Insight into planck's quantum theory

i Derivation of expression for member

waves in a
of standing cavity of
volume v in specified range
on wave
equation
using standing
in equation of wave

95 iv do
NCD do
a

V volume of arity
c
velocity of light
v frequency of radiation

ii
of oscillator
finding average energy
from classical principle

classical physics assumption

An oscillator can have amount
any
is no
and there
of energy
relation between and frequency
Energy
oscillator
of
 That is the and
frequency
amplitude of oscillation are independent

of
each other

In can
vibrating string you
a

set the frequency and amplitude

independently

in How to find are

energy of
an oscillator in classical setup

By using Boltzmann theory

PILE A.EE RT
de

j
probability that constant
energy of oscillator
is between E and
E THE
E N
EID

S PE IE I
JA.EE RT.dE
E D
E O

This gives A
IT
 PE de EEkt.dE

Now Average energy J an oscillator

E
II JE PE.de

SE
E N

etkt.de
IT
E o

E KT

now Ecu do Ncr Dr x E

E Q di
9,1 ktf.dz

Amount
of radiant
energy
in the between these frequencies
cavity
now to mathematical manipulation
by
convert this
we can expression
into amount of transmitted
radiation per unit area
per
Second

GkIJdx
Lt
UI do
 Planck's radiation Law

Planck proposed that

energy of
an oscillator with n
frequency
is restricted to
only certain
multiple it's
if frequency

En n.h.se
where he is a constant
nature
of

Maxwell principle
Using
Mkt
PCE A

A
probability
that oscillator
has energy
nhu
 Now since
energy vary discreetly
or it is quantised
n N

nhk
A I 1
n O

Solving

i
Mrt
A e

MKT
PCE ehh
II e

using above equation to

find
the oscillator
average energy of

E FIFE PCE
 Mr
Nrf
ar
f
e

Se e

LE hole e
Mrt É n.émYrt
neo

solving

E n

Lg Yrt 1

now same principle as before

using

af ran
EM do
above expression when changed into
radiant per unit area
per see
energy
in terms
Y x

uca
TIE enter
Estimation of number modes
of possible
or Active no
of oscillators in a cavity
Volume V
of
On volume I standing
a
cavity of
waves can set up

if t
wave in ID
One equation of standing
X A Sin kx.se Cos wt

in 3 D
Equation of
wave cavity

X A Sin Ex Sin Ky Y Subzz cont

Xy Xz
My L Xx
4 Ey

Y A Sun
nx.tt
Sin ny
ty.smnz.AE Gut

general equation of
wave
Wave follow

3 BY the I BE
 nig MEI MEI YEE

Gitai ne 45 he

five integers
Ms Ny Nz
Nz

NGinying
or
my

Nx

modes of oscillation
no
of possible

Fx GIG x2 3 n

and n
2,1
oscillations
ne
of possible modes of

Na 31 E
No
of possible
modes of oscillations
per unit n
 dig 8,4ft
of possible
no

I dry 8,41 modes of wave

t
length
unit volume
per
a more is the possible
note lessor the
modes

Energy density
or Energy of oscillator EE ED
volume
per unit
per unit wavelength
Effigy
Radiated energy on surface Area A
time
per unit
Energy density
x
Eg

classical
I CAD A
Ight
aÉt entry
Average energy of an Oscillator Quantum oscillator

The oscillators have energy in multiple of my

248 342
lie so hr
depends upon
at's
an oscillator
The
energy of
frequency

4W

3 Available states
to Oscillor of frequency's

1 2 2 t
In
Oscillator is in energy state nhu
that
probability
is PEE A e
HRT
MRT
ERE I A IE
NO
1

Itt
sit 1
A i a

1 e
WRT
A I a

n
an Oscillator with tregueny
Average energy of
nhv.cm
PCE G W e MRI
n o

nd n n 222 323
E
 mkt
E C D W ÉÉn e

G Who met 26 323 t

alt D
i a n t f
ca
22 t 32 t
3 z

S a t 22 323 424

s
É Ii a

Le hut a
Ea
E
hi
E
e
MRT
R e

Le NÉE
se
An oscillator for
Compare energy of
KT for classical operator
any frequency
Ar Energy of
oscillator
fatty
depends upon temp and treewery
 at low LET
very freeway RT

At high trqueny KE to
very
No oscillators increases as

J but since E o
I increase
increase
the radiated energy
as v
is small
at high frequency
very