INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

REPORT
Analysis Of Hard Water
In partial fulfillment of AISSCE 2023-24
Chemistry practical

Prepared By
Nishanth
Gowda Class
-XII-B 2023-
24
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work presented in this grade XII Analysis of
Hard Water has been carried out under my supervision and is the
Bonafide work of Nishanth Gowda. This work is original and has not
been submitted for any other purpose.

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

DATE:

PLACE:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special gratitude to my
Chemistry Teacher Mr.Proteek Chatterjee as well
as our Head of School Ms. Swati Soni who gave
me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project which also helped me to do a lot of research
work. I came to know about so many new things. I
am really thankful to them.
 INDEX

Sl.No Topic Page No

1
1 Aim

1
2 INTRODUCTION

1
3 THEORY

2
4 APPARATUS

3-4
5 PROCEDURE

4-6
6 OBSERVATIONS

7
7 PRECAUTIONS

7
8 SOURCES OF ERROR

9
9 CONCLUSION

9
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aim: To estimate the amount of total hardness present in the given sample
of water by EDTA titration method.

Apparatus required: 50 ml Burette, 20 ml Pipette, 250 ml Conical flask, 100

ml Beaker, 250 ml beaker, Glass funnel.

Reagents: EDTA solution, Standard CaCO3 solution, Eriochrome Black–T

indicator, Buffer solution.

Theory

EDTA (Ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid) forms colorless stable complexes with
Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions present in water at pH = 9-10. To maintain the pH of the
solution at
9-10, a buffer solution (NH4Cl + NH4OH) is used. Eriochrome Black-T (E.B.T) is used as
an indicator. The sample of hard water must be treated with buffer solution and EBT
indicator which forms unstable, wine-red colored complex s with Ca2+ and Mg2+
present in water
Apparatus

● 50 ml Burette
● 20 ml Pipette
● 250 ml conical flask
● 100 ml Beaker
● 250 ml beaker
● Glass funnel
● Reagents: EDTA solution
● Standard CaCO3 solution
● Eriochrome Black – T indicator
● Buffer solution
Procedure
To Make EBT indicator:
We need Eriochrome Black T and Tri-Ethanol anime
1.Weigh 0.5gm of EBT
2. Weigh 100 gm of Triethanolamine
3. Add the EBT to Triethanolamine and stir with the glass rod

To make the buffer solution

1. Add 16.9 gm of Ammonia chloride(NH4CL)
2. Take 150 ml of distilled water and add the ammonia chloride and stir with
glass rod
3. Add 14ml of ammonia solution(NH4OH) and add it to the beaker in step
2 4.Put it in a 250 ml volumetric flask
5.Add distilled water to reach 250 ml

1. Standardization of EDTA

i. Pipette out 20 ml of standard hard water into a conical flask.

ii. Add 5 ml of buffer solution and a few drops of Eriochrome Black-T.

The Indicator (which is originally blue color), would acquire a wine-red
color.
iii. Titrate with EDTA solution taken in the burette, till the wine red color
changes to blue (which is the end point). Let the burette reading of EDTA be
V ml.

2. Determination of Total hardness

Repeat the above titration method for sample hard water instead of standard
hard water. Let the burette reading of EDTA be V ml.

3. Determination of Permanent hardness

Take 100 ml of sample hard water in a 250 ml beaker. Boil it to remove

temporary hardness to about half of this volume and cool to room temperature.
Filter through filter paper to remove insoluble CaCO3 and MgCO3. Make up the
volume to the original 100 ml by adding distilled water. Now pipette out 20 ml of
this solution into a clean conical flask. Then Repeat the process of titration steps
as mentioned above. Let the burette reading of EDTA be V ml.

Observations
Burette : Standard EDTA solution.

Conical flask : 25.0 ml of hard water + 1 tt NH4OH-NH4Cl buffer

Indicator : 2 -3 drops of Eriochrome Black T

Color change : Wine red to clear blue

Standardization Of EDTA:
S.No Vol of Hard water Burette Reading Vol of EDTA
taken(ml) Consumed
Initial Final

1 20 0 19.5

2 20 0 19.5 19.5

3 20 0 19.5

Determination of Total hardness:

S.No Vol of Hard water Burette Reading Vol of EDTA

taken(ml) Consumed
Initial Final

1 20 0 12.5

2 20 0 12.5 12.5

3 20 0 12.5

Determination of Permanent hardness:

S.No Vol of Hard water Burette Reading Vol of EDTA

taken(ml) Consumed
Initial Final

1 20 0 6.2

2 20 0 6.2 6.2

3 20 0 6.2

Calculations:
1. Standardization of EDTA
N1V1 = N2V2
Where, N1 = Strength of standard hard water =0.01
V1 = Volume of standard hard water in conical flask=20ml
N2 = Strength of EDTA=?
V2 = Volume of EDTA consumed (burette reading) =19.5ml

Strength of EDTA solution:0.0102

2.Determination of Total hardness

N1V1=N2V2
V1=Volume of EDTA=12.5 ml
N1=Strength of EDTA=0.0102
N2=strength of hard water=?
V2=volume of hard water=20ml

Strength Of Hard water sample:0.0063

Total Hardness:Strength of Hard water Xeq wt of CaCo3X1000

= 0.0063 X50X1000
= 315 ppm

Determination of permanent Hard water

N1V1=N2V2
V1=Volume of EDTA=6.2ml
N1=Strength of EDTA=0.0102
N2=strength of hard water=?
V2=volume of hard water=20ml

Strength of Hard Water Sample:0.0031

Permanent Hardness of given water sample:Strength of Hard water Xeq wt of
CaCo3X1000
= 0.0031 X50X1000
= 155 ppm
Temporary Hardness
Total Hardness-Permanent Hardness
= 315-155
= 160

Result:
Amount of Total Hardness in given sample of water:315
Amount of Permanent Hardness in given sample of water:155
Amount of Temporary Hardness in given water sample: 160

Precautions:
Standardization of EDTA Solution:
Precaution: Regularly standardize the EDTA solution against a primary standard
to ensure its accurate concentration. This will enhance the accuracy of the
titration results. Use precise measuring equipment and follow standard
protocols during preparation.

Control of pH and Temperature:

Precaution: Maintain a constant pH and temperature throughout the titration
process, as changes in these parameters can affect the formation of metal-EDTA
complexes. Use buffers to control pH and a temperature-controlled
environment to minimize temperature variations.

Sources of error:
Incomplete Indicator Reaction:
Source: Inaccurate endpoint determination due to incomplete color change
when the metal ions have not completely formed a complex with EDTA.
Precaution: Use a proper indicator that distinctly changes color at the endpoint.
Calibrate the endpoint by performing a blank titration to understand the
indicator's behavior without the presence of the sample.
Presence of Other Metal Ions:
Source: Interference from other metal ions present in the water sample, which
can also react with EDTA and affect the accuracy of hardness determination.
Precaution: Pre-treat the sample using reagents or techniques to selectively
remove interfering ions or use masking agents to complex unwanted ions before
titration. Additionally, ensure the sample is properly filtered to remove any
particulate matter.
Conclusion
As water percolates into deposits of calcareous, gypsum or chalk that are primarily
composed of carbonates of magnesium or calcium, bicarbonates and sulphates, hard
water is formed. Multivalent cations are the metal complexes that hold positive
charges and the magnitude of these charges is always greater than 1 +. The cations
typically bear a positive charge of 2 +. In hard water, certain specific cations are
very common. Such examples include cations like Ca2 + and Mg2 +. Such ions can
enter a reservoir of water within an aquifer via the leaching of minerals.

Bibliography
https://byjus.com/chemistry/hard-water-and-soft-water/
https://www.britannica.com/science/hard-water
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Module
_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/
Hard_Waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_water
https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/hardness-water