Lawrence Andrei L.

Dones
 4.8 – Phenotypes are often affected by more than one gene.
 4.9 – Complementation Analysis
 4.10 – Expression of a Single Gene may have multiple effects
 4.11 – X-Linkage Describes Genes On the X chromosome
 4.12 – Sex-Limited and Sex-Influenced Types of Inheritance
 4.13 – How Environment affect the Phenotypic Expression
 4.14 – Extranuclear Inheritance
 Gene interactions occur when two or more different
genes influence the outcome of a single trait.
 Most of the characters of living organisms are
controlled influenced/ governed by a collaboration of
several different genes.
 A circumstance
where the
expression of one
gene is modified,
inhibited or
suppressed the
expression of one or
more other genes.
 the word “epistasis”
is composed of A good example of epistasis is coat color in the popular dog breed
Greek roots that the Labrador retriever. Labrador retriever coat color genes only
mean “standing come in black or chocolate. But you see yellow Labrador retrievers
upon.” running around the dog park. This occurs when recessive epistatic
genes called “extension genes” don't actually allow color pigment
to reach the fur.
 Is a valuable genetic technique used to determine
if two mutations causing a similar phenotype are
alleles of the same gene. This method involves
crossing mutant individuals to assess whether
their offspring display a wild-type or mutant
phenotype.
Example of
Complementation
Analysis on Fruit Fly
(Drosophila Melanogaster)
 Pleiotropy
- or one gene affecting multiple
characteristics.
- occurs when one gene
influences 2 or more seemingly
unrelated phenotypic traits.
(pleio- = many, -tropic = effects)
Mutation in the gene
encoding the the
connective tissue
protein called fibrilin.
Example: Marfan syndrome
-unusual tall height
-thin fingers and toes
-dislocation of the lens of the eye
-heart problems (which the aorta, the large
blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart,
bulges and ruptures).
Marfan syndrome is of
historical interest in
that speculation
abounds that
Abraham Lincoln was
afflicted.
When a gene is present on the X
chromosome, but not on the Y chromosome,
it is said to be X-linked
• In the nucleus of
every body cell,
there are 46
chromosomes.
• 22 homologous pair
and a pair of sex
chromosome
 Females have two X chromosomes in their cells,
while males have one X and one Y. In the case of an
X-linked disease, it is usually males that are
affected because they have a single copy of the X
chromosome that carries the disease-causing
mutation. In females, the presence of a second, non-
mutated copy may cause different, milder, or no
symptoms of a sex-linked disorder.
 Color Blindness
 Hemophilia
 Muscular Dystrophy
• Hemophilia is a sex-linked
recessive trait defined by
the absence of blood
clotting factors.
• These proteins slow and
stop bleeding.
XH = no hemophilia
Xh = hemophilia
Hemophilia is a x-linked recessive
trait that affects blood clotting. If a
carrier woman and hemophiliac
man have offsprings, what is the
possible outcome?
 The inability to see
distinct colors.

XB = normal vision
Xb = colorblind
A mother carries a gene for
colorblindness and her husband is
colorblind. Complete a Punnett
Square to see how this will affect
the offspring.
 Missing a key muscle
protein, which causes
progressive weakening of
the muscles and a loss of
coordination
 Lifespan: early 20s
XM = no MD
Xm = has MD
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an X-linked recessive
disease that causes degeneration and weakness in muscles.
The normal condition is represented by the superscript D,
and the allele that causes Duchenne muscular dystrophy is
represented by the superscript d.
Draw a Punnett square to show a cross between a
homozygous-dominant female and a male with Duchenne
muscular dystrophy.
Sex Limited
Inheritance
 are traits constricted
( limited ) to one sex
only due to
Milk production is limited The appearance of
differences in sex only to the females, beard trait is limited to
hormones of each because they have certain males only and it is
sex hormones help the one of the secondary
gene to express its effect. sex characteristics in
human males .
Sex Influenced Inheritance
 A sex-influenced trait is controlled by a pair of
alleles found on the autosomes. (Not on sex
chromosomes)
 Its expression is influenced by gender
(presence of hormones such as: estrogen,
progesterone, testosterone, etc.).
Pattern Baldness
Pattern Baldness can occur in
both males and females,
however it is much more
common in males.
Why is this?
Because the pattern baldness
trait is influenced by the
hormone testosterone.
Environmental Effects on Phenotype
 Genes play an important role in determining an organism’s
characteristics.
 However, for many characteristics the individuals phenotype is
influenced by other factors as well.
 Environmental factors such as sunlight and food availability, can
affect how genes are expressed in the phenotype of an individual.
 • Hydrangea Macrophylla

Alkaline Soil
Acidic Soil • Action of gene responsible
for the floral color is
influenced by the soil’s
acidity

• Flower color ranger from

pink to blue.
In Himalayan
Rabbit, the allele
is temperature
dependent.
Genes are a major
determinant of human
skin color.

However, exposure to
ultraviolet radiation can
increase the amount of
pigment in the skin and
make it appear darker.
 (also known as cytoplasmic inheritance) is a form of non-
Mendelian inheritance also first discovered by Carl
Correns in 1908.
 Cytoplasmic inheritance is the transmission of genes that
occur outside the nucleus.
 It is a form of non Mendelian inheritance in which a trait is
transmitted from the parent to offspring through non-
chromosomal, cytoplasmic means.
Maternal Effect
• Also called as the
Maternal Influence.
• The influence of the
mothers genotype on
the phenotype of the
offspring.
In snails (gastropods)the shell is spirally coiled.
Snails exhibit two types of coiling of their shell:
Shell coiled to right is dextral.
Shell coiled to left is sinistral.
The gene for dextral coiling is dominant ‘D’ and for
sinistral coiling is recessive ‘d’.
Boycott and Driver (1923) showed that the character of
coiling is determined by the gene of the mother and
not by the individual’s own gene.
 DNA contained
from mitochondria
or chloroplasts
determines
phenotype of
offspring
Mitochondrial inheritance. Chloroplast inheritance.
Mitochondria, like Chloroplasts are an essential
chloroplasts, tend to be type of plastids
inherited from just one parent
Applicable only on plants, as
or the other. In the case of plastids are only found in
humans, it is the mother who
plants
contributes mitochondria to
the zygote, or one-celled
embryo, by way of the egg’s
cytoplasm.
Mirabilis jalapa:

•The Mirabilis jalapa plant has three

different types of leaves-green, white and
variegated leaves
•In the case of Mirabilis
jalapa, inheritance is administered by
chloroplasts
•In Mirabilis jalapa, the green leaf has
normal chloroplasts. The white leaf has
mutant chloroplasts, whereas the
variegated leaf has a combination of
mutant and normal chloroplasts