PROPERTIES OF A WELL-

WRITTEN TEXT:
ORGANIZATION
 ORGANIZATION
▪Arrangement/ Structural framework for
writing
▪It is achieved when ideas are logically and
accurately arranged.
▪Logical progression and completeness of
ideas in a text
TEXT ORGANIZATION
A. Physical presentation of
ideas, incidents, evidence, or
details in a definite order

OUTLINING
 TEXT ORGANIZATION
B.Text Structure

Narrative Expository
 STEPS IN CREATING AN OUTLINE
1. Brainstorming- List all ideas you want.
2. Organizing- Group all related ideas together.
3. Ordering- arrange material in subsections
from general to specific or from abstract to
concrete.
4. Labeling- Create main ideas and sub- headings.
 BENEFITS OF OUTLINING
▪It easily shows the relationship of ideas.
▪It helps organize your ideas.
▪It simplifies ideas and helps you save time in
writing.
▪It helps effective speaking.
PROPERTIES OF A WELL-
WRITTEN TEXT:
COHERENCE &
COHESION
My friend died. I will see
her tomorrow.
 COHESION
▪The act of forming a whole unit
▪A subset of coherence
▪Focused on the grammatical aspect of
writing
▪Degree to which sentences are connected
 COHERENCE
▪Quality of being logical, consistent and able
to be understood
▪Rhetorical aspects of writing which include
developing and supporting your argument,
synthesizing and integrating reading,
organizing and clarifying ideas
 COHESION & COHERENCE
▪A text will be cohesive if cohesive ties are
used.
▪However, it will only be coherent if the
cohesive ties are used appropriately to
create meaning.
 COHESION & COHERENCE
Example:
▪I had the most beautiful experience when I
went to the zoo. I saw different kinds of
birds. But, it was my first time to see a
carabao flying.
 COHESION & COHERENCE
▪You can have cohesion without coherence
but you cannot have coherence without
cohesion.
▪Coherence: logical order
▪Cohesion: helpful links (glue)
 COHESION
▪It is defined as the set of resources for
constructing relations in discourse which
transcend grammatical structure. (Halliday,
1994)
SIX MAIN WAYS TO
ACHIEVE COHESION
(HALLIDAY & HASAN, 1976)
 Reference

Personal Demonstratives Comparatives

Definite
pronouns article

I, me, she, NEAR: this, Another, the

you, we, my, these, here other, similar,
mine, his, FAR: that, better,
hers, theirs those, there different
 1. REFERENCE
▪Example:
▪I have collected calathea plants and I love it.
▪I have collected calathea plants and I love
them.
Death penalty is a serious issue that has not been
resolved for quite a long time. Arguments for and
against it have been discussed fully. Those who favor
the death penalty argue that the only way to stop
crime is to eliminate the criminal. Those opposing it
say that putting a criminal to death denies the chance
to repent and mend his ways. But are criminals
especially the deep- eyed ones, capable of repentance?
 2. SUBSTITUTION
▪Uses a word/ phrase to replace a word/
phrase used earlier
Death penalty is a serious issue that has not been
resolved for quite a long time. Arguments for and
against it have been discussed fully. Those who favor
the death penalty argue that the only way to stop
crime is to eliminate the criminal. Those opposing it
say that putting a criminal to death denies the chance
to repent and mend his ways. But are criminals
especially the deep- eyed ones, capable of repentance?
 3. ELLIPSIS
▪Omitting words because it is already
understood in the context
▪Example: I can play basketball and he can,
too.
 4. LEXICAL CHAIN
▪One word is related to another
▪Sequence of related words in writing
Death penalty is a serious issue that has not been
resolved for quite a long time. Arguments for and
against it have been discussed fully. Those who favor the
death penalty argue that the only way to stop crime is
to eliminate the criminal. Those opposing it say that
putting a criminal to death denies the chance to repent
and mend his ways. But are criminals especially the
deep- eyed ones, capable of repentance?
 5. COHESIVE NOUNS
▪A kind of lexical reference
▪Can summarize many words
▪Can be used to signal what is to come or
can refer back
 5. COHESIVE NOUNS
▪Example:
▪Two cars collided on the flyover. However,
nobody was hurt in the accident.
 6. CONJUNCTIONS
▪An uninflected linguistic form that joins
together sentences, clauses, phrases, or
words
▪Examples: firstly, next, moreover, however,
but, and, in addition to…
▪Transitional devices
Death penalty is a serious issue that has not been
resolved for quite a long time. Arguments for and
against it have been discussed fully. Those who favor
the death penalty argue that the only way to stop
crime is to eliminate the criminal. Those opposing it
say that putting a criminal to death denies the chance
to repent and mend his ways. But are criminals
especially the deep- eyed ones, capable of repentance?
COHERENCE
 COHERENCE
▪It is about creating texts that make sense
and are logical.
▪It comes from making logical connections
between ideas in each part of the text and
the context.
HOW TO ACHIEVE COHERENCE…
▪Clarify the meaning.
▪Indicate a change of topic.
▪Headings and subheadings
▪Lay out
▪Formatting
 COMPARE THESE…
▪I did some shopping, went home, but
before that, I went to the movies.
▪First, I went to the movies, then I did my
shopping and after that, I went home.
IN A NUTSHELL…
 COHERENCE
▪Logical ordering of ideas
▪Formatting/ clear communicative stages
▪Eliminating ambiguity
▪Maintaining consistency in lexis and
syntax
COHERENCE VS. COHESION
▪Cohesion is where you can see
connections.
▪Coherence is where you infer
connections.
COHERENCE VS. COHESION
▪Coherence is a feature of cohesive texts,
but texts can be cohesive without being
coherent.
LANGUAGE USE
APPROPRIATE LANGUAGE USE
▪Acceptable style of language for a
particular form of text
▪Determine when it is appropriate to use
formal language or when informal
language is acceptable
 1. USE CONCRETE WORDS
▪Specific words
▪They form sharp, clear meanings and
stand for what the reader easily
perceives.
▪Abstract words have general meanings
 1. USE CONCRETE WORDS
▪Examples:
▪Significant increase vs. 50% increase
▪In the near future vs. on Monday at 8 a.m.
▪My classmate is good.
▪He often gets perfect in our exam.
 2. USE CONCISE WORDS
▪Short and simple
▪Avoid redundancy
▪Examples:
▪We collaborated together on the project.
▪We collaborated on the project.
 2. USE CONCISE WORDS
▪The other alternative is to eat healthy
food.
▪The alternative is to eat healthy food.
▪I will see you in the near future.
▪I will see you.
 3. USE FAMILIAR WORDS NOT
HIGH FALUTIN
▪Use words that are almost in everyone’s
vocabulary.
 EXAMPLES
▪Try vs. Endeavor
▪Find out vs. Ascertain
▪End vs. Terminate
 EXAMPLES
▪The machine has a tendency to develop
excessive and unpleasant audial symptoms
when operating at elevated temperatures.
▪The machine tends to get noisy when it runs
hot.
DON’T CHANGE VERBS INTO NOUNS.
▪The requirement of the department is
that employees work seven and one- half
hours a day.
▪The Department requires employees to
work seven and one- half hours a day.
4. USE PRECISE AND CLEAR WORDS

▪Use exact, accurate words

▪Example: house- cabin, cottage, duplex,
condo
 5. AVOID SEXIST LANGUAGE
▪Example: Reading makes a full man.
(Francis Bacon)
▪Reading makes a full person.
▪Chairman- chairperson
▪Spokesman- spokesperson
 5. AVOID SEXIST LANGUAGE
▪Each student must have his notebook with
him in class.
▪All students must have notebooks with them in
class.
▪Each student must have his/ her notebook in
class.
6. USE CONSTRUCTIVE LANGUAGE
▪Example:
▪On behalf of the company, I regret to
inform you that you have been
terminated. As a supervisor, it was a
pleasure to work with you.
7. USE OF FORMAL AND INFORMAL
LANGUAGE
▪Register- a variety of language related to
a particular subject matter or area of
activity; a set of words and expressions
that may be said to characterize that
specific area of language
7. USE OF FORMAL AND INFORMAL
LANGUAGE
▪Academic writing uses formal words
▪Examples:
▪Ask- enquire
▪Tell- inform
▪This is to inform you that…
MECHANICS
 ANALYZE THESE…

▪I hear somebody calling, Evelyn.

▪I hear somebody calling Evelyn.
COMPONENTS OF MECHANICS
Punctuation

Spelling Mechanics Capitalization

Abbreviation
1. PUNCTUATION
 1. COMMA
▪Use a comma to separate items in a
series. A series is made up of three or
more nouns, verbs, modifiers, or
phrases.
▪Example: Biking, hiking, and eating are my
favorite hobbies.
 1. COMMA
▪Use a comma to separate coordinate
adjectives (adjectives that equally modify
the same noun).
▪Example: The asymptomatic, COVID positive
patient was rushed to the hospital.
 1. COMMA
▪Use a comma to separate long clauses joined
by conjunctions, although it is omitted if the
clauses are short.
▪Example: Last week was my sister’s wedding,
so I prepared to go to the salon for my
haircut.
 1. COMMA
▪Use a commas after introductory clauses,
phrases, or words that come before the main
clause.
▪Example: While I was waiting for the rain to
subside, I suddenly saw a bolt of lightning split
in the sky.
 1. COMMA
▪Set off introductory elements (words that
introduce a sentence with a comma).
▪Common introductory phrases are: participial
and infinitive phrases, absolute phrases,
nonessential appositive phrases, and long
prepositional phrases of four or more words.
 1. COMMA
▪Examples:
▪Being on time, I have received an incentive from my
boss. (participial phrase)
▪To travel outside the region, you need to secure
necessary documents. (infinitive phrase)
▪Ms. Rodriguez, who wrote many English books, was
one of my favorite teachers. (appositive phrase)
 1. COMMA
▪Use commas to set off dates (except
month and day), geographical names, items
in dates (except month and day), addresses
(except street number and name), and
titles in names.
 1. COMMA
▪Examples:
▪On March 24, 2023, Panagsisibuyas festival
will officially end.
▪Remelina Peros Galam, MD
▪Elma Pagaduan Apostol, EdD
 2. SEMICOLON

▪Use a semicolon when you link two

independent clauses with no connecting
words.
▪Example: I am excited to go home to the
Philippines; I want to stay there for good.
 2. SEMICOLON
▪Use a semicolon when joining two
independent clauses together with one of
the following conjunctive adverbs (adverbs
that join independent clauses: however,
moreover, therefore, consequently, otherwise,
nevertheless, thus, etc.)
 2. SEMICOLON
▪Example:
▪I am excited to go home to the Philippines;
moreover, I want to stay there for good.
 3. COLON
▪Use a colon for separating chapter from
verse in Bible reference, volume from page
in bibliography reference, writing a
salutatory greeting in professional writing
and giving the time.
 3. COLON
▪Examples:
▪My favorite verse is Jeremiah 33: 3.
▪Majority of the references that I cited
were taken from the Academic Journal 11:
23 (volume 11, page 23).
 3. COLON
▪Use a colon to introduce a formal list.
▪Example: Three things I have accomplished
today are: answered modules, e-mailed
documents, and researched enrichment
activities.
2. CAPITALIZATION
▪Always capitalize the first word in a
sentence.
▪Example:
▪Gayyem Ben is a famous vlogger.
▪Capitalize the pronoun “I” and the
interjection “O”.
▪Example:
▪O God, I thank you.
▪Capitalize professional titles when used
before a personal name.
Example: General Borja was arrested for
alleged graft.
▪Capitalize academic titles and their
abbreviations when they follow a
personal name.
Example: Noemi Pales, MD
▪Capitalize brand names
▪Example:
▪My dream car is Toyota Fortuner.
▪Capitalize the first word in a letter’s
greeting or close.
▪Example:
▪Sincerely yours,
▪Capitalize the days of the week, months
of the year, and holidays.
▪Examples:
▪The opening of classes is September.
▪I always prepare gifts for Christmas.
3. SPELLING
•Commitment •Psychology
•Maintenance •Phantom
•Counselor •Audacity
•Countenance •Magnanimous
•Physiology •Tantamount
▪Follow the American English spelling.
▪Examples:
▪Colour- color
▪Theatre- theater
▪Aeroplane- airplane
4. ABBREVIATION
Shortening of words
▪Only abbreviate well- known terms.
▪Example:
▪TV for television
▪Abbreviations that use capital letters are
called initialisms.
▪Example:
▪Noemi Pales, MD
▪Elma Apostol, EdD
▪In formal writing, it is recommended not
to abbreviate the dates only if needed,
especially when used in tables or charts.
▪Example:
▪Mon. , Oct. 5
▪Latin abbreviations should not be
capitalized.
▪Example:
▪e. g. – for example
▪i. e. – that is/ in other words