Ecole Supérieure des Communications de Tunis

Homework
”Réseaux Large Bande LTE”
(MIMO Technology)

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1. For wireless communication systems (WCS) operating over frequency bands below 6 GHz, explain
why the throughput cannot be improved by relying on the bandwidth expansion.

2. What is, therefore, the alternative solution that allows us to increase the throughput of the new gener-
ations of WCS?

3. What is the major challenge associated with this solution?

4. Give a brief description of a massive MIMO communication system?

5. What is the number of Tx/Rx chains in a massive MIMO base station equipped with 64 antennas?

6. Explain the concept of constructive interference and beamforming.

7. Explain how the channel is estimated every coherence time interval when using TDD mode.

8. What is a reciprocal channel?

9. What is meant by channel hardening property in massive MIMO communications? What are the main
benefits of this property?

10. Explain: 1) favorable propagation property, and 2) asymptotically favorable propagation property in
MU-MIMO systems.

Problem 1

Consider the multiple antenna system for which the channel vector is given by
 
h= 1 1 1 1 (1)

1. Find the spectral efficiency of this system. We assume a transmit power of 1,5 W and a mean noise
power of 0.1 W, and that the channel state information (CSI) is not available at the transmitter side.

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 2. What is the configuration corresponding to this multiple antenna system (SIMO or MISO)?

3. Draw a baseband block diagram of the underlying system.

Problem 2

1. Repeat problem 1 for the channel vector given by

 T
h= 1 1 1 1 (2)

2. Compare the capacities of the two systems.

Problem 3

Consider vertical/horizontal polarization based 2x2 single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO) system operating in a
free space propagation environment. Dipole antennas are used in this system. The distance between the
transmitter and the receiver can be denoted by d, and the carrier frequency is Fc .

1. Give the block diagram of this MIMO system as used for spatial multiplexing.

2. What is the channel matrix?

3. How many data streams can be transmitted in parallel?

4. In case of multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) applications (two users), is it necessary to use a precoding
over the downlink transmission? Is it possible to have a beamforming? Explain why.

5. Give a block diagram of the system in case it is used for polarization diversity.

Problem 4

Consider a MIMO system having NT transmit antennas and MR receive antennas. The CSI is not known
to the transmitter. We assume Rayleigh multipath fading where the coefficients of the sub-channels are
described by hij ∼ CN (0, σ 2 ).

1. Give the expression of the MIMO channel spectral efficiency.

2. Show that when the channel hardening property as well as the asymptotic favorable propagation prop-
erty are verified (NT ≫ NR and NT → ∞), the achievable spectral efficiency can be approximated
as
P σ2
η ≈ NR log2 (1 + 2 ) bits/s/Hz (3)
σn
where σn2 stands for the mean power of the additive noise.

Problem 5

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Consider a 4 × 4 MIMO system for which the channel is deterministic and given by the following matrix

 
1 1 −1 −1
 −1 1 1 −1 
H=
 1 −1 1 −1 
 (4)
1 1 1 1

1. Give a simplified baseband block diagram of the corresponding MIMO communication system as-
suming the spatial multiplexing.

2. Verify that the channel matrix H is orthogonal.

3. Find a singular value decomposition (SVD) for H.

4. What is the rank of the matrix H.

5. Give the equivalent description of the MIMO system using decoupled independent SISO channels.

6. Determine the MIMO channel capacity.

Problem 6

Consider a 2 × 2 MIMO system for which the channel matrix is given by

 
1 0
H= (5)
0 3
The total transmit power is P=1 W, and the noise power is σn2 = 0.01 W.

1. Give a singular value decomposition (SVD) of the channel matrix H.

2. What is the channel capacity when the transmitter does not know the CSI.

3. In case the CSI is available at the Tx side, the power is allocated using the water filling algorithm 1 .
Find the power allocated to each channel.

Problem 7

Measurements show that the overall spectral efficiency of a massive MIMO system serving 22 users is 145
b/s/Hz. The number of antenna elements of the BS is 128, while each user has a single antenna mobile
phone. The system operates at a carrier frequency of 3.5 GHz, and the channel bandwidth is B = 20 MHz.

1. What is the spectral efficiency per user.

2. Given a description of the downlink channel matrix in terms of the sub-channels coefficients hij .
σ2
The power Pi allocated to the transmitter i (antenna i) is given by Pi = ( β1 − λn2 )+ , where β is a constant selected to satisfy
1
i
+ + +
P
i Pi = P , and λi is a singular value of H. The notation (x) means that (x) = x if x ≥ 0 and (x) = 0 if x < 0.

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 3. What is the MRT precoding matrix?

4. Relying on the channel hardening property and asymptotic favorable propagation property, what is
the SNR per user?

5. The modulation used is M -QAM. What is the value of M ?

Problem 8

Consider a wireless communication system with 2-antenna receive diversity and maximum ratio combiner
(MRC). The SNR available at the output of the MRC is γM RC = γ1 + γ2 , where γi is the SNR obtained at
antenna i (i = 1, 2). Also, γ1 and γ2 are assumed to be independent, and E(γ1 ) = γ 1 and E(γ2 ) = γ 2 . The
multipath channel is characterized by Rayleigh statistics.

1. Find the probability density function (PDF) of γM RC .

2. Deduce the PDF of γM RC for the case where γ 1 = γ 2 = γ.

Problem 9

Consider the 2x2 MIMO system of channel matrix given by

 
h1 −h2
H= . (6)
h∗2 h∗1

where hi ∼ CN(0, 2σ 2 ).

1. Find the instantaneous capacity of this MIMO channel.

2. Determine the PDF of the instantaneous capacity.

3. Give the expression of the ergodic capacity.