ARTICLE 1: Theories of Suicide: Past, Present and Future

SUMMARY
Some researchers in the field of suicidology think that the old theories of
suicide are too constraining and impede advances in the understanding of
suicide. However the book's authors are not quite so critical of past theories. In
the book they review the classic theories of suicide, both psychological and
sociological, because they are the foundation of our current theories and also
propose the skeletons of possible future theories. The goal of the text is to
present researchers with theories to guide their research, encourage them to
modify these theories, perhaps meld them together in some cases, and think how
they might propose new theories.

HIGHLIGHTS
Suicide and Suicidal behavior

CONCLUSION
The terms fact and theory are words with different meanings. Although
both are used in many different fields of studies, they still manage to have their
own distinct definitions that separate one from the other.
Facts and data points are sometimes useful for understanding a behavior
but, without theory, facts do not advance our knowledge about the causes of the
behavior. Too often, the facts lay littered around, without organization or import.
Theories organize the facts, enabling the facts to confirm or fail to confirm
predictions from a theory.
Suicide is the act or an instance of taking one's own life voluntarily and
intentionally. There are several recent proposals for psychological theories of
suicide, including Joiner’s Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide. This
theory attempts to explain why individuals engage in suicidal behavior and to
identify individuals who are at risk. The theory consists of three components that
together lead to suicide attempts. According to the theory, the simultaneous
presence of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness produce
the desire for suicide. While the desire for suicide is necessary, it alone will not
result in death by suicide. Rather, Joiner asserts that one must also have
acquired capability (that is, the acquired ability to overcome one's natural fear of
death).

REFERENCE
Gunn, J. F., Lester, D. (2014). THEORIES OF SUICIDE: Past, Present and
Future. Retrieved from http://search.ebschost.com

ARTICLE 2: Mental Health Implications of Music: Insight from

Neuroscientific and Clinical Studies

SUMMARY
Neuroscientific and clinical studies of music over the past two decades
have substantially increased our understanding of its use as a means of therapy.
The authors briefly review current literature related to music’s effect on people
with different mental illnesses, and examine several neurobiological theories that
may explain its effectiveness or lack thereof in treating psychiatric disorders.
Neuroscientific studies have shown music to be an agent capable of
influencing complex neurobiological processes in the brain and suggest that it
can potentially play an important role in treatment. Clinical studies provide some
evidence that music therapy can be used as an alternative therapy in treating
depression, autism, schizophrenia, and dementia, as well as problems of
agitation, anxiety, sleeplessness, and substance misuse, though whether it can
actually replace other modes of treatment remains undetermined. Future
research should include translational studies involving both neuroscience and
clinical medicine that investigate the long-term effects of music intervention and
that lead to the development of new strategies for music therapy.

HIGHLIGHTS
Mental Health, Music, Music Therapy, Neuroscience, Psychiatry
CONCLUSION
For most people, music is an important part of daily life. Some rely on
music to get them through the morning commute, while others turn up a favorite
playlist to stay pumped during a workout. Many folks even have the stereo on
when they’re cooking a meal, taking a shower, or folding the laundry.
Music is often linked to mood. A certain song can make us feel happy,
sad, energetic, or relaxed. Because music can have such an impact on a
person’s mindset and well-being, it should come as no surprise that
music therapy has been studied for use in managing numerous medical
conditions.
All forms of music may have therapeutic effects, although music from
one's own culture may be most effective. In Chinese medical theory, the five
internal organ and meridian systems are believed to have corresponding musical
tones, which are used to encourage healing.
Types of music differ in the types of neurological stimulation they evoke.
For example, classical music has been found to cause comfort and relaxation
while rock music may lead to discomfort. Music may achieve its therapeutic
effects in part by elevating the pain threshold.

REFERENCE
Lin et al. (2010). Mental Health Implications of Music: Insight from Neuroscientific
and Clinical Studies. Retrieved from http://search.ebschost.com

ARTICLE 3: Helpful-stressful cycle? Psychological links

between type of mobile phone user and stress.

SUMMARY
Because of the quick development and widespread use of mobile phones,
and their vast effect on communication and interactions, it is important to study
possible negative health effects of mobile phone exposure. Excessive usage and
habitual checking can cause significant stress for smartphone users. A helpful-
stressful cycle is beginning to emerge as a pattern. Because of this, the authors
developed a model that examines the differences between smartphone and
traditional mobile phone users with regard to the relationships between
four psychological factors: locus of control (LOC), social interaction anxiety
(SIA), need for touch (NFT) and materialism. The examination explores this in
the context of the level of stress these two types of users experience when using
their chosen phone. The results from the study suggest that user type moderates
the aforementioned relationships. The effects of LOC, SIA and NFT on
‘technostress’ are stronger for smartphone users than for traditional mobile
phone users. In contrast, materialism is positively related to stress for traditional
mobile phone users but not for smartphone users.

HIGHLIGHTS
Smartphone; stress; locus of control; social interaction anxiety; need for
touch; materialism

CONCLUSION
The authors developed a model to examine how smartphone and
traditional mobile phone users differ in the relationship between four
psychological factors and the level of technostress experienced with phone
usage.
The empirical evidence confirms that user type moderates the
aforementioned relationships. Consistent with the hypotheses, the effects of
LOC, SIA and NFT on technostress are stronger for smartphone users than for
traditional mobile phone users. In contrast, materialism is positively related to
technostress for traditional mobile phone users but not for smartphone users.
Smartphone users tend to believe that they have control over the situations and
experiences that affect their lives. They have fear of interaction with other people
that brings on self-consciousness, feelings of being negatively judged and
evaluated, and, as a result, leads to avoidance. However, traditional mobile
phone users tend to be more materialistic than the smartphone users maybe
because they are deprived of having more advanced gadgets.

REFERENCE
Lee et al. (2015). Helpful-stressful cycle? Psychological links between type of
mobile phone user and stress. Retrieved from http://search.ebschost.com

ARTICLE 4: Implicit Positive Emotion Counteracts Ego

Depletion
SUMMARY
Previous researchers have shown that individual acts of self-regulation
deplete individual psychological resources, resulting in poor subsequent self-
regulation and ego depletion. It has also been shown that to
counteract ego depletion, besides getting enough sleep or rest, positive emotions
are important. In this study we aimed to establish whether or not implicit positive
emotion is important in countering ego depletion. In 2 experiments measuring the
duration of self-regulation after implicit positive emotion it was found that self-
regulation counteracts ego depletion. Participants in an ego-depleted condition
were exposed to subliminal positive stimuli and they persisted in subsequent self-
regulation longer than another group of participants who were exposed to
subliminal neutral stimuli.

HIGHLIGHTS
Ego depletion, implicit positive emotion, self-regulation, psychological
resources

CONCLUSION
As humans, we have natural urges and tendencies which, if we indulged,
would not always be socially acceptable. We therefore need to control these and
a key part of childhood is spend in learning this discipline. We also need to do
things that we do not necessarily want to do, which also requires inner control.
There are a number negative emotions that we may experience, from anger to
fear, yet in social situations there is a common value that such emotions should
be suppressed rather than expressed. Such control also takes ongoing effort,
peaking at the moments when there internal pressure to say or do something that
might later be regretted.
This self-management takes constant emotional and cognitive effort. In
these acts of self-control and will-power, some acts take more effort than others.
Overall, though, there is almost always some ongoing effort in staying socially
acceptable.
In a Freudian sense, this self-control uses the conscious 'ego' to control
the basic desires of the 'id'. Hence as it gets worn down through exercise, the
ego becomes depleted.
Ego depletion tend to result in greater attention to the short term with
priority being given to this and consequent ignoring of longer-term factors. This
can lead to unwise decisions.
The depletion that is caused may be restored to some extend by rest and
positive experiences. It has also been found that ingesting glucose has a
significant restorative effect. This depletion and restoration has contributed to the
metaphor of will as a 'muscle'.

REFERENCE
Ren et al. (2010). Implicit Positive Emotion Counteracts Ego Depletion.
Retrieved from http://search.ebschost.com

ARTICLE 5: The Relation between Implicit Theories of

Personality and Forgiveness

SUMMARY
This research examined the effect of implicit theories of personality on
interpersonal forgiveness and the mediating mechanism underlying this effect.
Two experiments show that incremental personality theorists are less forgiving
than entity personality theorists and that this difference can be explained by the
incremental theorists' stronger tendency to appraise the transgressor as
responsible for causing the hurtful event. The same findings were obtained
regardless of whether forgiveness was measured by self-report or assessed as
responses to anger words in a latency response task.

HIGHLIGHTS
Interpersonal relations, personality, forgiveness, implicit memory, self-
evaluation, psychology

CONCLUSION
God has created each and every person unique. Everyone have different
patterns of thinking, feeling, and behavior. Therefore, each person may behave
differently even in similar situation. Basically it depends on personality traits, a
person has born with. By maintaining unique personality traits and characteristics
people live in this world successfully and build healthy interpersonal
relationships. Some personality traits help people to build and maintain warm
relationship with others. They might forgive others and ignore their mistakes
easily and whole heartedly. Forgiveness is a way of smoothing social
relationships and maintaining one’s wellbeing. Personality traits have a strong
relationship with the level of forgiveness. People with different personality traits
have different level of forgiveness that depends on how a person thinks about
other persons and the situations. So it is interesting and important to explore the
relationship between personality traits and level of forgiveness particularly among
college students because the empirical findings of this kind of research is helpful
to identify intensity of soft feelings and warmth youth is having with reference to
differences in their characteristics.

REFERENCE
Ng and Tong. (2012). The Relation between Implicit Theories of Personality and
Forgiveness. Retrieved from http://search.ebschost.com
ARTICLE 6: Adolescents' Implicit Theories Predict Desire for

Vengeance after Peer Conflicts: Correlational

and Experimental Evidence
SUMMARY
Why do some adolescents respond to interpersonal conflicts vengefully,
whereas others seek more positive solutions? Three studies investigated the role
of implicit theories of personality in predicting violent or vengeful responses to
peer conflicts among adolescents in Grades 9 and 10. They showed that a
greater belief that traits are fixed (an entity theory) predicted a stronger desire for
revenge after a variety of recalled peer conflicts (Study 1) and after a
hypothetical conflict that specifically involved bullying (Study 2). Study 3
experimentally induced a belief in the potential for change (an incremental
theory), which resulted in a reduced desire to seek revenge. This effect was
mediated by changes in bad-person attributions about the perpetrators, feelings
of shame and hatred, and the belief that vengeful ideation is an effective
emotion-regulation strategy. Together, the findings illuminate the social-cognitive
processes underlying reactions to conflict and suggest potential avenues for
reducing violent retaliation in adolescents.

HIGHLIGHTS
Prediction, Conflict, Peer relationship, adolescents, Conflict Resolution,
Personality traits, Bullying, Emotional response, Self-Control, Violence

CONCLUSION
David Yeager and colleagues (2011) discovered that when high school
students experience wrong-doing, such as when they are excluded in a social
situation, they react in more pro-social ways if they have previously learned that
personal qualities can change. They feel less shame and hatred and engage less
in revenge. They feel more agency. They are more likely to work to change the
situation by sharing their experiences and views and by asking questions to
engage in dialogue and negotiation.

REFERENCE
Yeager, et al. (2011). Adolescents' Implicit Theories Predict Desire For
Vengeance After Peer Conflicts: Correlational And Experimental
Evidence. Retrieved from http://search.ebschost.com

ARTICLE 7: Wanting To Be Better But Thinking You Can't:

Implicit Theories of Personality Moderate the

Impact of Self-Discrepancies on Self-Esteem
SUMMARY
Two studies examined the role of implicit theories of personality in the
relation between actual – ideal self-discrepancies and self-esteem. Replicating
previous work, we found that those with greater actual – ideal self-discrepancies
reported lower self-esteem. Moreover, we hypothesized that this outcome would
be especially stronger for those possessing an entity theory of personality than
for those possessing an incremental theory of personality. Both studies
supported this prediction, using either a nomothetic measure of actual – ideal
self-discrepancy (Study 1) or an idiographic measure of actual – ideal self-
discrepancy (Study 2). In other words, the relation between self-discrepancy and
self-evaluation was stronger for entity theorists than for incremental theorists.
Implications of these findings for topics ranging from emotional regulation to
educational settings are discussed.

HIGHLIGHTS
Prediction, Conflict, Peer relationship, adolescents, Conflict Resolution,
Personality traits, Bullying, Emotional response, Self-Control, Violence

CONCLUSION
 In sum, the current work demonstrates that beliefs (in this case, about the
nature of personality) affect how discrepancies between actual and goal selves
impact self-worth. Those with greater actual – ideal self-discrepancies had lower
self-esteem, and this relation was most strongly revealed by those believing that
personality is relatively unchangeable. When facing life’s inevitable setbacks and
failures, the current work suggests that holding a theory about personality that
acknowledges change and development may well provide the best means by
which to realize it and to do so with one’s sense of self-worth intact.

REFERENCE
Renaud and McConnell. (2010). Wanting To Be Better But Thinking You Can't:
Implicit Theories Of Personality Moderate The Impact Of Self-
Discrepancies On Self-Esteem. Retrieved from
http://search.ebschost.com

ARTICLE 8: Predicting Relatedness and Self-Definition

Depressive Experiences in Aging Women Based

On Personality Traits: A Preliminary Study
SUMMARY
This study seeks to predict depressive experiences in aging women
according to Sidney Blatt’s perspective based on the Five-Factor Model of
Personality. The researchers administered the following measurements: NEO-
Five Factor Inventory and the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire. The
domains Neuroticism, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness predicted self-
criticism, explaining 68% of the variance; the domains Neuroticism and
Extraversion predicted dependency, explaining 62% of the variance. The sub
factors Neediness and Connectedness were differently related to personality
traits

HIGHLIGHTS
Prediction, Self-definition, Personality traits, Depression
CONCLUSION
Symptoms were not just the predictors of an aging woman’s depressions.
We must understand their weaknesses for us to be able to treat them well. Based
on the study, neuroticism always have a high negative affect to one’s life just like
in the previous study. Depressive experiences of aging women were somehow
related to their personality traits. The different types of depressive experiences
have different personality links, which highlight the importance of considering
personality functioning and not just symptomatic expressions of depression when
treating older women.

REFERENCE
Calado, et al. (2013). Predicting Relatedness And Self-Definition Depressive
Experiences In Aging Women Based On Personality Traits: A Preliminary
Study. Retrieved from http://guilfordjournals.com.

ARTICLE 9: Personality Trait Change Across Late Childhood

to Young Adulthood: Evidence for Nonlinearity

and Sex Differences in Change
SUMMARY
The study was used to evaluate personality in specific aspects over the
critical developmental period of a person from late childhood through early
adulthood. The results of the study showed the importance of being able to
model nonlinear as well as linear change in order to describe personality change
accurately. Findings of the study exposed the future researcher that there was a
robust nonlinear change in several traits across late childhood to young
adulthood, as well as deviations from normative patterns of maturation at the
earliest ages.

HIGHLIGHTS
Prediction, Self-definition, Personality traits, Depression
CONCLUSION
I agree with the author’s findings that there is a robust nonlinear change
in several traits across late childhood to young adulthood. This could mean that a
person’s change in personality traits is unpredictable. We should not expect a
person to change according to the normative patterns of human behavior. A
person’s personality trait may be affected by gender and other factors such as
socio-contextual factor and normative life events. With this, personality trait
change across late childhood to young adulthood is truly unexpected, often
abrupt and difficult to predict

REFERENCE
Durbin, et al. (2015). Personality Trait Change Across Late Childhood To Young
Adulthood: Evidence For Nonlinearity And Sex Differences In Change.
Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.

ARTICLE 10: Emotional Intelligence or Personality in

Resistance to Change? Empirical Results in an

Italian Health Care Context
SUMMARY
The study intend to investigate the role of personality traits and emotional
intelligence in relation to resistance to change. It uses Eysenck Personality
Questionnaire–Revised Short Form, the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory,
and the Resistance to Change Scale to the 274 Italian physicians and nurses.
The study revealed that emotional intelligence added a substantial percentage of
incremental variance compared with personality trait variances. The results of the
study highlight emotional intelligence and its relationship with resistance to
change.

HIGHLIGHTS
 Emotional Intelligence, Personality

CONCLUSION
With this, I agree that emotional intelligence could be a promising variable
for reducing resistance to change through specific training with exercises that will
improve each area of emotional intelligence. It could really help the clinical
workforce to face the new care procedures. Less resistance to change could
generate more opportunities for health professionals and other professions both
in terms of quality of services and in terms of quality of our career development
and leading to our overall well-being.

REFERENCE
Di Fabio, et al. (2014). Emotional Intelligence or Personality in Resistance to
Change? Empirical Results in an Italian Health Care Context. Retrieved
from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.