ESSENTIALISM

Belief:

 Essence precedes existence

 There is a life prepared for you.

Role of the teacher:

 To teach learners the basic knowledge, skills and values or the 4 basic skills or 4 R’s ( Reading, ‘Riting,
’Rithmetic, and Right Conduct)

Role of the student:

 To acquire the 4 fundamental skills or 4 R’s ( Reading, ‘Riting, ‘Rithmetic, and Right Conduct)

Suggested Teaching strategies:

 Drill Method, Memorization, Lecture Method and Discipline

PERENNIALISM

Belief:

 Thing are ageless, eternal and unchanged

 Truth is universal-does not depend on circumstances of time place and person (transcendent truth and
values)
 “You can find WISDOM from the PAST.

Role of the teacher:

 Develop the students’ rational and moral power.

Role of the student:

 To learn from the great books like history, religion, literature (past ideas relevant) and understand the great
works of civilization.

Suggested Teaching strategies:

 Socratic Method or mutual inquiries session.

HUMANISM

Belief:

 Learning is viewed as a personal act to achieved one’s full potential

 Focuses on human freedom, dignity and potential.
 Believes in the necessity of studying a person as a whole, particularly as they grow over a lifespan.

Role of the teacher:

 To create self-actualized students.

 To facilitate and guide students in the process of their learning

Role of the student:

 Develop natural desire for learning.

Suggested Teaching strategies:

 Problem solving methods and educational trips.

CONSTRUCTIVISM

Belief:

 Students are not TABULA RASA (blank sheet).

 The processes of assimilation and accommodation are the keys in this interaction as individuals construct
new knowledge from their experience.

Role of the teacher:

 Develop intrinsically motivated and independent LEARNERS.

 To facilitate this process

Role of the student:

 The learners are taught how to learn.

Suggested Teaching strategies:

 Research, Critiquing, and evaluating information

PROGRESSIVISM

Belief:

 Progressivists believed in CHANGE and GROWTH.

 Learners must be enlightened and intelligent to fully live their lives NOW.
 “You can find WISDOM from the PAST.

Role of the teacher:

 Midwife the skills of the learners on how to deal with change through exposing them in real issues, real
societal problems and social developments.

Role of the student:

 To reflect and learn from progress and change.

Suggested Teaching strategies:

 Problem solving methods and educational trips.