INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

REPORT
Analysis Of Hard Water
In partial fulfillment of AISSCE 2023-24
Chemistry practical

Prepared By
Nishanth
Gowda
Class -XII-B
2023-24
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work presented in this grade XII Analysis
of Hard Water has been carried out under my supervision and is
the Bonafide work of Nishanth Gowda. This work is original and
has not been submitted for any other purpose.

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

DATE:

PLACE:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special gratitude to
my Chemistry Teacher Mr.Proteek Chatterjee
as well as our Head of School Ms. Swati Soni
who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project which also helped me to do a
lot of research work. I came to know about so
many new things. I am really thankful to them.
 INDEX

Sl.No Topic Page No

1
1 Aim

1
2 INTRODUCTION

1
3 THEORY

2
4 APPARATUS

3-4
5 PROCEDURE

4-6
6 OBSERVATIONS

7
7 PRECAUTIONS

7
8 SOURCES OF ERROR

9
9 CONCLUSION

9
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Aim
To estimate the amount of total hardness present in the given
sample of water by EDTA titration method.
 INTRODUCTION

Analyzing hard water involves understanding its composition,

particularly the presence of dissolved minerals like calcium and
magnesium. Hard water isn't harmful, but it can cause issues with
plumbing, appliances, and soap lathering. Testing for hardness typically
involves measuring the concentration of these minerals in water using
different methods like titration or test strips. The analysis often aims to
determine the water's hardness level, expressed in parts per million
(ppm) or grains per gallon (GPG), which helps in selecting appropriate
treatments like water softening to mitigate its effects. Understanding the
hardness of water is crucial for ensuring its optimal use in various
applications, from household chores to industrial processes.
 Theory

EDTA (Ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid) forms colorless stable

complexes with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions present in water at pH = 9-
10. To maintain the pH of the solution at
9-10, a buffer solution (NH4Cl + NH4OH) is used. Eriochrome
Black-T (E.B.T) is used as an indicator. The sample of hard water
must be treated with buffer solution and EBT indicator which
forms unstable, wine-red colored complex s with Ca2+ and Mg2+
present in water
 Apparatus
● 50 ml Burette
● 20 ml Pipette
● 250 ml conical flask
● 100 ml Beaker
● 250 ml beaker
● Glass funnel
● Reagents: EDTA solution
● Standard CaCO3 solution
● Eriochrome Black – T indicator
● Buffer solution
 Procedure
To Make EBT indicator:
We need Eriochrome Black T and Tri-Ethanol
anime 1. Weigh 0.5gm of EBT
2. Weigh 100 gm of Triethanolamine
3. Add the EBT to Triethanolamine and stir with the glass rod

To make the buffer solution:

1. Add 16.9 gm of Ammonia chloride (NH4CL)
2. Take 150 ml of distilled water and add the ammonia chloride
and stir with glass rod
3. Add 14ml of ammonia solution (NH4OH) and add it to the
beaker in step 2
4. Put it in a 250 ml volumetric flask
5.Add distilled water to reach 250 ml

Standardization of EDTA

i. Pipette out 20 ml of standard hard water into a conical flask.

ii. Add 5 ml of buffer solution and a few drops of Eriochrome

Black-T. The Indicator (which is originally blue color),
would acquire a wine-red color.
iii. Titrate with EDTA solution taken in the burette, till the wine
red color changes to blue (which is the end point). Let the
burette reading of EDTA be V ml.

2. Determination of Total hardness

Repeat the above titration method for sample hard water

instead of standard hard water. Let the burette reading of EDTA
be V ml.

3. Determination of Permanent hardness

Take 100 ml of sample hard water in a 250 ml beaker. Boil it to

remove temporary hardness to about half of this volume and cool
to room temperature. Filter through filter paper to remove
insoluble CaCO3 and MgCO3. Make up the volume to the original
100 ml by adding distilled water. Now pipette out 20 ml of this
solution into a clean conical flask. Then Repeat the process of
titration steps as mentioned above. Let the burette reading of
EDTA be V ml.
 Observations
Burette : Standard EDTA solution.

Conical flask : 25.0 ml of hard water + 1 tt NH4OH-

NH4Cl buffer Indicator : 2 -3 drops of Eriochrome Black

Color change : Wine red to clear blue

Standardization Of EDTA:

S.No Vol of Hard water Burette Reading Vol of

taken(ml) EDTA
Initial Final Consumed

1 20 0 19.5

2 20 0 19.5 19.5

3 20 0 19.5

Determination of Total hardness:

S.No Vol of Hard water Burette Reading Vol of

taken(ml) EDTA
Initial Final Consumed

1 20 0 12.5

2 20 0 12.5 12.5

3 20 0 12.5
Determination of Permanent hardness:

S.No Vol of Hard water Burette Reading Vol of

taken(ml) EDTA
Initial Final Consume
d

1 20 0 6.2

2 20 0 6.2 6.2

3 20 0 6.2

Calculations:
1. Standardization of EDTA
N1V1 = N2V2
Where, N1 = Strength of standard hard water =0.01
V1 = Volume of standard hard water in conical flask=20ml
N2 = Strength of EDTA=?
V2 = Volume of EDTA consumed (burette reading) =19.5ml

Strength of EDTA solution:0.0102

2. Determination of Total hardness

N1V1=N2V2
V1=Volume of EDTA=12.5 ml
N1=Strength of EDTA=0.0102
N2=strength of hard water=?
V2=volume of hard water=20ml

Strength Of Hard water sample:0.0063

Total Hardness:Strength of Hard water Xeq wt of CaCo3X1000

= 0.0063 X50X1000
= 315 ppm

Determination of permanent Hard water N1V1=N2V2

V1=Volume of EDTA=6.2ml
N1=Strength of EDTA=0.0102
N2=strength of hard water=?
V2=volume of hard water=20ml

Strength of Hard Water Sample:0.0031

Permanent Hardness of given water sample:Strength of Hard water Xeq wt of
CaCo3X1000
= 0.0031X50X1000
= 155 ppm

Temporary Hardness
Total Hardness-Permanent Hardness
= 315-155
= 160
 Precautions:
1. Regularly standardize the EDTA solution against a primary standard to ensure its
accurate concentration. This will enhance the accuracy of the titration results. Use
precise measuring equipment and follow standard protocols during preparation.

2.Maintain a constant pH and temperature throughout the titration process, as changes

in these parameters can affect the formation of metal-EDTA complexes. Use buffers
to control pH and a temperature-controlled environment to minimize temperature
variations.

Sources of error
1. Inaccurate endpoint determination due to incomplete color change when the
metal ions have not completely formed a complex with EDTA. Precaution: Use a
proper indicator that distinctly changes color at the endpoint. Calibrate the
endpoint by performing a blank titration to understand the indicator's behavior
without the presence of the sample.

2. Interference from other metal ions present in the water sample, which can also
react with EDTA and affect the accuracy of hardness determination .
Me Doing the project
 Conclusion
Result:
Amount of Total Hardness in given sample of water:315
Amount of Permanent Hardness in given sample of water:155
Amount of Temporary Hardness in given water sample: 160

As water percolates into deposits of calcareous, gypsum or chalk that

are primarily composed of carbonates of magnesium or calcium,
bicarbonates and sulphates, hard water is formed. Multivalent cations are
the metal complexes that hold positive charges and the magnitude of
these charges is always greater than 1 +. The cations typically bear a
positive charge of 2 +. In hard water, certain specific cations are very
common. Such examples include cations like Ca2 + and Mg2 +. Such
ions can enter a reservoir of water within an aquifer via the leaching of
minerals.
 Bibliography
https://byjus.com/chemistry/hard-water-and-soft-water/
https://www.britannica.com/science/hard-water
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Suppleme
ntal_Module
_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_
Reactions/ Hard_Waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_water
https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-
school/science/hardness-water