∞

Example a: ∑ k1!
k =1

Solution:
1
nth term = uk = k ! ,
1 By the definition of factorial
(n+1)th term uk +1= (k + 1) !
n!=1.2.3.4….(n-2).(n-1).n
u k+1
By ratio test ρ=lim
k →∞ uk
(n+1)!=1.2.3.4….(n-2).(n-1).n.(n+1)
1 1
u k+1 (k +1)! 1.2 .3 … .(k −1) k (k +1)
Putting the values ρ=lim
k →∞ uk
=lim
k →∞ 1
= lim
k→∞ 1
k! 1.2 .3 …(k −1)k

1 1
¿ lim ÷
k → ∞ 1.2 .3 … .(k−1)k (k +1) 1.2 .3 …(k−1) k

1 1.2.3 … ( k−1 ) k
¿ lim ×
k → ∞ 1.2 .3 … . ( k−1 ) k ( k+ 1 ) 1

1 1 1
¿ lim = = =0< 1
k→∞ ( k +1 ) ∞+ 1 ∞

So the given series converges.

∞

Example b: ∑ 2kk
k =1

k k +1
Solution: nth term = uk = 2 k ,(n+1)th term uk +1= 2k +1

u k+1
By ratio test ρ=lim
k →∞ uk

k +1 k +1
u k+1 2 k+1
2 ∙2 k
Putting the values ρ=lim
k →∞ uk
=lim
k →∞
= lim
k k→∞ k
2k 2k
 k +1 k
¿ lim k
÷ k
k→∞ 2∙ 2 2
Since
k
k +1 2
¿ lim ×
k→∞ 2∙ 2
k
k 2k+1=2k.21=2k.2
1 1 1
( ) 1
¿ lim 1+ ¿ lim ( 1 ) + lim
2 k→∞ k 2 k→∞
1 1 1 1
= +
1 1
= + (0 )
2 k →∞ k 2 2 ∞ 2 2 () ( )
1 1
¿ +0= <1
2 2

So the given series converges.

∞
kk
Example c: ∑ k!
k =1

th k
k
th (k + 1)k +1
Solution: n term = uk =
k!
, (n+1) term uk +1= (k +1)!

u k+1
By ratio test ρ=lim
k →∞ uk

k+1 k+1
(k +1) (k +1)
u k+1 (k +1)! 1.2 .3 … .(k −1) k (k +1)
Putting the values ρ=lim =lim =klim
k →∞ uk k →∞ kk →∞ kk
k! 1.2 .3 …(k −1)k
k+1
(k +1) kk
¿ lim ÷
k → ∞ 1.2 .3 … .(k−1)k (k +1) 1.2 .3 …(k−1) k
k
(k +1) ( k +1 ) 1.2.3 … ( k−1 ) k
¿ lim ×
k → ∞ 1.2 .3 … . ( k−1 ) k ( k+ 1 ) kk

( ) ( )
k
(k +1) k+ 1 k 1 k
¿ lim k
=lim =lim 1+ =e ≈ 2.714> ¿ 1¿
k→∞ k k→∞ k k→∞ k

So the given series diverges.

∞
(2 k ) !
Example d: ∑ 4k
k =1
 (2 k )!
Solution: nth term = uk = 4
k , (n+1)th term uk +1=¿ ¿

u k+1
By ratio test ρ=lim
k →∞ uk

( 2 k +2 ) ¿ !
lim
u k+1 k →∞
k
4 ∙4
Putting the values ρ=lim
k →∞
=lim ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿=
uk k →∞ (2 k )!
¿
k
4

( 2k + 2¿ ) ! ( 2k ) !
¿ lim k
÷ k
k→∞ 4 ∙4 4

( 2k + 2 ) ! 4
k
Since
¿ lim ×
k→∞
k
4 ∙4 (2 k ) !
(2k)!=1.2.3…k.(k+1)…(2k-1)(2k)

(2k+2)!=1.2.3…k.(k+1)…(2k-1)(2k)(2k+1)(2k+2)

¿
1
lim
4 k →∞ (
1.2 .3 … k . ( k+ 1 ) … ( 2 k −1 ) .(2 k ) ( 2 k +1 ) (2 k + 2)
1.2 .3 … k . ( k +1 ) … ( 2 k−1 ) .(2 k ) )
1
¿ lim ( ( 2 k +1 ) (2 k +2) )
4 k →∞

1
¿ lim ( ( 2(∞)+1 ) ( 2(∞ )+1 ) )=∞
4 k →∞

So the given series diverges.