SURVEYING II

ADJUSTMENT OF
TRIANGULATION OBSERVATIONS

Juliana Useya

Department of Geoinformatics and Surveying

ADJUSTMENT OF TRIANGULATION
OBSERVATIONS
 Adjustment of Triangulation observations (horizontal)
depending on the order of triangulation, angle observations
in triangulation schemes have to be adjusted for geometric
consistency before any coordinate calculations are
attempted.
 In case of 1st and 2nd order triangulation, the method of
equal shifts is normally adopted whilst for the third order a
direction sheet can be extracted and adjustments
performed.
 For simple triangles, equal shift adjustment is achieved by
taking each triangle in turn through the network,
calculation the misclosure and applying 1/3 of this to each
angle.
 Methods of adjusting the observed angles in braced quads
and center point polygons by equal shift are given below. 95
ADJUSTMENT OF A BRACED QUAD USING
THE EQUAL SHIFTS METHODS

96
PERFORMING THE ANGLE ADJUSTMENT
 3 angle conditions have to be satisfied for the equal shifts
adjustment, these are:
i. ∑angles (1-8) = 360o
ii. Angle 1+2 = Angle 5+6
iii. Angle 3+4 = Angle 7+8

 Conditions ii and iii are known as adjustment to opposites

97
 PERFORMING THE SIDE ADJUSTMENT
 In addition to angle conditions, a side condition must also be satisfied for a
braced quad i.e.

 This non-linear condition is applied to the first adjusted angles by calculating

the side adjustment (V) from

where
a = Sin 1 Sin 3 Sin 5 Sin 7
b = Cot 1 + Cot 3 + Cot 5 + Cot 7
c = Sin 2 Sin 4 Sin 6 Sin 8
d= Cot 2 + Cot 4 + Cot 6 + Cot 8
98
 The value of |V’’| is computed using the first adjusted angles and if c > a, the
value of |V’’| is subtracted from each of the even angles and added to each of
the odd angles.
Angle Observed Adjustm Adjustme First Side Final Final
value ent to nt to adjusted adjust adjusted Angle
all opposites angle ment
angles

1 50 21 19 +1.12’’ -2’’ 50 21 18.12 +5.01 50 21 23.13 50 21 23

2 56 21 41 +1.12’’ -2’’ 56. 21 40.12 -5.01 56 21 35.11 56 21 35

3 43 19 39 +1.12’’ -1.75’’ 43 19 38.37 +5.01 43 19 43.38 43 19 43

4 29 57 24 +1.12’’ -1.75’’ 29 57 23.37 -5.01 29 57 18.36 29 57 18

5 47 21 16 +1.13’’ +2’’ 42 21 19.13 +5.01 42 21 24.14 42 21 24

6 59 21 36 +1.13’’ +2’’ 59 21 39.13 -5.01 59 21 34.12 59 21 34

7 34 52 11 +1.13’’ +1.75’’ 34 52 13.88 +5.01 34 52 18.87 34 52 19

8 38 24 45 +1.13’’ +1.75’’ 38 24 47.88 -5.01 38 24 42.87 38 24 99

43
Total 359 59 51 360 00 00 360 00 00
EQUAL SHIFTS ADJUSTMENT FOR A
CENTRED POINT POLYGON
 ABC shows a triangulation scheme consisting of points ABC
in the form of a triangulation with a fourth point S in the
centre of the triangle.

100
ANGLE ADJUSTMENT IS PERFORMED IN THE
FOLLOWING MANNER:
 When the angle conditions are clearly satisfied in the centre point
polygon, the adjusted angles in a triangle must be 180°.
 Adjusted angles 7, 8 & 9 must add to 360° and adjusted accordingly
 The side condition for the centre point polygon is similar to that of a
braced quad, in this case

 And the side adjustment is obtained using an expression identical to the

braced quad one.
 However, only the outer angles are used to give
a = Sin 1 Sin3 Sin 5
b = Cot 1 + Cot 3 + Cot 5
c = Sin 2 Sin 4 Sin 6
d = Cot 2 + Cot 4 + Cot 6

 NB. The value of v is calculated using the angles obtained after applying101
the angle conditions.
ANALYTICAL METHOD
 A & B are known points but inaccessible
 U&V are unknown points and accessible

 Task:
 Required to calculate coordinates of U & V
102
SOLUTION
 Since U&V are accessible, 1,2,3 and 4 can be measured
 5 =180 –(2+3+4)
 8 = 180 – (1+2+3)
 2+3 = 6 +7 = M
 7=M–6

 Sin (7) = k Sin 6

 Sin (M) Cos 6 – Cos (M) Sin (6) = k Sin (6)
 Sin (M) Cot (6) = k + Cos (M)

 After calculating 6 and 7, directions AV, AU, BV & BU can be

computed
 Hence coordinates of U & V can be obtained by intersection 103
 EQUAL SHIFTS ADJUSTMENT OF A CENTRE
POINT POLYGON

 Calculate the adjustment values for all angles in the

triangulation scheme of a centre point polygon

Angle
1 30.24.05
2 33.35.42
3 25.14.15
4 32.40.03
5 34.09.51
6 23.56.08
7 116.00.21
8 122.05.38 104
9 121.53.58
SOLUTION
a = Sin 1 Sin3 Sin 5 = 0.1216165686
b = Cot 1 + Cot 3 + Cot 5 = 5.299336907
c = Sin 2 Sin 4 Sin 6 = 0.121167855
d = Cot 2 + Cot 4 + Cot 6 = 5.317889245

105
Angle Observed Adj. to 180° Adj to Adj to Final adj Side adj Final adj Final
value centre 360° angles angles angle
angle

1 30.24.05 -2.67’’ -0.55 30.24.01,78 +0.35 30.24.02,13 30.24.02

2 33.35.42 -2.67’’ -0.56 33.35.38,77 -0.35 33.35.38,42 33.35.38

7 116.00.21 -2.66’’ 116.00.18,3 +1.11 116.00.19,4 116.00.19,4 116.00.20

4 5 5
180.00.08 180.00.00 180.00.00

3 25.14.15 +1.33’’ -0.55 25.14.15,78 +0.35 25.14.16,13 25.14.16

4 32.40.03 +1.33’’ -0.56 32.40.03,77 -0.35 32.40.03,42 32.40.03

8 122.05.38 +1.34’’ 122.05.39,3 +1.11 122.05.40,4 122.05.40,4 122.05.41

4 5 5
179.59.56 180.00.00 180.00.00

5 34.09.57 +1’’ -0.55 34.09.51.45 +0.35 34.09.51.80 34.09.52

6 23.56.08 +1’’ -0.56 23.56.08,45 -0.35 23.56.08,10 23.56.08

9 121.53.58 +1’ 121.53.59 +1.10 121.54.00.1 121.54.00.1 121.54.00

106
0 0
179.59.57 359.59.56,6 180.00.00
8
 EXAMPLE
 Given the following data in shaft plumbing,
determine the coordinates of U & V.

Angle
1 52.15.17
2 43.29.11
3 46.13.52
4 48.59.47

Coordinates Y X
107
A +116.72 +489.74
B +120.79 +489.51
SOLUTION
 5 =180° –(2+3+4) = 41° 17’ 10’’
 8 = 180° – (1+2+3) = 38° 01’ 40’’
 Adjustment to opposites
 2+3 = 6+ 7
 89° 43’ 03’’ = 6 + 7
 7 = 89° 43’ 03’’ – 6

 K = 0.849 166 795

 Sin (7) = k Sin 6
 Sin (89.43.03) Cos 6 – Cos (89.43.03) Sin (6) = k Sin (6) 108
 Sin (M) Cot (6) = k + Cos (89.43.03)
 1/tan (6) = Cot (6)
 Angle 6 = 49° 29’ 57’’
 Hence angle 7 = 89° 43’03’’ – (6) = 40° 13’06’’

 Join AB = 93° 14’04’’

 AV = AB - (7) = 53° 00’ 58’’
 AU = AB – (7+8) = 14° 59’ 18’’
 BV = BA + (5+6) = 04° 01’ 11’’
 BU = BA + 6 = 322° 44’ 01’’
 Β = 322° 44’01’’
 ∝ = 14 ° 59’18’’

 Calculate coordinates of A & B using intersection 109

QUESTIONS????