eastern part of profile. The following layer is characterized
mainly by low resistivity contours in the entire length of the profile. The low resistivity suggests
presence of mudstone underlying the overburden in these areas.
This profile was laid down in north-west south east direction in the north eastern part of ERT 1. It
crosses ERT 1 and its layout is presented in Figure No. 3 (Volume II: ERT), whereas the ERT
result and lithology are shown in Figure Nos. 15(Volume II: ERT). The top layer is characterized by
low resistivity contours in the entire length of the profile. This is mainly overburden with mainly
moist soils. The thickness of overburden is about 3m near chainage 50 m, 9 m near chainage
100m and 4 m near chainage 200 m.
There are mainly low resistivity contours in the second layer in the entire length of the profile
except from chainage 45 m to 65 m indicating presence of soft weathered rock like mudstone. The
medium resistivity contours exist from chainage 45 m to 65 m, suggesting presence of silt stone.
These silt stone and mudstone extend to over 40 m depth.
This profile was laid down in almost north south direction in the south western part of ERT 1. It
crosses ERT 1. Layout of the profile, ERT result and lithology are presented in Figure Nos. 3 and
16 (Volume II: ERT) respectively.
The top layer is marked by low resistivity contours in the entire length of the profile. This is colluvial
overburden composed of mainly soils. The thickness of overburden is about 2m in the north of
chainage 60m, 4m near chainage 150 m and 11 m near chainage 210 m. The second layer is
marked by mainly low resistivity contours. This is mudstone underlying the overburden. The third
layer exists from chainage 105 m to 145 m characterized by medium resistivity contours indicating
presence of siltstone.
7.2.8 Vertical Electrical Sounding, Wenner Array
In addition to 2D ERT survey, some vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) using Wenner electrode
array were also conducted to help better interpretation of 2D ERT result. Unlike ERT, VES is one
dimensional survey and gives information of subsurface lithology only in vertical direction at
sounding point. Electrode separations were varied from 5m to 80 m. Altogether thirteen numbers
of VES were completed and the results are discussed below for each VES separately. The field
data are tabulated in Table No. 4A and 4B (Volume II: ERT) and the data analysis result is
presented in Table No. 3-7(Volume II: ERT). The field curves are presented in Figure Nos. 17A,
17B and 17 C (Volume II: ERT). The location and lithological section of each VES is shown in the
respective ERT profiles from Figure Nos. 5 to 16 (Volume II: ERT).
7.2.8.1 Vertical Electrical Sounding, VES 1 IV
This VES was conducted at chainage 382.5m in ERT 1. The location is shown in the ERT section
in Figure No. 14 (Volume II: ERT). It has mapped three layers. All three layers are marked by low
resistivity ranging from 28 Ohm-m to 150 Ohm-m. The section shows topsoil layer of mainly soils
in the overburden and mudstone as bedrock as shown by ERT result.
7.2.8.2 Vertical Electrical Sounding, VES 2
This VES was conducted at chainage 82.5 m of ERT 2. The location is shown in the ERT section
in Figure No. 15(Volume II: ERT). The data analysis shows presence of three layers. All three
layers show low resistivity suggesting moist overburden and fine grained bedrock like mudstone.
This mudstone extends to over 40 m depth as indicated by the ERT result.

This VES was conducted at chainage 82.5m of ERT 3. The location is shown in the ERT section in
Figure No. 16 (Volume II: ERT). The data analysis shows presence of three layers. As in VES 1
and VES 2, all three layers show low resistivity. The first layer is overburden with moist soils and is
about 5 m thick. Second and third layers constitute the fine grained bedrock like mudstone, which
extend to over 40m depth, which is also indicated by ERT result.
This VES was conducted at chainage 82.5 m in ERT 4. The location is shown in the ERT section
in Figure No. 9 (Volume II: ERT). The data analysis shows presence of three layers. The first layer
shows medium resistivity of 720 Ohm-m and thickness of 5m. It is colluvial deposit overburden
with soils and rock fragments. The second layer has low resistivity of 240 Ohm-m and extends to 9
m depth, which is siltstone or the drier part of mudstone. The third layer is indicated by low
resistivity suggesting fine grained bedrock like mudstone. This validates the ERT result.
ERT 5 is a long profile and sic VES were conducted in the covering entire profile. All VES result
show presence of mainly three layers. The location and lithological sections are shown in the ERT
section in Figure No. 10 (Volume II: ERT). The upper layer show medium resistivity suggesting
colluvial overburden composed of soils and rock fragments. This overburden seems to be about
4m to 6 m thick. The second layer show slightly lower resistivity indicating either siltstone bed or
the drier upper part of fine grained bedrock. The third layer show low resistivity suggesting
presence of mudstone bedrock, which extends to over 40m depth.
7.2.8.6 Vertical Electrical Sounding, VES 9 & 9A
This VES was conducted at chainage 82.5 m and 182.5 m of ERT 9. The location is shown in the
ERT section in Figure No. 5 (Volume II: ERT). The data analysis shows presence of three layers.
The top two layers show high resistivity and total thickness of 9 m and 21 m respectively. These
layers constitute overburden with more rock fragments in it. The third layer is marked by low to
medium resistivity, suggesting hard rock.
This VES was conducted at chainage 82.5 m of ERT 11. The location is shown in the ERT section
in Figure No. 8 (Volume II: ERT). The data analysis shows presence of three layers. The first layer
shows low resistivity and thickness of 2 m. It is overburden with moist residual soil. The second
layer has high resistivity and thickness of 7m. The third layer shows medium resistivity and
extends to over 40 m depth. It is soft hard bedrock.

Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project PROPOSED HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Chapter
PROPOSED HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT PLAN
8 PROPOSED HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT PLAN

8.1 BACKGROUND
The main objective of this hydropower development plan is to contribute the growing electricity
demand of the country and to increase the cropping intensity of the Rupandhehi and Kapilbastu
command area. This chapter covers the power sector in Nepalese context, project configuration
and optimization, project engineering aspect, transmission line, project planning and scheduling
and energy generation aspect. The pre-feasibility study has been carried out in accordance with
the DOI, DoED and NEA guideline for pre-feasibility study of project and the prevailing practices.
During the study following activities have been performed:
 Review of literatures, data and information related to the projects.

 Topographical survey and mapping
 Hydrological, meteorological and sedimentological studies
 Geological and geo-technical field investigation and study
 Alternate layouts and optimization of project components
 Alternate alignments and optimal alignment for transmission line
 Quantity, cost and benefit estimation
8.2 PROJECT ACCESS AND CONSTRUCTION POWER

KTDP headwork is accessible through graveled road of about 1. 5 Km from Ramdi Bazar to Pipal
danda and walking distance is nearby 20 min (2 km). So 2 km assess road will be constructed
from Pipal danda to headwork site for transportation accessibility. Although the project area is
electrified by the NEA national grid, it is anticipated that the available power from this grid will not
be sufficient during the construction phase. Kaligandaki hydropower project is nearby the
proposed project site do deficit power is obtained from KHP. Similarly, two diesel generators as
per the requirement will be established at the headworks and powerhouse site for the backup
power.
8.3 POWER SECTOR IN THE NEPALESE CONTEXT
8.3.1 Power Demand and its Development Situation
Nepal is endowed with tremendous hydropower potential due to favorable geographical conditions
and numerous perennial rivers flowing from the great Himalayas. However, only about 1.5% of its
total estimated hydro potential (42,000 MW) has been harnessed so far. According to recent stats,
only 40% of the households are electrified out of which 13,920,551 consumers are connected to
the national grid and 198,9201 consumers electrified by isolated systems. The annual energy
available in the INPS in 2006/2007 was about 3051 GWh with a peak demand of 648.314 MW.
The peak deficit of INPS in the same year was about 70 MW.
With an annual population growth of 2.2% and a sluggishly moving generation, the existing load
deficit of the system is bound to be exacerbated in the years to come. An ongoing 15 hours weekly
load shedding underlines the current energy crisis with dry periods yet to come. According to load
forecast conducted by NEA, the energy growth for the next 15 years would be, on an average,
8.9% and peak demand growth for the same would be, on an average, 8.7%. In ten years period,
the peak load would be 1788 MW with energy demand of 8332.5 GWh
The main players in hydropower development in Nepal are NEA from the public sector and IPPs
from the private sector. Both have several hydropower projects under development and in pipeline.
NEA has laid down plans for meeting the escalating power demand. It has three projects under
construction phase; namely, Kulekhani III (14 MW), and Chameliya Hydropower Project (30 MW).
In addition, Upper Tamakoshi (317.2 MW) is a project in pipeline. However, these projects are not
up to the ambitiously planned and proposed projects of 12.765 GW capacities and the current load
growth trend. Besides, after the commissioning of Kaligandaki A in 2002, no major power plants
have been developed by NEA.
8.3.2 Multi Diversion Project Development in Nepal
According to MTEF, most of the surface irrigation systems in Nepal are fed by medium or small
rivers, with limited water resources available during the lean season insufficient for year round
irrigation. Development of year round irrigation through these systems is not possible unless
storage reservoirs are developed.
Although Nepal has ample opportunities in developing year round irrigation by utilizing waters
either from the major river systems or through inter basin transfer, actualization of such projects in
Nepal has remained a dream so far. Many of these river systems need to be developed as
multipurpose projects. Sun Kosi - Kamala diversion, Bheri-Babai diversion, Kankai and West Rapti
storage projects are some of the identified projects of this kind. DOI has also started the study of
some multipurpose projects schemes.
 Bheri Babai Diversion Project

 Madi Dang Diversion Project
 Kaligandaki Diversion project
 Kaligandaki Nawalparasi Diversion Project
 Trisuli Chitwan Diversion Project
8.4 PROJECT CONFIGURATION

The project is a runoff river type in which water is diverted from the Kaligandaki River at a point
1500 m downstream from the existing Ramdi Bridge at Sidhrtha highway by constructing a 210 m
long weir. A discharge of 90.16m3/s is diverted through the side intake on the Right bank of the
Kaligandaki River for power generation. The maximum submergence of the intake for the low
pressure tunnel is 7.5 m and the height from the bed level of river to the intake level is
approximately 2.0 m. The waterway consists of 22 Km head race power and 7.8 m tail race tunnel
along with 450 m long penstock with surge of plan area 320.84 m 2 or 20 m diameter with depth
65.0 m. This project has a net head of 182.0 m in between the surge tank and powerhouse turbine
axis level. The elevations of intake and turbine axis are 377.00 masl and 183.00 masl respectively.
Similarly, the full supply level and crest of weir level is 380.0 and 375.0 respectively excluding
submergence height. The total length of waterway including headrace and tailrace tunnel and
penstock is about 28.5 Km. Underground powerhouse is located on the right bank of Tinau river at
Dobhan Gaun of Dobhan VDC with 350 m long box culvert tailrace and start the tail race tunnel.
The generated power of will be connected to the Sub-station at Butwal by 132 KVA, 8 km long
transmission line to connect the national grid line. The silent features of the KTDP are presented in
below.

Salient features of the Main Diversion project
Project Name : Kaligandaki Tinau Diversion Project
Location
Latitude : 30024’00” to 30064’50” N
Longitude : 41075’00” to 45040’00” E
District : Palpa and Rupandhehi District
Access Road : 2.0 km from Pipaldanda to project site (Head works)
Type of power plant : Runoff River Type
Hydrology : Catchment area at intake site Long term annual average

flow Average minimum flow 10426 Km2 Catchment Area
S.N. Description Level

1.0 Catchment Area 10426 km2
2.0 Flood Discharge (for 100 years return period) 10993.16 m3/s
3.0 Maximum Canal Discharge 75.96 m3/s
4.0 Maximum Intake Discharge 90.16 m3/s
5.0 Discharge of river corresponding demand 289.15 m3/s
General hydraulics
Gross head : 197.00 m
Net head : 182.00 m
Design flow : 81.96m3/s
Diversion Structure
Type : Concrete weir
Length : 256.00 m
Height : 1.5 m
Weir Portion
Nos of Span of weir : 9 nos
Length of span : 15 m
Total Length of Weir : 135m
Crest elevation : 376.5 m
Under Sluice Portion

Nos of Span of weir : 3 nos.
Spillway
Type : Emergency Side spillway
Nos of Span : 3 nos
Intake chamber
Type : Side orifice submerged intake
Size of opening : 2 nos 5.6 m dia Horseshoe type
Settling Basin
Type : Bieri Type
Size : (105 x 35 x 9) m
Depth of Sediment Storage : 3.0 m
Units : 2 nos
Headrace Tunnel
Shape : Circular
Length : 22 Km
Diameter : 9.0 m
Llining : General Lining based on site condition
Surge Tank
Type : Sub Surface
Plan Area : 320.84 m2
Diameter : 20.00 m
Depth : 65 m
Storage Capacity : 20854.60m3
Penstock
Type : Circular pressure tunnel 6.4 m with Steel Lining
Total length : 450.00 m
Powerhouse
Type : Sub Surface
Size : 70 m x 40 m x 30 m
Tailrace box culvert (cut and covered)

Shape : Surface
Length : 9m
Cross-section area : 3 m wide and 17 m high
Type of culvert : Rectangular (concrete box culvert)
Nos : Two
Length of culvert : 350 m
Area : 15.75 m2 (4.5 m wide x 3.5 m high)
Tailrace Tunnel
Shape : Circular
Length : 7.8 Km
Diameter : 9.0 m
Lining : General Lining based on site condition
Turbines
Type : Francis
Casing : Spiral
Alignment : Vertical shaft
Rated net head : 182 m
Rated discharge : 20.5 m3/s
Rated output of turbine
: 26 MW x 4
(power on shaft)
Turbine efficiency : 92 %
No of units : 4 Nos.
Speed : 500 rpm
Axis level : 183 masl

Generators
Type : Synchronous 3 phase
Output : 4 X 33 MVA
Power factor : 0.8
Rated speed : 500 rpm
Frequency : 50 Hz
Excitation : Self excited
Transmission line
Length : 8 km
Voltage : 132 kV
: 5 Years
Construction Period
Energy generation
Installed Capacity : 104 MW
Total energy : 413.12 GWh
Dry energy : 312.05 GWh
Wet energy : 281.07 GWh
Total tariff Per Year : 1,12,42,62,953.43
Total Project cost : Rs 2,04,86,33,295.21
8.5 PROJECT OPTIMIZATION
8.5.1 Introduction
The main objective of project optimization is to find the best alternative of the project in terms of
head and discharge. The optimization of the project primarily depends on the availability of flow in
the river, effective storage in reservoir and its optimal use to generate energy. As per the practice
of NEA, PPA requirements for the installed capacity have to be designed based on 40%
excedance level of flow for plant capacity but in our contest, install capacity of the plan is governed
by irrigation demand of command area. The general approaches for the optimization studies of the
project, which determine the optimum size of the project, are as follows:
 Selection of parameters to be optimized, identification of their range and establishment of a

series of alternatives.
 Optimization of the project components and its layout.
 Carry out the conceptual design and cost estimate of each alternative.
 Estimation of benefits from each alternative.
 Comparison of cost and benefits.
8.5.2 Sizing of the Project Components
Before the conceptual design and selection of various alternatives, different components of the
project such as headworks, waterway and powerhouse layout and their optimum size were
determined. Depending upon the nature of the river and its gradient the height and type of the
diversion weir was determined. Similarly, based on the hydrological and sedimentological data, the
intake, power tunnel and settling basin were designed. The waterway system was analysed with a
combination of canal, pipe and tunnel option with different sizes. The size of the headrace tunnel
was optimized based on the constructability aspect whereas penstock pipe is optimized on the
basis of economical diameter which comprises associated cost in the one hand and marginal
benefit acquired from the change on pipe size on the other hand. Based on the design discharge
and rated head, the type of turbines and thereby size of powerhouse were determined.

8.5.3 Options Consideration
Optimization of the project solely depends on the availability of flow in the river. Thus, in the
present study five different options with design discharges of 35%, 40%, 45%, 55%, and 65% of
exceedance levels for the gross head of 182 m are considered. Preliminary design cost estimates
for all the options are carried out after having a preliminary design of all the components of the
project from headworks to tailrace. For each project size, the design of intake structure, headrace
tunnel and surge tank have been done to accommodate the design discharge keeping the same
dam height and same flushing arrangement. The size and length of the intake structure, head
race tunnel, surge tank and penstock pipe are different in each options corresponding to the
design discharges.
During the cost estimation of all options, quantity estimation of all structures has been carried out
as per preliminary design and the cost is used by comparing the cost of similar size of hydropower
projects. Besides, dry and wet energy was calculated based on the available hydrological data for
all options. Unit energy rates were taken on the basis of prevailing practices. The net energy and
revenue generations for all options have been calculated.
8.6 PROJECT ENGINEERING

The proposed project layout is the best option selected amongst the various alternatives during the
study. The project layout is finalized based on the findings of the site visit/s. The main components
of the project comprises of diversion weir, intake, settling basin, headrace tunnel, surge tank,
penstock, powerhouse and box culvert tailrace.
8.6.1 Headworks
The major components of the headwork are diversion weir, under sluice, spillway, and orifice type
side intake. All headwork components are discussed in the subsequent sections and the drawings
of the structures are shown in Volume.
Siddhartha Highway
Proposed Headwork
Access Road
Proposed Tunnel Alignment
Overall Map Siddhartha

of HeadworkHighway Site
Photograph of Proposed Headwork Site Map of Proposed Headwork Site
Diversion weir
The temporary diversion weir will be constructed 100 m upstream from the weir axis. Temporary
weir or coffer dam is near the junction of the two rivers. Generally, 400 m diversion tunnel will be
constructed at the left bank of the river to pass the river flow safely during construction.
The dam is located at about 1500 m downstream from the existing Ramdi Bridge. Weir has been
designed as a simple overflow crest with control gate. A mass concrete is proposed for the
increasing the crest height and D/S pitching of weir to divert for irrigation demand with concrete
cutoff and bore pile as a main diversion structure. The weir will have 256 m long with including
under sluice and weir component. The elevation of the crest of weir is 376.5 m. At weir axis, the
elevation of bed of river is 375.0 m and top poundage level of headwork site is 388.40 m. The total
floor length of the dam site was governed by the slope provided at upstream and downstream of
the dam. The scour depth at upstream and downstream of weir was computed using Lacey’s
theory.
To prevent the off tracking of the river due to the construction of weir, bank protection will be
required at both banks. A low height diversion weir will not impose the problem of availability of
suitable foundation. A cut-off wall is provided at the weir based on the requirement to avoid piping
problems. To reduce the possibility of piping and scouring, sufficient depth of cutoff wall is
provided. Scour depth is computed based on the Lacey's regime theory. Refer Drawing from
volume-III for details of the weir.
Intake
According to the river characteristics, condition of sites and storage analysis at the headworks
area, side orifice intake is the best alternative than the other options. The top of the orifice is kept
1.0 m above the bottom of under sluice to reduce the sediment problem. Such arrangement has
following advantages;
 Side intake is simple and less expensive than other types of intake from constructional,
operational and maintenance point of views.
 Side intake which is behind a boulder is safe from possible flood damage.
 Side intake does not allow excessive flow into the intake during flood, with associated bed
load handling problem.
 It also helps to minimize entering of floating debris.
The intake consists of two orifices of size 5.5 m at horseshoe type on the intake headwall aligned
parallel to river flow. The entrance velocity through the opening is calculated as 1.2 m/s during the
nominal flow condition. Trash cleaning mechanism is designed and will be located at flood wall so
that floating debris that piled in front of the opening can be removed even during low level
condition. Refer Drawing from Volume-III for details of the intake.
Photographs of Intake Portal Photographs of Intake Area

8.6.2 Headrace Tunnel
Right bank is selected as suitable alignment for headrace waterway to convey the flow from
reservoir to intake tunnel. The design of the headrace has been based on the following criteria:
 The design discharge is 81.96 m3/s at the tunnel intake

 The flow is assumed to be pressurized flow for the design of headrace tunnel with a flow
velocity in different elevation of water surface at reservoir.
The total length of the headrace tunnel from the intake down to the surge tank is 22.5 Km. Even
the length of tunnel plays vital role in the overall cost of the project, the headrace tunnel alignment
is more or less governed by the topographical and geological features. The proposed alignment
was selected based on the rock mass quality including hydraulic gradient of the proposed
waterway. The general slope of the tunnel alignment will be 1 in 1300 to minimize the head loss.
Similarly, the tail race tunnel is proposed from tail race of power house to the outlet of tunnel portal
which is the start point of irrigation system. The industrial or urban use water is also diverted from
Basghari, Butawal by suitable system. Refer Drawing from Volume-III for details for plan and
section of headrace tunnel.
Figure 8:1: Proposed Tunnel Alignment
8.6.3 Settling Basin
The objective of the settling basin is to reduce the turbulence level in the water flow so that
suspended sediment particles could be settled down within the basin and deposited on the bottom
of the basin. The deposits are then removed through flushing culvert located at the end of the
settling basin. The gradient of the settling basin invert is 1:50. Settling conditions are obtained by
reducing the transit velocity of the water so the effect of gravity increases relative to the effect of
the turbulence. The suspended particles will not follow the movement of the water because the fall
velocity of the particles will create a flux of sediments downwards. The transit velocity in the
settling basin will normally be in the range of 0.1 to 0.4 m/s, depending on the design criteria for
particle size and to some extent on the size and shape of the area available for settling basins. At
an early stage of planning, a transit velocity of 0.2 m/s within effective cross-sectional area of flow
is normally adopted. Settling basin is designed with 10% extra discharge for flushing which will be
used to flush out the deposited sediment during flood. A settling basin having a hopper type
bottom (45º to the horizontal) basin with intermittent flushing was designed to give the best settling
performance and an excellent reliability. Two chambers have been proposed in the settling basin
so as to ensure continuous supply of flow for power production when one settling basin chamber
will be closed for maintenance. The settling basin is designed to trap 90% of 0.2 mm and larger
size sediment given by Camp's method. It will have two equal and parallel settling chambers of
105 m long effective length and 17 m wide basin. Refer Drawing from Drawing Volume-III for the
detail.
The intermittent and Continuous flushing system is designed for flushing the deposited sediment.
Such flushing system will be designed for 10% of the design discharge. The vertical gates at the
end of the settling basin will be provided to operate the flushing system. Refer Drawing from
Drawing Volume-III for the detail.
8.6.4 Surge Tank
The hydraulic stability of the water conveyance system is a very important factor considered in a
hydropower project. At the time of load acceptance and rejection, needle valves are opened or
closed, which will produce mass oscillation of water and cause water hammer effect or pressure
rises in the penstock and headrace tunnel. Though deflectors are provided close to the turbines
but for the safety reason, surge tank has been proposed to minimize the potential risk of failure.
Surge Tank has a plan area of 320.84 m2 with a depth of 65 m. Refer Drawing from Volume-III for
details for the general arrangement and respective Plan, Profile and Plan of the Surge tank.
8.6.5 Penstock Pipe
The total length of the penstock pipe is about 450 m with an internal diameter of 6.4 m. The
penstock pipe is designed to withstand the surge affect arise during the sudden closure and
opening of the power plant.
8.6.6 Powerhouse
The proposed powerhouse is located at Dobhan gau at Dobhan VDC of Palpa. Sub surface power
house is proposed due to the long open crossing the tunnel of Tinau River. So, the elevation of the
turbine axis at power house is 183.0 which nearby 100 m below the actual ground surgace. The
location of the powerhouse has been determined to ensure that it is free from the risk of flooding
and land slide that can arise in the near kholsa during monsoon season. Considering the head and
flow available in the site, double Frances turbine unit with vertical shaft alignment have been
selected. Powerhouse complex contains inlet valve, turbines, generators and other
electromechanical accessories.
The reinforced concrete (RC) frame structure powerhouse consists of the machine floor, control
section and all the mechanical and electrical apparatus. The powerhouse is 40 m long, 20 m wide
and 35 m high with reinforced concrete structural elements in the main building superstructure. A
series of windows and ventilation openings will be provided for the necessary natural lighting and
ventilation. Refer Drawing from Volume-III for details of powerhouse and tailrace

Location Map of Surge Tank Penstock Alignment Location Map of Surge Tank Penstock
and Power House Alignment and Power House
Photographs of Surge Tank Area Photographs of Powerhouse Area
Main powerhouse floor

The main powerhouse floor consists of:
• Machine hall;
 Turbine Floor
 Generator Floor
 Draft tube or Tail race Floor
 Office and control floor
• Erection bay;
Switchyard area
The proposed switchyard area covers 35 x 50 meter area. The security fence with an entrance
gate will be built in between the powerhouse and the switchyard area to prevent unauthorized
access during operation.

Heating and ventilation

The machine floor does not require any special heating and ventilation system as the powerhouse
is proposed to build on surface. The control room will be equipped with AC facilities.
Drainage
A side drain in the powerhouse will trap any flowing water from the hillside slope and discharge it
into the nearest kholsa. Rainwater from the roof will be collected in a peripheral gutter, which
empties into the drainage arrangement on the outside of the powerhouse through a series of
vertical drain pipes. A small peripheral drain along the base of the powerhouse walls will collect
any water within the powerhouse floor and drain it into the tail water channel.
Mechanical
Turbines
Four units of 26 MW Francis turbines will be installed inside the powerhouse. The turbine will be
connected to a flywheel of adequate size. Each turbine will have Spiral Casing. All the detail
arrangement of the turbine will be studied in detail design phase. The other accessories/
equipment will be installed as per requirement which is listed below.
Main Inlet Valve (MIV)

Hydraulic Control Module (HCM).
Governor Panel.
The turbine governor system will include the following control functions:
 Frequency control
 Load control
 Main inlet valve control
 Spear (needle) control
 Jet deflector control
 Manual mode operation
Cooling water system

Due to the risk of high content of suspended sediment in the “raw” water during the monsoon
period, a two circuit cooling system has been chosen. The primary circuit, common for all units will
have water supply from the tailrace for cooling the main heat exchangers are located on the
powerhouse floor above the tailrace tunnel so that the cooling water can be directly discharge
back to the tailrace culvert. This system incorporates AC and DC operated circulation pumps,
intake strainer, level control equipment, pipes, and valves.
The secondary circuit, for each unit, is a closed system for cooling the heat exchangers for the
generator rotor and stator, oil lubrication unit for the bearings and for cooling the governor. This
system incorporates AC and DC operated circulation pumps, water expansion tank, pipes, valves,
and other accessories.
Electrical
All the electrical equipments shall confirm to the relevant IEC or equivalent national or international
standards.
Generation voltage
The generation level voltage of 132 KV at 50 Hz has been chosen as per technical and economic
point of view.
Control and protection Scheme

The control and protection shall include IP 54 standard. All the protective relays may be of either
electromagnetic type or static type with high reliability. The control and protection shall include but
not limited to the following schemes:
 3 Phase IDMT Over Current Relay (51)

 Earth Fault (50 N) or IDMT Earth Fault Relay (51 N)
 Generator - Differential (87 G)
 Under Impedance (21)
 Negative Phase Sequence (46)
 Reverse Power (32)
 Stator Earth Fault (64 S)
 Field Failure Relay (40)
 Over Voltage (59)
 Under Voltage (27)
 Under Frequency (81 V)
 Over Frequency (81 V)
 Voltage Unbalance Relay (96)
 Winding Temperature (6 RTDs)
 Bearing Temperature (…RTDs)
 Over Speed (Speed Relay)
 Trip Circuit Supervision Relay (94)
 Diode Supervision For Rotating Diode
 Synchronous Check Relay (25) (in synchronous panel)
 Guard Relay (25 G) (Synchronous Panel)
Control Panel
It is envisaged that the Control Panels shall be located at the first floor of the powerhouse in the
Control Room. The control panel shall have a PLC and SCADA to control all the stop/start and
power settings for the turbines. This shall perform data, voice, control and protection features.
Head Level Control shall be done via a signal from the dam site to handle via control panel. It is
also envisaged to implement the voice communication link between Load Dispatch Centre of NEA
and KTDP.
This PLC should monitor all the station functions, such as generator bearing temperatures,
winding temperatures, hydraulic pressures etc. All this information should be made available
remotely via a modem link.
Generators
Self-excited, self-regulated, water-cooled, three phase, salient poles rotor, brushless,
synchronous, built in accordance with IEC standard generators will be used. A lube oil module for
the generator bearings is used. A shaft driven oil pump on the generators to reduce the
dependence on DC batteries for safe shutdown during trip events will be tried in detail design
stage.
The generators will have capacity to incorporate sufficient flywheel inertia to achieve stable
frequency control when running in isolated mode. The output capacity of each system will be 26
MW at a rated voltage of 132 MVA with 33 MW capacities. And the other accessories system will
be used as per detail description.
High Voltage Switchyard

A 33 MVA, 66/132 kV outdoor type switchyard shall be constructed near the powerhouse to
evacuate the generated power. The switchyard components shall be suitable for hot, humid and
moderately polluted environment. The switchgear system for this switchyard shall be equipped
with proper ratings of Circuit breakers, Current transformers, potential transformers, disconnecting
switches with/without earthing and Lightening Arrestors and synchronous check relay etc. for both
66 KV and 132 KV incoming and outgoing circuits. The switchgear system here will work in
coordination with the associated control panels accommodated in the control room and shall
ensure the overall protection of the switchyard. The lightening mast shall also be installed
appropriately so as to provide maximum protection to Switchyard equipments from the direct
lightening strokes.
Powerhouse cranes
A double girder with cross beam Electric Overhead Travelling (EOT) crane having hook capacity of
50 tons shall be installed inside the powerhouse which is used for lifting and handling any
equipment during installation, maintenance, and operation of the plant.
8.6.7 Tailrace
The tailrace arrangement consists of a two concrete box culvert of 3.5 m wide and 4.5 m deep that
extends from the tail water channel to main Canal. The total length of tailrace is 75 m and is
rectangular in shape. Necessary riverbank or side protections have been provided as per site
conditions. Refer Drawing Volume-III for details of the tailrace.
Location of Outlet Tunnel Portal Photographs of Outlet Tunnel Portal
8.6.8 Hydro-mechanical Coarse
Fine trashrack
Two number fine trashrack of size 6 m x 6 m shall be installed at entrance of headrace tunnel at
intake point.
Gates and stoplogs at tailrace

Two gates of size 7 m x 10 m shall be installed at the inlet of tailrace. These gates are proposed to
prevent the powerhouse from flooding and unit wise maintenance of turbines. Moreover, a flood
gate to control the flood entrance at the tailrace is located near the outlet of the tailrace culvert.
Penstock and accessories

The penstock shall be of 6.4 m internal diameter with varying thickness from 10 mm to 35 mm
including necessary sliding type expansion joints capable to accommodate linear expansion and
contraction as per detailed design.

8.6.9 Access Road Construction
KTDP headwork is accessible through graveled road of about 5 Km from Ramdi Bazar to Pipan
danda and walking distance is nearby 20 min (2 km). So 2 km assess road will be constructed
from Pipal danda to headwork site for transportation accessibility.
Figure 8:2 : Access Road Nearby the Intake Area
8.7 TRANSMISSION LINE

The study of power evacuation transmission line is based on the site visits followed by walkover
surveys carried out along the route including the project site. Based on the information acquired
from the walk over survey and topo maps, and on the basin of proposed location of NEA’s Dang
Hub ( to be constructed by NEA for the evacuation of power from KTDP and other projects in the
pipeline in this area), the route alignments of transmission line was selected.
8.7.1 Selection of Connection Point
The power evacuation transmission line of KTDP is designed to evacuate power. The power from
KTDP will be evacuated through the 132kV single circuit transmission line to the proposed NEA’s
132kV Line.
8.7.2 Transmission Voltage Selection
The voltage is selected from among the standard transmission line voltages used in Nepal system
i.e. 66 KV, 132KV and 220KV. However 132KV and 220KV were considered as standard
transmission line voltage as 132KV line are becoming absolute and equipment rated 132KV are
safe to find the even in international market.
8.7.3 Design Criteria
Unless otherwise specified, the following design criteria are to be applied for the design of the
transmission line:
1. Electrical system voltage

a) Power system AC 50Hz, 3 phase, 3 wire system
b) System voltage:
Rated 132KV
Maximum 145KV
Minimum 120KV
2. Quality of supply
The quality of supply is governed by the grid parameters i.e. voltage and frequency. For the
planning purpose, following variations in voltage and frequency are permissible:
 Voltage variation in normal operation: ±5% of nominal value

 Voltage variation during emergency: ±10% of nominal value
 Frequency variation during emergency: ±5% of nominal value
 Transmission loss: <4.5% of the received energy
3. Conductor size
The conductor types currently used in Nepal on 132KV voltage level are ACSR Wolf, conductor
size (150 sq.mm), Panther (200 aq. Mm) and Duck (300 sq.mm). The conductor “Wolf” will be
used for the proposed 132KV transmission lines. The conductor size selected for the proposed
transmission line is Aluminum conductor steel Reinforced (ACSR) “Wolf”. The conductor is
adequately sized for:
 The load it is expected to carry

 The voltage drop remaining within the permissible limits.
 Optimized capital and annual revenue costs.
Clearances
The conductor height and clearance above the ground and clearance above the other objects are
summarized in the table below:
Descriptions Ground Clearance (m)

Normal ground 7
Residential area 7
Roads and streets 8
Highways 9
To metal clad or roofed building or structures 5
Power lines 3.5
Telecommunication lines 3.5
8.7.4 Route Alignment Selection and Optimization
Desk study
The route alignment selection and optimization was carried out on the basis of information, maps,
available data and site visits. The transmission line route was identified and studied so as to select
the best line alignment. The study has reviews the existing finding and information on the project
area. The route of transmission line for the project was selected as per requirement of the project.
A detail of the transmission line route is given based on reconnaissance survey.
Walkover survey
The possible transmission line route indentified in the desk study was verified during the walkover
survey so as to select the best alignments. The selected route alignment is the best in terms of
cost and environmental impacts among all other alternatives.
Description of route alignment

The route alignment was done in the topographical maps based in walkover survey to ascertain
various feasible routes. The transmission line will be connected from power house area to the
Butwal sub station, near by Butwal Bazar of Rupandhedi district.
8.8 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING AND SCHEDULE
8.8.1 Introduction
This section of the report describes the anticipated construction technology applied for various
works and presents a work planning and implementation for the execution of the project
construction.
It is proposed to use generators to provide power for the construction works and other activities.
The average length of daylight in the project area is roughly 8 to 10 hours so that surface
construction activities have been assumed to extend over the same period. A margin for time loss
due to adverse weather or other unforeseen delaying conditions has been allowed in the adopted
production rate. So, the effective working and manning schedule will be prepared during detail
study. The construction of the project will involve works at four sites simultaneously that is work at
headwork, headrace tunnel, penstock, powerhouse and tailrace. Additionally, the works like
Transmission line, Switchyard will also be done parallel to these works at both main project and
downstream project.
8.8.2 Construction Activities
Construction of the Dam and side intake on the river will require keeping the working area dry
during the construction period. Following activities will be performed during construction.
River diversion during construction
At first stage, it is proposed to divert the flow along the left bank and a right part of the weir along
with side intake and other component will be constructed. At second stage, coffer dam is shifted
towards right on the partially completed or constructed weir portion so that flow can be diverted
through completed portion and remaining right portion of weir will be constructed. It would be
necessary to construct the complete weir and river training works at both banks within one dry
period.
Civil Works
It is envisioned that the construction of the civil works will be done simultaneously from headworks
to powerhouse and tailrace. The construction of the anchor blocks and support structures if any for
the penstock will be done soon after the contractor is mobilized.
The head race tunnel will be constructed at different tunnel audit at different location and pipe
erection works at penstock alignment will be done soon simultaneously with the headworks
construction. The erection works shall be started from the possible heading from the access road.
The civil works at the switchyard will also be done simultaneously with the other civil works at
headworks, powerhouse and waterways.
Hydro Mechanical Works

Once the civil works are started the hydro mechanical installation works like gates, valves and
steel works will be done shortly after the platforms are formed. So, most of the works like gate and
trash racks will be done in conjunction with the civil works. Similarly, the erection of the pipe at
penstock will be done in conjunction with the construction of the anchor blocks and support
structures. However, a lag for concrete maturity time will be made at that area where the steel
structures are supported on the civil structures.
Electro Mechanical Works

The electro mechanical installation will only be started when the powerhouse super structures are
completed as the equipments needs to be protected from the rain water. However, where the
structures are to be embedded in the concrete they shall be done simultaneously with the civil
works as per the instruction of the electro mechanical supplier.
Transmission Line
The erection of the transmission system will also be started parallel with the start of the civil
construction. So, no time lag will be made so that the project would be delayed due to the
transmission line.
8.8.3 Construction Material
The most of construction materials required for the project will be procured from the domestic
producers/ suppliers. The main construction materials required are as follows:
 Blasting materials and detonators

 Cement
 Brick or concrete blocks
 Steel pipe and angles
 Stone/boulders
 Gabion
 Geotextiles
 Clay
 Reinforcement bars
 Timber
 Fuels
 Bamboo
 Coarse and fine aggregate
 Cohesive materials and admixtures
 Backfill and rock fill materials
 Rock bolts
 Mechanical and electrical items such as conductor wires
 CGI Sheets
Coarse and fine aggregates will be produced from the rocks, tunnel mucking material and river
deposits obtained from the quarries as per site condition. Some coarse aggregates will also be
processed from the excavated materials. The materials for backfill and rock fill will also processed
from the excavated materials. As per site condition and materials required, some materials will be
imported from outside markets within the country or outside it.
8.9 ENERGY GENERATION AND ANALYSIS
8.9.1 Energy Generation
Mean monthly dry and wet energy is calculated based on the hydrological data and irrigation
demand presented in the above for all options. Unit energy rates are taken on the basis of energy
tariff as set by NEA. The net energy generation has been calculated.

Figure 8:3: Present dry, wet and total energy production.
Figure 8:4: Energy generation per month

Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project WATER BALANCE STUDY
Chapter
WATER BALANCE STUDY
9 WATER BALANCE STUDY
9.1 GENERAL
Kaligandaki River is one of the main tributaries of Narayani River. It flows out of Mustang Bhot
Himal and joins the Trishuli River at Devghat. Kaligandaki River catchment lies within the Gandaki
river basin. In the upper reaches, Kaligandaki is called Muktinath Khola. It flows in south west
direction till Kalapani in Mustang District when it takes a trn towards the south east. It passes
thrugh deep gorges in this region and the deepest is 5,488m between Dhaulagiri and Anapurna
peaks. It flows again south west till its confluence with Myagdi Khola in Baglung district when it
flows towards south east. It meets Modi Khola at Kushma in Parbat district and starts flowing due
south west.
The catchment of Kaligandaki River at the proposed project site has characteristics of
mountainous and snow fed catchment. The catchment area is pear shaped having dendritic
drainage pattern, elongated towards North and total catchment area of the Kaligandaki is 10426
Km2 at the proposed headwork site. The study conducted by WECS and DHM have categorized
that the catchment area belongs to the Hydrological Region 1. The Kaligandaki flows with an
average river slope of about 1 in 12 over the headworks area of the project. It has elevation
ranging from 380 m to about 8180 m masl. Therefore, during dry season contribution is made
towards the base flow from snowmelt.
Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project is a runoff river type project, conceptualized with an aim to
divert Kaligandaki River water to Kapilbastu and Rupandehi district for irrigation, water supply and
industrial propose. It also has a possibility to generate hydro electricity in that stretch. The head
works is located in border of Syangja and Palpa District at 1500 m downstream from Ramdi Bridge
at Pipaldanda VDC Palpa. And the irrigation command area is in north Tarai part of the Rupandehi
and Kapilbastu district.
9.2 WATER BALANCE STUDY OF KALI GANDAKI RIVER

Water balance study is merely based on the mass balance equation i.e. inflows minus outflows is
equal to change in storage within boundary of catchment at specified time. Inflows may be in terms
of rainfall, runoff. Outflows are water demand for irrigation, water suppl, evaporation losses from
reservoir & ground, evapotranspiration from vegetation and deep percolation. Evaporation,
evapotranspiration losses and percolation losses water supply and industrial propose. Water
availability and proposed water uses are shown in the below Table 10.1.
As irrigation projects in Nepal is designed on 80 percent dependability, 80 percent dependable

flows are calculated at each diversion point of the irrigation projects. Regeneration of water after
irrigation utilization is also considered in water balance study if the irrigation projects are within the
Gandak River basin. As per the Guideline of National Water Development Agency (NWDA), India,
10 percent of utilized water is considered to be regenerated after irrigation. Same has been
applied in this study. Downstream mandatory releases are also accounted into the water balance
calculation. Specifically, it is considered that 10 percent of total non monsoon flows of the
Kaligandaki River are mandatory to be released downstream from proposed reservoir at Pipal
danda so that aquatic life downstream of reservoir will be sustained after Kaligandaki-Tinau
Diversion Project. This 10 percent flow is divided by 12 months to get monthly flow to be released
through out whole year. Water balance study is carried out as per the water balance model given
in the flow chart.
Total water balance (half monthly) = Available water in the river to draw for irrigation purposes at
the intake site - the total water requirement at intake site for different crops.
Water requirement at farm level means the actual amount of water that is being used by the
different crops and the intake water requirement means the actual amount of water fed through the
intake structure.
Water balance is presented in Volume-II and total Command area irrigated is also presented in
Volume - II.

Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT
Table 9-1: Water Balance

Chapter
AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT PLAN
10 AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
10.1 CROPPING PATTERN

Terai soils are heavy and thus farming system is mainly based on paddy. It is both rain fed and
irrigated. Rain fed consists of a monsoon crop of paddy; it may be followed by a winter crop of
wheat or by a relay crop of pulses on residual moisture. This type of land may also remain fallow
during winter. Under irrigated conditions, two crops of paddy followed by a winter crop of wheat
(triple crops) is the most intensive pattern. Double cropping is more common. Along the foothills,
maize is followed by winter crop of mustard and millet.
Cropping activities go on all the year-round provided soil moisture is available. There are two
distinct seasons, Kharif (July to October), and rabi (October to March). Certain crops can also be
grown between March and June like early paddy or maize. Boro rice is cultivated in water logged,
low lying or medium lands during November to May. This gives an opportunity to grow rice during
Rabi season, thus a new cropping system is emerging. Boro rice helps in the emergence of many
local cropping patterns and transforms the economy of the farmers.
The crops are grown sole or mixed in a definite sequence. In locality, the prevalent cropping
patterns are the cumulative results of past and present decisions by individuals, communities and
their agencies. These decisions are usually based on experience, tradition, expected profit,
personal preferences and resources, social and political pressures and so on.
Cropping intensity is calculated by dividing the total cropped area by total amount of cultivated
area multiplying the proceedings by 100 which is expressed in percentage. With the combination
of various crops, there are over twenty cropping patterns prevalent in the area. However, potential
cropping patterns and intensities of the project area that should be encouraged for optimum
utilization of available resources under irrigated conditions.
Since adopting certain cropping pattern and intensity depends upon factors discussed above, the
irrigation scheme is a unique opportunity to make optimum use of resources for economic
transformation of the people. The project should make standard recommendations to have at least
200 percent cropping intensity in the actual irrigated land area. There could be possibilities to
adopt up to 400 percent cropping intensity in case of short duration high value crops like
vegetables, though they require intensive resources as inputs.
10.2 LAND USE PATTERN OF PROJECT AREA

The land use pattern of the both the districts is similar having majority of land used for cultivation.
The total area of the Rupandehi district is 141,367 ha comprised mainly of cultivable land (60%)
forest area (23%), and grazing land (6%). Likewise, the total area of Kapilvastu district is 173,608
Ha comprising 48% of cultivable land and 42% forest area. The total land of both the districts is
315,173 Ha out of which 168122 ha is culativable and 105,324 ha is covered by forest. The land
use pattern of Rupandehi and Kapilvastu district is given in Table 10.1.

Table 10-1: Land use pattern of Dang district

S.N Land Use Area (ha)
Rupandehi Kapilvastu Total
1 Cultivable land 85122 83000 168122
2 Forest area 32006 73318 105324
3 Grazing land 8882 4400 13282
4 River area 2460 399 2859
5 Rocky area 414 3600 4014
6 Settlement area 5953 3000 8953
7 Others 6530 6089 12619
Total 141367 173806 315173
10.3 EXISTING CROPPING PRACTICES

The major crops grown in the study area are Paddy, maize, pulses, wheat and millet. Table 10.2
below gives the cropping area for these major crops in the command area consisting of 70 & 40
VDCs of Rupandehi and Kapilvastu district respectively. In recent years, due to emergence of new
urban centers and rapid growth of population, the practice of farming vegetable is emerging
sporadically, especially along the highway belts and near urban centers. However, it is rather
limited mainly due to scarcity of irrigation water. The crops grown with high cropping intensities are
paddy and wheat. The crop yields of the study area vary according to the availability of irrigation
water, type of soil, availability of inputs, etc. The cropped area, cropping intensity and crop yield/ha
of new irrigation project area is given in table 10.2 whereas the same for rehabilitation project area
is given in Table 10.3 below.
Table 10-2: Existing cropping area, cropping intensity and crop yield (New)
Command Cropping Yield Production
Crop
Area (Ha) Intensity (%) (T/Ha) (T)
Summer crop
Paddy 58,009.00 91.64 2.50 191,691.50
Winter crop
Wheat 15,600.00 24.64 1.90 35,440.00
Pulses 3,000.00 4.74 0.65 2,650.00
Oilseed 5,556.00 8.78 0.70 5,631.60
Potato 5,800.00 9.16 8.50 74,050.00
Vegetable 5,635.00 8.90 7.00 49,445.00
Spring crop
Spring Vegetable 4,800.00 7.58 8.00 62,400.00
Spring Maize 4,350.00 6.87 1.40 10,640.00
Total 102,750.00 162.32 431,948.10

Table 10-3: Existing cropping area, cropping intensity and crop yield (Rehabilitation)
Command Cropping Yield Production
Crop
Area (Ha) Intensity (%) (T/Ha) (T)
Summer crop
Paddy 43,300.00 100.00 2.50 108,250.00
Winter crop
Wheat 17,320.00 40.00 1.90 32,908.00
Pulses ,330.00 10.00 0.65 2,814.50
Oilseed 866.00 2.00 0.70 606.20
Potato 2,165.00 5.00 8.50 18,402.50
Vegetable 6,495.00 15.00 7.00 45,465.00
Spring crop
Spring Maize 8,660.00 20.00 1.40 12,124.00
Total 9,631.00 207.00 272,530.20
10.4 EXISTING CROPPING PATTERN

The present cropping pattern of the study area is traditional and dominated by cereal crops. The
general practices of cropping sequences are as follows.
 Paddy – wheat – fallow

 Paddy- Oilseeds/pulses
 Maize- wheat
 Maize – fallow
 Millet – fallow
The proportion of paddy based cropping is higher due to preference of food habit. The cropping
calendar of different crops is presented in tabular form (Table 10.4).
Table 10-4: Cropping Calendar of various crops
Crops Planting (month) Harvesting (month)
Paddy improved Aashar/ Shrawan Kartik/Mangsi
Paddy local Aashar Mangsir
Maize Baisakh Bhadra
Wheat Mangsir Chaitra
Oilseeds Asoj Poush
Millet Aashar Mangsir
10.5 AGRO INPUTS

Inputs required for farms are made available from agriculture extension network of the government
supported by National Agricultural Research Council in terms of improved technological advises.
Agriculture seed and inputs companies bear the responsibilities for seed and other inputs.
Numerous enterprises working as agro-vets in the area provide needed inputs as well as advisory
services to the farmers for agricultural development in the area.
The command area is easily accessible from the district head quarter and agricultural support
services are easily available due to accessibility. Agriculture inputs can be obtained from
agri.service centers located at different parts of the command area. DADO provides support
services through its service centers and sub centers located within the command area. There are
also numerous private entrepreneurs from which farmers can avail agricultural inputs.
Agricultural Development Bank Limited (ADBL) is the main source of institutional credit in
agriculture. Some other development banks of non government sector are actively engaged in
rural development including agriculture. Farmer cooperatives have been encouraged at least one
in a VDC and work as grassroots organization providing credits and input facilities to the farmers.
Over 500 saving-credit cooperatives with 175,000 share members are operating in rural areas of
the country. They have accumulated Rs 250 million as saving and this amount is mobilized among
the share members as micro credit. Farmer cooperatives are found to be dealing more with high
value commodities like vegetables, spices, fruits and milk.
10.6 LAND USE LAND AND SOIL TYPES
10.6.1 Land Use
Land Utilization Maps and Report based on the work initiated in 1977/78 and completed in
1985/86 have remained till now the most dependable reference material to draw land use
information of the country and accordingly, which follows is a brief description of the state of land
use in the proposed project area which covers two districts of the western regions lying in the terai
physiographic region (the country consists of five physiographic regions) are given. The terai
physiographic region, although represents only 14 percent of the total area of the country, it
contains about 42 percent of the cultivated land of the country. The forests consist mainly of high
value Sal and a mix of tropical and subtropical species.
10.6.2 Land Systems and Land Capability
10.6.2.1 Land Systems
Based on the groupings of the similar patterns of landforms five physiographic regions comprising
Tarai, Siwaliks, Middle Mountain, High Mountain and High Himal have been recognized in the
country. Since both the project districts fall in the Tarai physiographic region, different land
systems and land types occurring in this physiographic region are briefly reviewed based on the
Land System Maps and Reports prepared by the LRMP during 1977/78-1985/86. However, in
each of the districts, certain smaller portion also lies in the Siwaliks and Middle Mountain Regions.
These land systems were defined according to the recurrent patterns of landforms, geology,
slopes and arable agricultural limits that are observable on 1:50000 scale aerial photographs taken
during 1977/78 and the topographic maps of the same scale. The terai physiographic region which
consists of recent and posts–pleistocene alluvial deposits, with an elevation range from 60-330
meter above mean sea level and having a general slope gradient 2-10 meters per kilometer is
generally flat with minor relief caused by ongoing river action and some tectonics. Within the
physiography following three land systems have been recognized
 Active Alluvial plains (depositional)

 Recent Alluvial Plains “Lower Piedmont” (depositional and erosional)
 Alluvial Fan Apron Complex “Upper Piedmont”(erosional)
Within each of these land systems different land units have been identified based on the proximity
to the river courses and relief conditions. Active alluvial plains include those areas or lower ground
adjacent to major rivers. If cultivated, severe flooding poses a continual threat to agricultural
production. Recent alluvial plains include those areas on slightly higher ground away from the
present influences of rivers and hence support a large proportion of tarai population. Alluvial fan
apron complex include the upper piedmont because of the droughty condition and the forest
zoning. Not much cultivation is done in this land system.

10.6.2.2 Land Capability
Land capability is basically interpretative classification which is based on the effects of soil, land
forms and climate. The land form information is available in the land systems maps and in each
land system units and land forms generalized soil information are also available. Temperature and
humidity has been taken into consideration as the two most important variables of climate.
Temperature and hence the climate type is much determined by the elevation above mean sea
level. With regards to other variable, it is more or less an established fact that as one moves from
east to west precipitation seemed to decrease as monsoon in Nepal starts from the east and
hence has prolonged monsoon season compared to the western part. This fact is more applicable
in Terai physiographic region. Within terai region, there have been encountered differences as one
move from south to north. The northern part has been found to receive comparatively higher
amount of rain due to the proximity to the Siwaliks.
The land capability class delineated in the LRMP land capability maps are heavily based on the
land systems legends of the Land Systems Maps. A brief review of the land capability classes of
the terai physiographic region based on the LRMP Land Capability Maps can be quite useful.
Though LRMP has identified 7 land capability classes, first three classes are suited to agricultural
production based on the landscape.
 Class I: < 2 degree slope

 Class II: 2-5 degree slope
 Class III: 5-30 degree slope
Among these three classes most classes in the tarai physiographic region are I and II. As has
been stated earlier these capability classes are heavily derived from Land Systems. Class I lands
are dominant in 1d, units of the Active Alluvial plains (depositional) and 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d units of the
Recent Alluvial Plains “Lower Piedmont” (depositional and erosional) and 3a units of the Recent
Alluvial Plains “Lower Piedmont” (depositional and erosional) and significant in the 3c unit of the
Alluvial Fan Apron Complex “Upper Piedmont”(erosional). Similarly, Class II is dominant in 3b and
3c units of the Alluvial Fan Apron Complex “Upper Piedmont” (erosional) and significant in 2d unit
of the Recent Alluvial Plains “Lower Piedmont” (depositional and erosional) and 2d units of the
Recent Alluvial Plains “Lower Piedmont” (depositional and erosional) and 3b and 3d units of the
Alluvial Fan Apron Complex “Upper Piedmont”(erosional).
10.7 PROPOSED AGRICULTURAL PLAN
10.7.1 Focus on Year Round Irrigation
With the Kali Gandaki-Tinua diversion project, the focus should be to provide year round irrigation
to most of the cultivated land in the targeted two districts in order to significantly increase the
agricultural production. The focus of agricultural sector can be on two main directions: cereal crops
and high value cash crops. The low land khet can produce much higher quantity of cereal crops
with reliable and year round irrigation while the small farmers holding tars and phants can be
encouraged to cultivate high value cash crops, vegetables and valuable medicinal herbs. Both the
project districts of terai are easily accessible from the east west highway and the produces can be
exported to not only other parts of the country but also to India. Similarly, the hilly districts of Palpa
and Syanja are connected by Sidhartha Highway and the project site can be easily accessible by
all weather roads from Bhairahawa and Kathmandu.
10.7.2 Proposed Cropping Pattern
No new propping pattern has been proposed but the existing cropping pattern is suggested to
continue for both the rehabilitation and new project area. Based on above considerations the major
cereal crops’ cropping pattern is suggested. Similarly, the high value cash crop can be included
such as oilseed, seasonal winter vegetables, potato and sugarcane etc. The proposed cropping
calendar is presented in Table 10.5 below.
Table 10-5 : Proposed Cropping Patterns and crop calendar

Crops Planting (month) Harvesting (month)
Paddy-Monsoon Ashar Mansir
Maize (Spring) Baisakh Bhadra
Wheat Mansir Chaitra
Oilseeds Ashoj Poush
Pulses Ashar Mansir
Winter Vegetables Kartik Magh
Summer Vegetables Falgun Jestha
Poato Vegetables Kartik Magh
10.7.3 Proposed Cropped Intensity and Crop Yield
The cropping intensity has been changed for new irrigation from 162.32% to 205.69% whereas the
cropping intensity for rehabilitated irrigation is changed from 207% to 221%. The crop yield will be
improved after irrigation facility. The cropped area, cropping intensity and crop yield that can be
achieved after year round irrigation is given below in table 10.6 and 10.7 below.
Table 10-6: Proposed cropping intensity and Crop Yields (New)
Command Cropping Production
Crop Yield (T/Ha)
Area (Ha) Intensity (%) (T)
Summer crop
Paddy 50,640.00 80.00 177,240.00
Winter crop 2.40
Wheat 33,600.00 53.08 1.00 80,640.00
Pulses 4,500.00 7.11 1.10 4,500.00
Oilseed 15,625.00 24.68 14.00 17,187.50
Potato 8,300.00 13.11 12.00 116,200.00
Vegetable 6,535.00 10.32 78,420.00
Spring crop 14.00
Spring Maize 5,500.00 8.69 14,850.00
Total 130,200.00 205.69 566,037.50
Table 10-7: Proposed cropping intensity and Crop Yields (Rehabilitation)

Command Cropping Production
Crop Yield (T/Ha)
Area (Ha) Intensity (%) (T)
Summer crop
Paddy 43,300.00 100.00 3.50 151,550.00
Winter crop
Wheat 19,485.00 45.00 2.40 46,764.00
Pulses 4,330.00 10.00 1.00 4,330.00
Oilseed 1,732.00 4.00 1.10 1,905.20
Potato 3,031.00 7.00 14.00 42,434.00
Vegetable 6,495.00 15.00 12.00 77,940.00
Spring crop
Spring Maize 10,825.00 25.00 2.70 29,227.50
Total 95,693.00 221.00 445,080.70

Chapter
IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT
11 IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT

11.1 GENERAL
The main objective of Kali Gandaki Diversion Project is to provide year round irrigation facility to
106,000 ha culturable command area of Rupandehi and Kapibastu districts efficiently and thereby
ultimately to reduce the poverty of the nation by increasing the crop productions and by
hydropower development. Existing Irrigation systems are in Rupandehi and Kapilvastu districts.
Accurate assessment of irrigation water requirement for the proposed cropping pattern is
prerequisite for water resource planning. Irrigation water requirement is defined as the total
quantity of water required less the effective rainfall for the optimal growth of the crop during its full
period from land preparation to harvesting the crop. It includes seepage of the canal net works as
well as application losses in the field. To assess the irrigation water demand, it is essential to
determine the crop water requirement of each crop grown in the command area.
11.2 CROP WATER REQUIREMENT

Crop water requirement (CWR) is the quantity of water, regardless of its source, required by a crop
or diversified pattern of crops in a given period of time for its normal growth under field conditions
at a place. This includes the losses due to evapotranspiration plus the losses during the application
of irrigation water (unavoidable losses) and the quantity of water required for special operation
such as land preparation, transplantation, leaching etc. Consumptive use (CU) is the loss due to
evapotranspiration and the water that is used by the plant for its metabolic activities. Since the
metabolic process is insignificant, the term consumptive use is generally taken equivalent to
evapotranspiration.
With the input of basic meteorological data, the reference crop evaporation for each month was
computed by using Water balance in EXCEL. After multiplying the crop coefficients at a given
stage, the consumptive use of water by crops have been computed. Finally the intake water
requirement was computed by accounting for percolation losses and effective rainfall and irrigation
efficiencies. The various data, formula, coefficients, parameters considered in computing water
requirements have been elaborated in the following subsections.
The crop water requirement is defined as the quantity of water utilized by the plant during its life
time, this water may be supplied either entirely by rainfall, entirely by irrigation or a combination of
both. The future cropping pattern is chosen based on the local practices in the Rupandehi and
Kapilvastu districts and Terai zone in Nepal. The evapo-transpiration is calculated from the
software program for calculating Crop Water Requirement taking the meteorological data from
Bhairhawa Stations, which is the nearest station to the project area.
The crop coefficients and land preparation (for early & monsoon paddy and wheat) are taken from
design manual. Deep percolation losses for long term irrigation for the soil of the command area
are taken as 7.5 mm/day.

Table 11-1 : Crop Water Requirement (CWR)

11.3 EFFECTIVE RAINFALL

The rainfall data of Bhairhawa Station is taken for the Crop water calculation. 80% exceedence
reliable rainfall for cumulative month for homogeneous series, monthly and half monthly
distribution is computed. Effective rainfall is calculated based on WECS Guideline No. 1 (1988)
proposed for the following four conditions for flooded bunded fields;
 For rainfall at 80% reliability (P80) less than 5 mm, effective rainfall (Pe) should be taken
as zero;
 For P80 up to 10 mm, take as 85% effective;
 For P80 up to 100 mm, as 2) above if this is less that the sum of ETcrop + percolation
losses, otherwise Pe is equal to TLoss
 Where P80 exceeds 100 mm, Pe is lesser of TLoss and 70% of P80.
For non paddy crop growing outside the monsoon, Pe = 0.7x P80
11.3.1 Net Crop Water Requirements
For Paddy Rice

Net crop water requirements = Crop evapotranspiration + land preparation + evaporation +deep
percolation – effective rainfall
For Dryfoot Crops

Net crop water requirements = Crop evapotranspiration + (land preparation for wheat) – effective
rainfall
11.4 IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENTS

Assumption of field efficiency and conveyance efficiencies are critical to the calculation of water
requirements.
Efficiencies are categorised as follows;
 Field efficiency
 Distribution efficiency
 Conveyance efficiency
11.4.1 Field Efficiency
Field efficiency for dry foot crop and rice (paddy conditions) are used as 60% and 85%
respectively.
Field crop water requirement (mm/ half month) = Net crop water requirement/(field efficiency
*8.64*15)
11.4.2 Canal System Efficiency
Distribution and major canal losses are caused by seepage and poor water management
(particularly in distribution system). The efficiencies are taken as:
Distribution losses (tertiary systems) : 80%

Major canal losses (primary and secondary) : 80%

11.4.3 Intake Water Requirement
Intake Water Requirement = Field crop water requirement/canal efficiencies
Based on the efficiency of the canal system, the diversion requirement at headworks is presented
in Table 4.7. Crop water requirement for crops are presented in Volume II.

Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project PROPOSED IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Chapter
PROPOSED IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT PLAN
12 PROPOSED IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT PLAN
12.1 GENERAL
In order to provide a reliable and year round irrigation, transfer of water from water surplus basin to
water deficit basin is necessary. The proposed pre-feasibility level study is one of the efforts being
initiated by the GON for looking into the possibility of diverting regulated flow from Kaligandaki
River to the Tinau River. It aims to irrigate the land of about 1,06,600 ha located within Rupandehi
and Kapilvastu districts, large part of which are still under erratic rain situation. The water
resources available in various rivers in and around the above mentioned districts are not sufficient
enough to supply water for irrigable land on year round basis although the local resources are
utilized to a great extent largely for rainy season and a small part for winter season.
Irrigation Policy, 2003 emphasizes for developing the storage type irrigation systems for making
round the year irrigation system to counter the problem of low flow of rivers in the winter season. It
also advocates for Trans water transfer and management from water surplus large river basins to
water deficit area with conjunctive development of both irrigation and hydropower. Kaligandaki is
one of such multi purpose project which would divert Kaligandaki River water to Rupandehi and
Kapilvastu districts through a tunnel and thus provide year round irrigation. There is a possibility to
generate hydro electricity from this scheme which could contribute to the ever increasing energy
demand of the nation.
12.2 PROPOSED PROJECT MODEL

The model of the proposed multipurpose Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project is to divert the water
from Kaligandaki River from Pipal Danda of Palpa district and utilize it for hydropower generation
and irrigation of Rupandehi and Kapilvastu districts. The source of this project is Kaligandaki River,
which is a medium type of river originating at Mustang Bhot Himal. The proposed storage dam
would be located at the boarder of Palpa and Syangja districts 1.5 Km downstream from Ramdi
Bridge and water would be brought to Dovan gaun at the right bank of Tinau River via a 30 km
tunnel. Required water for year round irrigation to Rupandehi and Kapilvastu districts will be
supplied through a tunnel from the proposed storage reservoir and hydropower plant will be
installed at end of the tunnel in Dovan Gaun of Palpa district. Available head and discharge will be
utilized not only for irrigation but also for power generation. After power generation, tail race water
will be used for irrigation in by constructing required irrigation system networks. Adequate
freeboard will be provided in the storage reservoir to accommodate design flood so that adverse
impact of the peak flood to the downstream of the reservoir can be minimized.
Sufficient spillway capacity will be provided in the reservoir to pass the spillway design flood.
Ungated side spillway for emergency (unprecedented) flood will be provided in the storage dam.
Adequate dead storage volume for incoming sedimentation from the river flood will be provided in
the storage.

Existing river networks as well as irrigation system networks of Rupandehi and Kapilvastu districts
will be maximum utilized so as to minimize land acquisition and cost of the project. Local water
sources within the project area will be highly exploited in the irrigation development. The
rehabilation of the existing irrigation systems has been proposed to provide year round irrigation
facility to 43,300 ha of land satisfactorily. The new irrigation is proposed for 63,300 ha of land of
Rupandehi and Kapilvastu districts. In total, the irrigation development plan proposes to provide
year round irrigation facility to 106,600 Ha of land.
12.3 DIVERSION HEADWORK

The headwork for diversion of the required discharge is located in the downstream of the power
house of Kaligandi-A hydel project in the Syangja district. The headworks site at this stage has
been identified about 1.5 Km downstream of Ramdi Bridge of Siddhartha Highway. The design
discharge for the optimum capacilty is 81.96m3/sec as per Rupandehi and Kapilvastu district
irrigation command area. In addition to the design discharge, the headwork is also capable of
diverting extra discharge to flush the flood capacity.
12.4 DIVERSION TUNNEL

The water of Kaligandaki will be diverted to the Belbash at the right bank of Tinau River through a
30 km long tunnel. The location of the diversion point as well as exit of the tunnel is tentative. The
tentative alignment of the tunnel alignment is shown in Figure 12.1. The general slope of the
tunnel alignment will be 1 in 1300 to minimize the head loss. Similarly, a tunnel is also proposed
from the tailrace of the powerhouse to the outlet of tunnel portal which is the start point of irrigation
system. A penstock pip[e of 450m with 6,4m diameter is designed to deliver the water from tunnel
to the machine house.
12.5 HYDROPOWER GENERATION

The head available in the process of diversion will be utilized for the generation of hydropower. A
power house will be located in Dobhan Gaun, Dobhan VDC. The total head available for power
generation is 182 m. The proposed power plant will be able to generate 104 MW in its full capacity.
The proposed power house will be located at Dovan Gaun of Palpa district.
12.6 INTAKE
The intake of the irrigation project is located at the end of the tailrace tunnel of the powerhouse.
12.7 CANALS
A diversion structures along with two head regulators will be constructed in the north of Belbash, 5
Km west of Butwal Bazar. Two canals one on the right side (west) irrigate the lands in Rupendehi
& Kapilvastu and other one on the left side (east) to irrigate the agricultural lands of Rupendehi
district will be offtaken. The proposed command area covers the area encompassing, main canals
on the north to Indo Nepal border on the south, Banaganga River on the west and Rohini River on
the east. The length of the eastern main canal is 14 km and the western main canal is 38 km. The
tentative canal alignments are shown in Figure 12.1

Figure 12:1: Overview of Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project

Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
Chapter
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
13 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
13.1 INTRODUCTION
Environment assessment (EA) is a process to predict the environmental effects of proposed
initiatives before they are carried out. An environment assessment:
 Identifies possible environmental effects

 Proposes measures to mitigate adverse effects
 Predict whether there will be significant adverse environmental effects, even after the
mitigation is implemented
The EA can be instrumental to integrate the development work with environmental conservation
imperatives in such a way that the anticipated benefits will be obtained without causing serious
environmental problems. The underlying objective of EA is therefore to gear-up the project as it
evolves and takes shape to "make it environmentally sound, tailor it to and help fit it in the local
environment and assimilate it in the social and institutional context."
Many important steps help to identify possible environmental effects and mitigation measures
Determine Identify Plan the Conduct Review Make EA Implement

if an EA is who’s EA Analysis EA report decision mitigation and
required involved and follow-up
prepare program as
EA report appropriate
Figure 13:1: Environment Assessment Process
The primary objectives of EA are:

 Identification of potential impacts, both beneficial and adverse, of the proposed Project.
 Identification and formulation of measures for mitigating significant adverse impacts,
 Formulation of mechanism for enhancement the beneficial impacts, and
 Identification of residual impacts, which are likely to require further detailed study.
The Environmental Protection Act-1995 (EPA) and Environmental Protection Rules-1997 (EPR)
have been framed by the state to safeguard the environment while going ahead with any types of
Development interventions. The Schedule- 1 (E-4) pertaining to Rule-3 of the EPR has included
the following types of projects to undergo an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE):
 New Irrigation systems;

- Those irrigating 25-2000 ha. in Terai
- Those irrigating 15-500 ha. in hill valleys
- Those irrigating 10-200 ha. in the hill and steep mountain slopes

 Under rehabilitation systems;

- Those irrigating more than 500ha in Terai
- Those irrigating more than 200ha in hill valleys
- Those irrigating more than 100 ha. in the hill and steep mountain slopes
 Any Water Resources Development activity that displaces 25-100 persons.
 Flood Control with a Dam in Terai.
 River control works over a Kilometer length.
Furthermore, the Schedule- 1 (E-4) pertaining to Rule-3 of the EPR has included the following
types of projects to undergo an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA):
 Under the new systems of Irrigation:
a) Those irrigating more than 2000 ha in the Tarai.
b) Those irrigating more than 500 ha in the hill valleys.
c) Those irrigating more than 200 ha in the hill and mountain areas with a steep gradient.
 Any water resources development activity which displaces more than 100 people with
permanent residence.
 Construction of multipurpose reservoirs.
 Inter-basin water transfer and use.
According to Environment Protection Act 1997 and Environment Protection Rules 1997, Proposed
Project falls to conduct EIA. Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) is defined as “the process of
identifying, predicting, evaluating, and mitigating the biophysical, social, and other relevant effects
of development proposals prior to major decisions being taken and commitments made”
13.2 FIELD STUDY

Walk Through Survey: The Study team visited the site on foot from the first proposed scheme
from Intake to tail of the main canal along the existing canals and command area for a transact
survey. Focused group discussion was conducted during the field trip with the key persons and the
lead people of the concerned villages and gathered information on the socioeconomic/cultural
issues. The Physical and Biological environment (Parameters) was mainly observed through
inspection and observation aided with queries with the villagers.
Observations:
Site observation was the tool applied for the study. The week long study revealed the following:
 The average monthly maximum temperature is 28oC while minimum is 9oC.
 The elevation is varies from 150m to 1220m.
 The average precipitation in project area range from 1100mm to 1800 mm.
Districts Temperature Elevation Precipitation

Rupandehi 28 oC to 32 oC (Summer) 150m to 1220m 1100mm to
13oC to 15 oC (Winter) 1800 mm
Kapilvastu 35 oC to 38 oC (Summer) 100m to 1495m 1500mm to
16 oC to 18 oC (Winter) 1800 mm
13.3 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMATERS
13.3.1 Physical Parameters
Landslides:
In about 100m to 150m downstream of right side of river along the Ramdi Bridge there is seen a
landlsides problem and also about 1.5 km there is an occurrence of landslides along the Ramdi
Bridge due to movement of construction materials and its residue. There is a massive landslides
(whole mass movement) along the Siddha Baba site which about 200m.
Siltation:
The site has no any siltation problem.
Air:
As there are no industries and high traffic along the canal and the river of the project site and
nearby vicinity, the air is considered to be clean i.e. free from pollution.
Water:
There are no any settlements along the banks of the river. There is no industrial discharge in the
river as well. Hence the water is free from polluting substances as compared to other big rivers in
the country.
Noise:
There is virtually no noise pollution.
13.3.2 Biological Parameters
Flora:
The type of trees and plants found in the study area are: Sal, sisau, asna, simal, satisal, jamun,
khayer, mango, harro, amala, tulsi, dubo etc. Various types of shrubs, herbs, grasses, and bushes
also exist in the proposed site (study area).
Fauna:
Many types of wild animals are found like snakes, lizard, deer, monkeys, leopard etc. whereas the
birds like peacock, kaalij, dove, crane and wild pigeon are found and many types of fishes are
found in the area.
13.3.3 Socio-economic Parameters
During the reconnaissance of the promising sites of study area, the consultant’s team at each and
every site carried out following studies. A socio-economic survey has been conducted both in
community level as well as household level in order to determine the accurate situation after
implementation of project even and discussed about the loss and damages caused by the project.
The following topics are also discussed and determine by the beneficiaries:
 Preliminary environmental assessment of sites.
 availability of local construction materials, manpower
 rates of labour and construction materials
 water right disputes, if any
 Discharge measurement and enquiry about lowest and highest water level during the dry
season and the wet season at the two vulnerable points.
Rupandehi, a district that falls under the Western Development Region, lies in the Lumbini zone of
Nepal. It extends from 83o27' East at longitude to 27o30' North at latitude. Rupandehi lies at a
height of 100m to 1229m from the sea level. Kapilvastu, a district that falls under the Western
Development Region, lies in the Lumbini zone of Nepal. It extends from 83 o30' East at longitude to
27o32' North at latitude. Kapilvastu lies at a height of 92m to 1491m from the sea level. The
following constitute the socioeconomic baseline parameter of the study area:
Land Resources:
The total area of Rupandehi district is 136000 Ha among which the area of 85122 Ha is owned by
the households and 32006 Ha is covered by forest areas. The district has 60% of cultivable land
and majority of people own 1 to 10 bigha of land. The present scenario of land use pattern of the
Rupandehi district is as follows:

Figure 13:2 : Land use pattern of Rupandehi district

S.N. Land Use Area (ha)
1 Cultivable land 85122
2 Forest Area 32006
3 Grazing Area 8882
4 River Area 2460
5 Rocky Area 414
6 Settlement Area 5953
7 Others 6530
Figure 13:3 : Land use pattern of kapilvastu district

S.N. Land Use Area (ha)
1 Cultivable land 83000
2 Forest Area 73318
3 Grazing Area 4400
4 River Area 399
5 Rocky Area 3600
6 Settlement Area 3000
7 Others 6089
Existing Irrigation Systems in Proposed Projects

There are more than 20 projects in Rupandehi and Kapilvastu among which are performed by
several agencies such as DOI, DDC, VDC, and DADO. Some of the majors are the Banganga
Irrigation Project, Bhairhawa Lumbini Groundwater Irrigation Project, Marchawar Lift Irrigation
Project and 16/36 Kulo Irrigation Project.
Ethnic Composition
Rupandehi and Kapilvastu is a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural district. In recent decades people
from different ethnic groups and communities from different hill districts of the region as well as
other parts of the country have migrated to these districts and settled all over the districts
alongside the local population. Regarding the ethnic composition, dominant ethnic groups are
Brahmin (15.16%), Dalit (11.99%), Tharu (10.60%), Mushlim (8.9%) and Magar (8.8%) in
Rupandehi districts whereas Mushlim (19.44%), Dalit (15.95%), Tharu (12.57%), Yadav (9.67%)
are dominant in Kapilvastu district.
Population
Rupandehi district, with Siddhartha Nagar as its district headquarters, covers an area of 1360 km2
and has a population of 708,419 (2001) out of which female covers 49.1% (347646) and male
covers 50.9% (360773) having the growth rate of 3.05%. Kapilvastu district, with Taulihawa Nagar
as its district headquarters, covers an area of 1738 km2 and has a population of 481976 (2001) out
of which female covers 48.57% (234101) and male covers 51.43% (247875) having the growth
rate of 2.6%.

13.4 NEED OF EIA IN KALIGANDAKI-TINAU DIVERSION PROJECT

The proposed Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project includes irrigation of 85122 ha of land,
construction of a hydropower plant, and inter-basin water transfer and use. Hence, according to
Environment Protection Act 1997 and Environment Protection Rules 1997, this project requires an
Environmental Impact Assessment. However conducting such an Assessment is beyond the
scope of work of the current study and it is recommended that further level studies will have to
include Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
The main objective of the future EIA study will have to be to assess the likely impacts of the
Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project on the environment and facilitate to make this project
environmentally sound and sustainable. The specific objectives will have to be, but not limited to,
the following.
1. Assess and predict the impacts of project activities on physical, biological, socio-economic
and cultural resources;
2. Examine the significance of the predicted environmental impacts;
3. Recommend preventive, curative and compensatory measures, including benefits
augmentation measures and environmental management plan; and
4. Provide information to decision-makers about the environmental implications of the
proposed project and associated costs.

Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project TOTAL COST AND BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT
Chapter
TOTAL COST AND BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT
14 TOTAL COST AND BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT
14.1 TOTAL COST OF THE PROJECT

For estimating the cost of each item of works, prevailing GON’s norms for rate analysis has been
used throughout. Rate analysis of each of the items has been carried out according to the
approved norms of GON and approved district rates of Rupandehi and Kapilvastu districts for
labour and materials for the Fiscal Year 2066/067. The total project cost comprised of the cost for
irrigation development and the hydropower development components. The summary of the costs
is given below.
Table 14-1: Total cost of the project

S.N. Project components Cost (NRs)
1 Irrigation development project 18,481,922,820.05
2 Hydropower development project 21,623,050,050.00
Grand total 40,004,977,870.05
14.1.1 Total Cost of the Irrigation Development
The total cost of irrigation development comprised of the cost of main canal and structures, cost of
rehabilitation of existing irrigation systems and cost of new irrigation system development. The
summary of total project cost of irrigation development component is given below in table 14.2.
Detail cost estimate is presented in Volume II.
Table 14-2: Total cost of irrigation development project

S.N. Subproject Component Total Cost (NRs)
A Civil Works
1 Construction of Cross Regulator 85847616.80
2 Construction of Aqueducts 62766643.13
3 Construction of Hume Pipe VRB 55059306.21
4 Earthwork in Excavation and Back Filling 226239547.61
5 Canal Lining 94191866.36
6 Construction of Super passages 26719496.80
7 Construction of Syphon 30666729.96
8 Cost for rehabilitation of existing systems 1649409580.00
9 Cost for new irrigation system 10594747800.00
Sub Total ( A ) 12825648586.86
B General Items
a Third party insurance as per condition of the contract (0.15% of 17314625.59

S.N. Subproject Component Total Cost (NRs)

0.9* A)
Insurance of the work as per condition of the contract (0.15% of
b 0.9* A) 17314625.59
Insurance against accident to work man as per condition of the
c cotract (0.15% of 0.9* A) 17314625.59
d Commission for performance bond (0.05% of A) 6412824.29
Sub-Total ( B ) 58356701.07
C Miscellaneous Items
a Environmental protection work about (2% of A) 256512971.74
Sub-Total ( C ) 256512971.74
D Other facilities
a Work Charge 2.5% of (A+B) 322100132.20
b Other minor expenses 2.5% of (A+B) 322100132.20
c Physical Contingency 10% of (A+B) 1288400528.79
d Price adjustment Contingency (10% of A) 1282564858.69
Sub-Total ( D ) 3215165651.88
E VAT (13% ) 2126238908.50
Grand Total (A+B+C+D+E) 18481922820.05
Cost Per Hectare 173376.39
14.1.2 Total Cost of the Hydropower Development
The cost of hydropower development comprised of the cost of main diversion project of 104 MW.
The summary of total project cost of hydropower development component is given below in table
14.3. Detail cost estimate is presented in Volume II.
Table 14-3: Total Cost of the Hydropower Project
S.N Description of items Unit No Cost Remarks

1 Site Installation Ls 1,638,075,000.00 at different Location
2 River Diversion Nos 2 1,310,400,000.00 U/S & D/S Location
3 Dam and Spillway Nos 1 979,275,000.00 at Head works Location
4 Intake Structure Nos 1 2,434,200,000.00 at Head works Location
5 Control Building Nos 1 27,400,000.00 at different Location
30.3 km is Main Tunnel
and other is Audit and
6 Tunnel Construction Km 45 7,875,000,000.00 PH Tunneling
7 Settling Basin Nos 1 172,470,000.00 Two Bay
8 Surge Tank Construction Nos 1 250,000,000.00
Power House and Switchyard
9 Construction Nos 1 738,581,000.00 Surface
10 Outlet and Tailrace Construction Nos 1 165,670,000.00
At HW, PH & Outlet
11 Access Road Construction Nos 10 100,000,000.00 location
12 Turbine Nos 1 1,872,000,000.00 four unit having 26 MW
13 Generator Nos 1 1,560,000,000.00 four unit having 32 MW
14 Penstock and Valve Chamber Nos 1 705,370,000.00 450m Length
15 Insurance Ls 52,750,000.00
16 Miscellaneous Ls 712,190,000.00
Sub Total 20,593,381,000.00
16 Project Development Cost Ls 1,029,669,050.00 2% if Total Cost
Grand Total 21,623,050,050.00

14.2 BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT
14.2.1 Assumptions
A detailed analysis has been carried out for assessing the benefits from the proposed project.
Realistic crop yields have been taken into account and the cost of production covering that of
seeds; manure, fertilizers, labour and animal or machine draft power has been included in the
analysis. As the farmers of the project area have a practice of using animal and tractor power as
well in cultivation, the cost for the same has been assigned accordingly to the concerned crop and
coverage, and analysis has been carried out separately. The estimated benefits from the project
and the corresponding cost of production have been briefly described in the following sections,
whereas the detailed analyses have been presented in Volume II.
14.2.2 Total Benefit of the Project
The total annual benefit of the project comprised of annual incremental benefit generated from
agriculture due to the irrigation development and annual benefit generated from the sale of
hydropower. The total annual benefit of project is calculated as NRs. 4,863,018,385.56. The
summary of the annual benefit is presented in Table 14.4 below.
Table 14-4: Summary of total annual benefit of the project

S.N. Project Component Annual Benefit in NRs.
1 Irrigation Development 2,814,385,090.35
2 Hyropower Development 2,048,633,295.21
Total 4,863,018,385.56
14.2.2.1 Estimated Benefit of the irrigation development
In the proposed irrigation project, with the improvement in the farming practices after reliable
irrigation made available in 43390 ha in existing irrigation system and 63300 ha in new canal
system, the crop yields are expected to increase as provided above. The direct benefits of the
project will be in the form of increase in production and net incomes of the concerned farmers. To
assess the direct project benefits, indicative crop budgets have been calculated for both ‘without’
and ‘with’ project scenarios in financial and economic price situations. Returns computed are
based on farm-gate prices.
The estimated incremental benefit of the project from irrigation development is comprised of the
estimated benefit from the incremental earning of farm practices due to rehabilitation of existing
irrigation system and development of new irrigation system. The incremental benefit from
rehabilitation of existing irrigation system is estimated as NRs. 1,305,956,448.10 whereas the
incremental benefit from new irrigation system is estimated as NRs. 1,508,428,642.25. The
incremental benefit generated from irrigation development is presented in Table 14.5 below.
Table 14-5: Incremental benefit of irrigation development

S.N. Project Component Annual Benefit in NRs.
1 Rehabilitation of Irrigation system 1,305,956,448.10
2 New Irrigation System Development 1,508,428,642.25
Total 2,814,385,090.35

14.2.2.2 Estimated Benefit of Hydropower Development
In the proposed hydropower project benefits are revenues that will be derived from the operation
of the project. Analysis is done using the following assumptions of energy generation and benefits
of energy sale:
Energy Generation:
 Dry Energy = 132052905.97 KWh

 Wet Energy = 281065738.36 KWh
Energy Selling Rate
 Dry energy = NRs 7.00/kWh

 Wet energy = NRs 4.00/kWh
The annual benefit from the hydropower generation is comprised of benefit generated from the
sale of dry and wet energy. The benefit generated from the sale of dry energy is estimated as
NRs. 924,370,342,00 whereas the benefit generated from the sale of wet energy is NRs.
1,124,262,953.00. The summary of earnings from the sale of energy is presented in Table 14.6
below.
Table 14-6: Summary of earning from hydropower development

S.N. Type of Energy Quantity in KWh Rate per KWh Amount in NRs.
1 Dry energy 132052905.97 NRs. 7.00 924,370,342.00
2 Wet energy 281065738.36 NRs. 4.00 1,124,262,953.00
Total 2,048,633,295.00
14.3 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
14.3.1 Economic Analysis of Irrigation Development
The economic analysis of the irrigation development project is carried out on the basis of
information regarding cost of the irrigation project development, cost of production of changing
cropping pattern, and the incremental revenue generated by the increase in productivity and
adoption of new propping pattern in the project site. Analyses have been carried out to test
economic viability of the project. The benefits included in the analyses are those derived from
incremental production of marketable produce and additional crop production due to limited switch
over to high value crops. No account has been taken for the increased prices that farmers may
obtain for their produce through improved marketing and post-harvesting processes, although
these may prove to be substantial.
The analysis is based on the assumption that the irrigation project and hydropower project would
have its economic life of 25 years after its completion. The implementation period is taken as five
years. The disbursement percentages of the estimated implementation cost over the three years
are 10, 25, 25, 25 and 15 in 1st, 2nd, 3rd 4th and 5th year respectively. Benefits from the project have
been anticipated from the fourth year after the completion of the project. The benefit flow is
assumed as 25%, 50%, and 100% in successive years after project completion.
The financial analysis for the hydropower development project has been carried out on the basis of
return on investment to be made with respect to the power plant. The annual revenue was
calculated on the basis of prevailing practices of energy tariff and assumed rate of escalation.

14.4 ECONOMIC INDICATORS

The computed economic internal rate of return (EIRR) is 13.5% at the base cost and benefits. The
benefit cost ration at 10% and 12% are 1.31 and 1.12 respectively. The detailed computation has
been presented in Volume II.
14.5 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

Sensitivity analyses have been carried out to evaluate the soundness of the project against the
unexpected adverse situation in future for different three scenarios as mentioned below.
Case I: The project cost increased by 20% of the base cost

Case II: The benefit decreased by 20% of the base benefit
Case III: Combination of case I and II
The summary of economic sensitivity analyses for different cases is presented in Table 14.7 and
the details have been presented in Annex (Volume – II).
Table 14-7: Summary of Sensitivity Analysis
BCR
Case EIRR
10% 12%
Base 13.5% 1.31 1.12
Case I 10.18 1.02 0.85
Case II 10.56% 1.05 0.89
Case III 8.55% 0.88 0.75

Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Chapter
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
15 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
15.1 CONCLUSION
The Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project (KTDP) has been studied in the pre feasibility level. After
the study of previous report and field investigations like additional topographical mapping,
geological investigations layout and design work with necessary modification were carried out and
appropriate project cost estimate was developed. Financial evaluations were also carried out to
determine the viability of the project. The pre-feasibility study found that the project is technically
feasible, financially viable and environmentally friendly. Based on the various studies as described
in this report, following conclusions can scientifically be drawn:
15.1.1 Irrigation Development Project
a) Project area:
The project area covers 70 VDCs of Rupandehi district and 40 VDCs of Kapilavastu district
connected with a Siddhartha Highway. It is accessible by all weathered road transportation on the
East-West Highway and regular air flights to Bhiarahawa from Kathmandu. The project area has
tropical monsoon climate with two distinct seaons, the wet season and dry season. The average
annual rainfall ranging from 1100 mm to 1800 mm which is not adequate for year round cropping.
Topography of project area comprised of flat cultivable land suitable for irrigation with minor relief
caused by ongoing rivers and past tectonic actions. Many seasonal rivers, rivultes and streams
intersect the area providing water for small scale irrigation, drinking and religious purposes.
Potential area for irrigation development within the project area comes to be about 106,600 ha out
of total 142,000 ha of cultivable land. There are three major rivers within the project area:
Banganga in the west, Tinau in the middle and Rohini in the east. There are some major irrigation
systems like Banganga Irrigation Project, Bhirahawa-Lumbini Ground Water Irrigation Project,
Marchwar Lift Irrigation Project and 16/36 Kulo Irrigation Project in the proposed area with year-
round irrigation in 43,300 Ha of land out of which about 27400 from surface and about 15900 from
ground water. These irrigation systems have rehabilitation needs for providing satisfactory
irrigation facility.
Demographically, the total population of the project districts is 1,190,395 out of which 708,419 of
Rupandehi ditstrict and 481,976 of Kapilvastu district. The majority of ethnic groups residing in
Kapilvastu district are Muslim (19.44%), Dalit (15.95%) and Tharu (12.57%) whereas in Rupandehi
district, the ethnic composition is Brahmin (15.16%), Dalit (11.99%) and Tharu (10.6%), Tharus
being the indigenous community. Most of them are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood
and majority of the land owners are small and medium farmers holdimg 1-10 bigha of land who
own more than 80% of landhalf of the population holds less than 1.5 bigha of land.
b) Hydrology and geology of Kaligandaki River:
The General hydrology of this area is influenced by the southeast monsoon and is categorized as
medium rainfall zone of Mahabharat Hills. Mustang Bhot Himal contributes to the hydrology of
Kaligandaki River whereas the Myagdi originating from Dhaulagiri and Madi emerging from
Annapurna and Barigadh coming from Dhaulagiri join the Kaligandaki River. The annual irrigation
demand for project area is 75.96m3/sec with average cropping intensity of 162% without
contribution of existing irrigation systems.
Regional geological setup in the area epitomizes the general litho-tectonic framework of the
Himalayas. The rock of the zone is grouped into two major stratigraphic units: the Kaligandaki
Super group and the Tansen group. The main lithology of the Kaligandaki Super group is Hard
massive grey sandstone phyllitic slate with occasional inter beds of silt stone and quartzite,
calcareous sandstone, marl and dolomite whereas the lithology of Tansen group is Gondawana
and Tertiary rocks, thick massive fluvial sandstone with green and red, surrounded by the Kerabari
Formation.
c) Electrical Resistivity Tomography results
The 2-Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography results of headworks site show presence of
overburden of about 1m to 12m thick in the Kaligandaki right bank consisting of alluvial and
colluvial deposit with sands, soils and boulders. The bedrock in the right bank of Kaligandaki River
is mainly quartzite, slaty phyllite. In the surge shaft area the overburden consists of mixed soils
and boulders. The thickness is about 6m. The penstock alignment also consists of mixed soils and
boulders in the overburden, with about 3m to 7m thickness. In the power house site, the
overburden consists of colluvial deposit with more soils with about 6m thickness. The bedrock in
the surge shaft area consists of mudstone and sandstone. The bedrock in the penstock alignment
consists of mudstone. The overburden in outlet portal is 5m to 12m thick composed of slided mass
of Siwalik rocks. The bedrock in the out let portal also consists of mudstone of Lower Siwalik.
d) Proposed plan for agricutural development
The focus of the project is to provide year round irrigation facility to the most of the cultivated land
in the targeted districts in order to increase the agricultural production. The focus of agricultural
sector is in two main directions: cereal crops and high value crops. Improved cropping pattern
including seasonal vegetable and cash crops along with cereal crops has also been proposed for
the project area after the irrigation system development. It has been envisaged that the cropping
intensity and crop yield will be increased after completion of this project. The proposed cropping
pattern is Monsson paddy, wheat, pulses, oilseed, potato, winter vegetable, spring vegetable and
maize.
e) Proposed plan for irrigation development
Existing irrigation systems will be used with rehabilitation of system to minimize the cost of the
project. The project area of 43,300 ha will be facilitated with year round irrigation by existing
system while 63,300 Ha will be irrigated by diverting the water through a tunnel from the
Kaligandaki River. The water from Kaligandaki River will be diverted to Belbash through 30 Km
long tunnel. Adequate water from the Kaligandaki River will be provided to irrigation systems and
hydropower plants for their continual operation. Two canals one in right side will irrigate the lands
in Rupandehi and Kapilvastu districts and other one on the left will irrigate lands of Rupandehi
district. The length of main right canal is 38 Km and length of left canal is 14 Km.
15.1.2 Hydropower Development Project
The Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project (KTDP) has been studied in the pre-feasibility level. After
the study of previous report and field investigations like additional topographical mapping,
geological investigations layout and design work with necessary modification were carried out and
appropriate project cost estimate was developed. Financial evaluations were also carried out to
determine the viability of the project.

The pre-feasibility study found that the project is technically feasible, moderate financially viable
and environmentally friendly for recalculated tariff rate. Based on the various studies as described
in this report, following conclusions can scientifically be drawn:
 On the Kaligandaki River, a high head diversion weir can be constructed to divert
90.16m3/sec.
 The implementation of the project will help to enhance the socio-economic status of the
local communities.
 Considering the topographical as well as geological condition of the site, it is decided to
propose pressure headrace tunnel with surge tank.
 There are no major settlements in the project vicinity except upper-mid hill areas and
therefore there are no major consumptive water use facilities.
 Regarding the water sharing, a healthy understanding will be made with local communities
and present project.
 The project will have four Francis turbines with an optimum installed capacity that
generates 413.12 GWh of annual energy.
 The power generated from the project shall be evacuated to the new Hub at project site
with 132 kV Switching arrangement.
 The access to the project site has already constructed so minor road at some part may be
required.
15.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
In addition to conclusions, some recommendations are necessary to be drawn as per guidelines of
some of the critical activities that should be carried out to support and as part of the further
detailed design processes. Hence, followings are few recommendations for further study to be
conducted before construction of the project:
 The Kaligandaki-Tinau Diversion Project (KTDP) is recommended for further study as it is
found to be technically implementable, economically viable and environmental friendly.
 On the Kaligandaki River, a diversion dam can be constructed to divert 90.16m3/sec
discharge to the tunnel.
 Kaligandaki catchment has characteristics of mountainous and snow fed catchment. It is
gauged catchment but headwork site is ungauged and an accurate assessment of long-
term hydrology is necessary for any irrigation and hydropower project.
 Even different methods have been used to determine the hydrology of the river with limited
measurements during this study; it is highly recommended to continue calculation and
updating of hydrological data.
 Basically the hydrological data shall be updated with regular records of gauge heights and
regular discharge measurements along with sediment sampling at the gauging station
established during present study.
 During feasibility and detailed design phases, it is recommended to further geological
investigation because:
 The whole project crosses nnmbers of faults and thrust zone which is challenging for its
design and safe construction.
 Diamond core drilling at different project site is required
 The Project is critical and challenging in geological and geotechnical point of view.
 Detailed engineering geological map at the scale of 1:1000 of the hydrolic structure
area is recommended.
 The ERT results have been checked at some locations by VES method. The two results
support each other in many places, increasing the validity of the interpretation.
 These results have been obtained from the indirect methods. Hence core drilling is
recommended at critical sites, where major civil structures are to be sited.
 Opening of the fine trashrack can only be finalized from the input of the possible turbine
supplier. The cleaning mechanism of trashrack can be the mechanical or electrical in place

of manual.
 It is recommended to conduct Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to make this project
environmentally friendly and suatainable
 Even financial analysis has been done as per traditional roughly assumptions and
methodology; the analysis shall be revised if the assumptions will change and further
study.
 Project seems viable in all terms so it is recommended to go for further detail study.

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SILT Consultats (P) Ltd.

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Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... b

List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................................. g

List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................................. h

Salient Features ......................................................................................................................................................... k

Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................................... n

1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 1-1

2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................... 2-1

SILT Consultants (P.) Ltd. b

3 THE PROJECT AREA......................................................................................................................................... 3-1

4 WATER RESOURCES IN KALIGANDAKI BASIN .................................................................................................. 4-1

5 HYDROLOGY OF KALIGANDAKI RIVER ............................................................................................................ 5-1

SILT Consultants (P.) Ltd. c

5.7.5.2 Rating Curve Development ............................................................................................................5-9

6 GEOLOGY OF PROJECT AREA .......................................................................................................................... 6-1

7 ELECTRICITRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY ................................................................................................. 7-1

7.2.6.7 Lithological Section of Profile ERT 6 ...............................................................................................7-8

8 PROPOSED HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT PLAN ........................................................................................... 8-1

9 WATER BALANCE STUDY ................................................................................................................................ 9-1

SILT Consultants (P.) Ltd. e

9.2 Water Balance Study of Kali Gandaki River ......................................................................................................9-1

10 AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN .......................................................................................................... 10-1

11 IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT ............................................................................................................. 11-1

12 PROPOSED IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT PLAN ............................................................................................. 12-1

13 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................................... 13-1

SILT Consultants (P.) Ltd. f

14 TOTAL COST AND BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT ................................................................................................. 14-1

15 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................................................... 15-1

SILT Consultants (P.) Ltd. g

Figure 3:1: Location Map of Project Area.........................................................................................................................3-2

SILT Consultants (P.) Ltd. h

SILT Consultants (P.) Ltd. j

SILT Consultants (P.) Ltd. l

Cost per Megawatt : NRs. 207,913,942.8

SILT Consultants (P.) Ltd. m

SILT Consultants (P.) Ltd. n

holds less than 1.5 bigha of land.

SILT Consultants (P.) Ltd. o

NRs. 2,814,385,090.35 whereas the benefit generated by selling hydropower is estimated as

SILT Consultants (P.) Ltd. p

SILT Consultants (P.) Ltd. 1-1

1.2 PROJECT COMPONENTS

(A) Development of Irrigation Facility and

A short description of each component is briefed here under.

1.2.1 Component-A: Development of Irrigation

1.2.2 Component-B: Development of Hydropower

The component B of this project is targeted to development of hydropower in route to irrigation

 Storage of Kaligandaki River water at dam site in Palpa District,

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

 Assessment of water availability in Kaligandaki Basin.

1.4 SCOPE OF WORK

1.4.1 Procurement of Satellite Imageries and Processing

1.4.2 Collection of Field Data/Survey Work

The following data should be collected during field study:

 Collect the hydrological and meteorological data of Kali Gandak basin.

1.4.3 Office Work

The following work should be conducted during office study:

SILT Consultants (P.) Ltd. 1-3

1.5 EXPECTED OUTPUT OF THE STUDY

 Water resources assessment of Kaligandaki river at the site of diversion,

SILT Consultants (P.) Ltd. 1-4

APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY