Construction Standards

• What is a Standard ?
• It is a model or a general agreement of a
Rule established by authority or
consensus.
• It conforms to widely acceptable
representative features and
characteristics.
 Construction Standards

• Standards are formulated after detailed

discussions with
• 1) Manufacturers.
• 2)Concerned Departments.
• 3) Users and beneficiaries.
• 4)Scentiests , experts etc.
 Construction Standards
• Standards help in
• 1)Simplification ( Variety Reduction ).
• 2)Easy Materials Management and
inventory control.
• 3) Quality Assurance.
• 4)Better means of Communication.
• 5) Confidence build up in Customers.
• 6)Quick deliveries.
 Construction Standards
• CEA Regulation 2010, regltn. 12
• All Electric Supply Lines and apparatus
shall be sufficient in Power and size and
of sufficient mechanical Strength for the
Work they may be required to do, and
shall be constructed , installed ,
protected , worked and maintained in such
a manner as to prevent danger.
• The relevant code of practice of the ISI if
any may be followed.
 Construction Standards
• The Material and apparatus shall conform
to the relevant specifications of the ISI.
 Construction Standards

Hence
Use –
Standard Materials

Follow –
Standard Construction Practices
 Construction Standards
• Where to Start with Construction ?
• Before Starting 11 KV line Work Finalise
the location of Transformer.
• Location ?
• 1) Nearest to the Load Centre.
• 2) Feasibility of drawl of 11KV line.
• 3) Easy Road access.
• 4) Minimum Public hindrance.
• 5) Safe location.
 Construction Standards
• 11 KV Lines :-
• Choice of Route
• 1)Shortest feasible route if possible along
Roads.
• 2)Transportation facility.
• 3)Minimum compensation.
• 4) One side of public path.
• 5) Minimum parallalism with BSNL lines
 Construction Standards
• Avoid:-
• 1)Steep Curves.
• 2)Rock Area.
• 3) Steep Hills.
• 4) Thick vegetations.
• 5) School Play Grounds.
• 6) River crossings.
 Construction Standards
• Right of Way :
• Approval from concerned authorities for
the drawl of line ,Tree cuttings, Stay
locations etc. so as to avoid further
hindrance to the Work.
• Tree Clearances as per site conditions.
• Preparation of
•
 Construction Standards
• Preparation of Route Map.
• Joint Inspection of Route with BSNL
authorities.
• Preparation of Estimates.
• Estimate Reports.
• Sanction from competent authorities.
• Administrative and Technical sanctions.
• Provisional Route approval from BSNL
authorities.
 Construction Standards
• Construction of 11 KV lines.
• 1) Erection of Supports.
• 2) Providing Stays.
• 3) Mounting Cross arms, Pins and Pin
Insulators.
• 4) Stinging of Conductors.
• 5) Jointing of conductors.
• 6) Sagging / Tensioning of conductors
• 7) Earthing of Poles.
 Construction Standards
• Supports :-
• As per REC standards 7.5 M, 8.0M, 9.0 M
Poles can be used.
• But in K.S.E.B. 9 M PSC Poles and A Type
poles ( 11 M, 12 M) are used.
• Maximum Span Length - 75 M.
• Planting Depth 1.5 M .
• Minimum Factor of Safety is 2.5.
• Working load on the Pole 200Kg at 60 CM
from the Top.
 Construction Standards
• Details of PSC Poles
• I. Manufacturing, Testing and handling of
poles:
• As per IS: 1343/80 -- Code of practice for
pre stressed concrete – (concrete mix)
• IS: 1678/60 —specification for PSC
poles
• IS: 2905./66 —Testing of poles
• IS: 7321/74 — Handling of poles
 Construction Standards
• Design features of 9 M/ 200 Kg PSC Pole.
• Factor of Safety = 2.5.
• Dia of HTS Wire = 4 mm.
• Ultimate Tensile Strength of Prestressing
Wire. = 17500 Kg /cm 2
• Number of Tensioned Wires = 12.
• Number of UnTensioned Wires = 2
• Weight of Pole = 490 Kg.
• Clear cover to Wires. = 20 mm.
• Steel Quantity / Pole = 11.4 Kg.
8M
Section at Bottom
Categ Working Cross section Number of Depth
ory of load
pole steel wire below
Bottom Top Tensioned Un G.L
4mm dia tensioned
4mm dia

7M 120kg 245 x 103 x 8 2 1.20M

85mm 85mm
8M 140kg 275 x 105 x 8 2 1.20M
90mm 90mm
9M 200kg 315 x 115 x 12 2 1.50M
105mm 105mm
• Poles manufactured : in pretension
method
• HTs wire specification : IS 6003/83
• The maximum pre-tension in
• 4mm H.T.S indented wire : 1760 kg.
• Concrete mix : M 20 (1:1.5:3)
(cement: sand:
aggregate)
• Minimum Cover : 20 MM
• Earth wire used in 9m poles : 8 MM
G.I. wire
• (embedded, 100mm Projection at 250
mm from top and 150mm below G.L)
• No joining or coupling in wire
• Compacting by spinning , shocking
or vibrating
• Minimum work cube strength after 28 days

: 420Kg/cm2
Detensioning of wires :After 3 to 4 days
on attaining 210 Kg/cm2

• No sudden detensioning by cutting bar

• TESTING
• Tensile stress applied at 60cm from top of
the pole
• Size of lot Sample Size
• Permissible defective pass
• Up to 100 10 1
• 101 to 200 15 1
• 201 to 300 20 2
• 301 to 500 30 3
• Destructive test I in 1000 or 1500 as per
agreement
• Sample poles tested for Over all length,
Gross Section & uprightness Tolerance
Limits are
• + 15mm for over all length
• + 3 mm for sectional dimension
• + 0.5% on uprightness
 Construction Standards
• Erection of DP Structures
• For angle of deviation more than 100 DP
structures are erected
• Pits taken along bisection of the angle of
deviation
• Different types of DP structures
• Stays to be provided with 7/3.15 mm
G.I.stay wire
Pin Insulator

F Type Bracket

11 KV Line
DP-
 Construction Standards
• STAYS FOR SUPPORTS
• Unbalanced strain or supports which can
cause tilting, up rooting or breaking of
support
To take care of the above STAYS,
ARE PROVIDED
 Construction Standards
• Stays are required
i) Angle locations
• ii) Dead end locations
• iii) Tee-off points
• iv) Steps gradient locations
 Construction Standards
Installation of stays include
• i) Excavation of stay pit and fixing stay
rod and stay plate
• ii) Fastening stay wire to the support
• iii) Tightening stay wire and fastening to
the Anchor
 Construction Standards
• SINGLE STAY
• DOUBLE STAY
• FLY STAY
• BOW STAY
• STRUT
 Construction Standards
• STAY INSULATORS.
• IS : 5300 C - Type for 11 KV.
• Basic Insulation Level : 27 KV (rms)
• Dry one minute power frequently with stand voltage
• Minimum failing Load : 13 KV(rms) Wet

• Stay insulators to be located at a Height of minimum

2.6 M from ground
 Construction Standards
• FIXING CROSS ARMS OF INSULATORS
• MOUNT Cross Arm on support
• V Cross arms are used for HT lines
11 KV- V Cross Arm
 Construction Standards
• FIX INSULATORS
• As per IS: 2486 (Part 1 & Part II)
• TYPE B
 Test Voltage of Insulators as per IS: 731

Highest Wet power Power freq. Impulse

system freq. puncture with stand voltage
voltage withstand test withstand
test test

12 KV 35 KV (rms) Pin Strain 75 KV

(rms) insulator insulator (peak
105 KV 105 KV
(rms (rms
 Construction Standards
• Minimum Mechanical Failing Load (Pin
insulator) - 5 KN
• Minimum Electromechanical Failing Load
Strain Insulators – 45 KN
 Standard Aluminium Stranded Conductors
Calculated Approx.
Nominal Approx.
Stranding & Approx. Resistance calculated
Aluminiu Sectional Area overall
Wire diameter mass at 20Dg.C breaking
m Area diameter
max. load

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

mm2 mm mm2 mm kg/km ohm/km KN

25 7/2.21 26.58 6.63 74 1.093 4.52

50 7/3.10 52.83 9.3 145 0.5561 8.25

 Standard Steel Cored Aluminium Conductors
Current
rating for
Sectional Total Calculated Approx.
Nominal Approx. 30 Dg.C
Stranding & Area of Section Approx. Resistance calculated
Aluminiu overall Temp.rise
Wire diameter Al. al Area mass at 20Dg.C breaking
m Area diameter above
max. load
40 Dg.C
Al. Steel ambiant
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

mm2 mm mm mm2 mm2 mm Kg/Km ohm/km KN Amp

20
6/2.11 1/2.11 20.98 24.48 6.33 85 1.403 7.61 70
Squirrel
30
6/2.59 1/2.59 31.61 36.88 7.77 128 0.9352 11.12 100
Weasel

50 Rabbit 6/3.35 1/3.35 52.88 61.7 10.05 214 0.556 18.25 148

60 Mink 6/3.66 1/3.66 63.06 73.57 10.98 255 0.454 22.6 167

80
6/4.09 1/4.09 78.83 91.97 12.27 319 0.3736 26.91 197
Raccoon
 Construction Standards
• What is a Standard ?
• It is a model or a general agreement of a
Rule established by authority or
consensus.
• It conforms to widely acceptable
representative features and
characteristics.
 Installation of Transformer, Switch gear etc

Phase to Phase clearance at the AB Switch shall be 914 mm

Phase to Earth clearance at the AB Switch shall be 610 mm
Unsupported length of 11 KV jumper shall be limited to
1.5 m and 2.44 m for stranded & solid conductors
respectively
Clearance of live part at transformer shall not be less
than 2.75m
Ground clearance of AB switch handle shall be 1.25m
Clearance between AB switch & DO fuse shall be a
minimum of 2.6m
Fencing of the TR. Yard or structure shall maintain
a clearance of 1.5m from other structure with a
height of 1.8m
Lightning arrestors shall be located between AB
switch & DO fuse
• For out door TRs. Installations phase to
phase clearance at AB switch, DO fuse,
insulators etc shall be 910mm and phase
to earth clearance shall be 610mm
• Clearance between live part of AB
switch & DO fuse supporting frame shall
not be less than 2.1 m
• Fencing with a height of 1.8m & alround
clearance of 1.5m shall be provided
The minimum size of earth wire is 14 SWG copper
Earth wire should never be used as neutral
Earth wire should be protected from mechanical
damages
Copper strip of 25X3 mm or equivalent GI should
be run through out the installation as main earth bus
• Earth electrodes should be 5m apart
from one another for pipe electrodes &
8m for plate electrodes
• Interconnection of earth shall be made
using largest size of conductor on the
earthing system
Pipe Earthing Rod Earthing

I.D of GI pipe not Not less than

less than 38mm 16mm dia if GI
Not less than
12.5mm dia if copper

The Length of rod and pipe electrodes -

Not less than 2.5m

Minimum depth of electrode in soil -

2.5m
• Where rock is encountered electrodes may
be buried inclined to the vertical.
• Length of electrode not less than 2.5m;
angle of inclination not greater than 30
degree from vertical.
• Pipes and rods shall be one piece, if
possible.
• To reduce the depth of burial, a number of
rods or pipes shall be connected in parallel.
• The distance between two electrodes not
less than two times the length of electrode
preferably. The resistance of an electrode
decreases with depth but the effect is little
above 3 to 3.5 meter. Earth wires and
conductors -- of copper G.I, steel or
aluminium.
• Effect of Moisture content on Soil
Resistivity
• -Above around 20% moisture in soil, the
soil resistivity is very little affected.
• Artificial treatment of soil.
• -The effect of salt content in the moisture
soil reduces soil resistivity but the effect
is little after 4% of salt in moisture.
 500 Variation of Soil Resistivity
with a moisture content.
400

300

200

12
100

Resistivity
of Soil in
Ohm 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Metre.
Moisture in Salt , Percentage
 400
350
300
250
200
150
100

50
Resistivity
of soil in
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Ohm
Metre. Percentage of Salt in Moisture
Variation of Soil Resistivity with Salt ( NaCl )content
clay Soil having 3 % moisture.
• EARTHING OF DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMERS.
• Five earth pipes of 2.5m length each
should be erected into the ground.
• The minimum distance between the earth
pipes should be 5m.
• 8mm G.I wire shall be used for earth
leads.
• Earth No.1 : L.A
• Earth No.2 : Transformer neutral
• Earth No.3 : Transformer neutral
• Transformer body
• Earth No.4 : Transformer Body
• All metal parts of structure
• Earth No. 5 : Metal parts
• : Insulator pins (duplicate
earthing)
• : Stay clamps
• : AB switch body
• : AB handle
• : Supports for insulation etc.
Acceptable Earth Resistance
Limits

• Domestic Installations: <10 Ohm

• MV Industries: <5 Ohm
• HT Consumers: <2 Ohm

– Dept of Electrical Inspectorate

 5M BODY,
N, BODY STRUCTURES

POLE
Transformer

Pipe

N
LA

AB Switch
Handle & Position of Transformer
Metal Parts and Earth Pipes.
Coil Earthing
Pipe Earthing
 Construction Standards
• Rule 66 Metal sheathed Electric supply
Lines. Precautions against leakage
• Rule 67 connection with Earth.
• Rule 68 General conditions as to
transformation and control of energy –
fencing protection, etc …
• Rule 69 Pole type substation—Hand rail to
be provided; to be earthed.
• PTCC NORMS
• Power cable shall be laid through pipes
at Telephone cable and Road crossings.
• Along roads, concrete/brick covers with
Markings shall be provided.
• Preferably 0.6m but not less than 0.3m
horizontal separation to be maintained
between power cable and telephone
cable.
• For identification of U/G cable, route
markers to be pointed .
• For identification of U/G cable, route
markers to be pointed .
• Minimum depth of cable 0.75m and 1m
at road crossings.
• The angle of crossing shall be 90 degree
but not less than 60 degree.
• The power system shall be equipped
with protective switch gear such that
duration of earth fault current should
not exceed 0.5 Seconds.
– Joint inspection of 11KV route at the time
of preparing estimate.
– Provisional Route Approval to be obtained
from BSNL.
– Detailed Route map of the proposed 11KV
line showing telephone crossings, location
of transformer etc to be prepared and
along with the Performa, to be sent to the
AGM (CP), O/o PGM Telecom, BSNL
Bhavan, Ernakulam, Kochi 682016 with
copy to the Local SDET.
– After verifications, PRA will be given by
the BSNL Authorities.
– An invoice for removal of line, shifting
telephone lines, changing to UG cable etc will be
intimated by the BSNL authorities.
– Assistant Engineer to measure the invoice and is
to be passed by competent authorities from
KSEB and to effect payment by DD to BSNL
authority (to the AGM, with intimation to local
SDET.)
- On receiving, the local BSNL authorities carry
out the proposed shifting work.
• On completion of Line works request for
energisation approval is to be sent to the
AGM along with the remittance details.
• E.A will be issued by the AGM normally
within one month.
• Decision taken at the Central PTCC
meeting held at Darjeeling on 27.2.03
against unilateral charging of power
lines. Penalty for unilateral charges
after 1.4.03.
• 1. 11KV lines : 1 lakh

• 2. 11KV up to 33KV lines : 2 lakhs

• 3. Beyond 33KV : 10 lakhs.

• Voltage up to 650V Up to 12KV
• Min. Clearance between power line
&Telecom line : 1380mm
2130mm

• Mini. Clearance between insulated

Weather proof wires & telephone line
: 915mm

• Power lines Cross over Telecom lines.

• CEA Regulation 2010
• Regulation 69 Lines crossing or
Approaching Each other.
• Who ever lays his line later shall provide
guarding and protective devices.
• Who ever proposes the new line, one
months notice of his intention to be
given to the first entrant.
• Expenses towards guarding and
protection arrangement to be borne by
the 2nd entrant.
• Approval from Electrical Inspector for the
energisation of 11KV line or Transformer.
• Regulation 43
• I -Supplier (KSEB) shall ensure that the
lines or apparatus are placed in position,
properly joined, duly completed and
examined.
• Supplier (KSEB) shall not energize the line
or apparatus unless approval is obtained
from the Electrical Inspector after
satisfying himself that the provisions of
regulation 43 have been complied with by
the supplier (KSEB)
• Rule 70 – Guarding:
• Every guard wire shall be earthed at
each point at which its electrical
continuity is broken.
• Every guard wire shall have a minimum
breaking strength of 635 kg .
• Every guard wire should have sufficient
current carrying capacity.
 Guarding for Electrical Lines

• Guarding are to be provided at crossings.

• Guard wires to be earthed at either end.
• Breaking load of guard wires not less
than 635kg.
• Min. clearance between power wires and
guard wires—1220mm.
CEA Regulation 2010
• Rule 69 Lines crossing or Approaching
Each other.
• Who ever lays his line later shall provide
guarding and protective devices.
• Who ever proposes the new line, one
months notice of his intention to be
given to the first entrant.
• Expenses towards guarding and
protection arrangement to be borne by
the 2nd entrant.
• Approval from Electrical Inspector for the
energisation of 11KV line or Transformer.
• Regulation 43
• I -Supplier (KSEB) shall ensure that the
lines or apparatus are placed in position,
properly joined, duly completed and
examined.
• Supplier (KSEB) shall not energize the line
or apparatus unless approval is obtained
from the Electrical Inspector after
satisfying himself that the provisions of
regulation 43 have been complied with by
the supplier (KSEB)
 Electrical Clearances
• Low and medium voltage lines.
• Regulation 58

Across street 5.791 M ( 19 Feet)

Along street 5.486 M ( 18 Feet)

Else where 4.572 M ( 15 Feet)

 Electrical Clearances
• High voltage lines.
• Regulation 58

Across street 6.096M (20Feet)

Along street 5.791M ( 19 Feet)

Else where 5.182M ( 17 Feet)

 Regulation 60
Vertical clearances with buildings
Low and Medium 2.438 M (8 Feet)
Voltage
High Voltage 3.658 M (12 Feet)

Horizontal clearances with buildings

Low and Medium 1.219 M ( 4 Feet)

Voltage
High Voltage 1.219 M ( 4 Feet)
Protective
Guarding
across Road
 Construction Standards
• Regulation 33 – Voltage tests.
• Insulation resistance for not less than 1
minute with insulation tester producing
not less than 1000 V. for new
installations, for not new but kept
disconnected—after testing, 1 hr. idle
charging after repair or alteration.
• PROCEDURE
1. Fill up the proforma , prepare Route
map of 11KV line, Transformer
Installation-to be done by Assistant
Engineer
2. Send to the Electrical Inspector
concerned.
3. Remit the required Inspection Fees
4. Inspector shall inspect the site and
verify that all regulations relating to
safety complied with
5. Electrical Inspector gives
Energisation Approval.
 Construction Standards
Details of Inspection Fees.
• 11KV Line : Rs. 10/KM
• Transformer : Rs. 2/KVA
• AB switch : Rs. 1/Amp
• Earth : Rs. 25/earth.
• Mode of payment : Treasury Chelan
• A/c Head : 0043-102
• Purpose : Inspection fee.
• GUIDELINES FOR CABLE TV DRAWAL
• 1. Ground clearance along street : 3050mm
• 2. ..do.. across the road : 5800mm
• 3. vertical clearance from lowest power : 1200mm

conductor
• 4. Bearer wire breaking strength : 350 kg
• 5. Porcelain, tension and pin insulators –used
as supporting and stringing the bearer wire.
• 6. The bearer wire shall be sectionalized and
shall not exceed 4 spans. Each section should
be earthed in duplicate at start and points with
No. 8 S,W,G GI wire used Earthing electrodes
of 38 mm diameter.
• 7. 130 mm horizontal clearance from pole
for bearer wire and cable. Cables to be
bound to bearer wire at an interval of
1250mm.
• 8. Operating voltage of booster shall not
exceed 110 v
• GUIDELINES TO BE FOLLOWED FOR
LAYING 11KV /LT U/G CABLES
• KSEB should be the applicant.
• Approval will be given to KSEB only
• Required form (form A&B)
questionnaire, Route Diagram etc should
be attached along with the request.