PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENTIFIC INDUSTRIAL SCIENTIFIC

INTRODUCTION ANCIENT AGES MIDDLE AGES

APPROACH DEVELOPMENT AGES REVOLUTION
Technology
Science

Society
and
 INTRODUCTION
PHILOSOPHICAL
APPROACH
Science, Technology

DEVELOPMENT
and Society or STS

SCIENTIFIC
ANCIENT AGES
a study that deals with the
relationships and effects of social

MIDDLE AGES
interactions, political views and
culture expressions in making
scientific research technological
advancements and innovations.

INDUSTRIAL
AGES
REVOLUTION
SCIENTIFIC
PHILOSOPHICAL
APPROACH

ARISTOTLE
PHILOSOPHY

DEVELOPMENT
SCIENTIFIC
ANCIENT AGES
• He served as a
came from the Greek word philosopher who
"philosophia"which means "love tried to explain
of wisdom" the natural • He classify
phenomena living things

MIDDLE AGES
around him and non living
things
• He also used
It serves as the foundation inductive and
of it during ancient period deductive method in

INDUSTRIAL
explaining scientific

AGES
as it provides information
of scientific pursuit. inquiries

REVOLUTION
SCIENTIFIC
PHILOSOPHICAL
APPROACH

DEVELOPMENT
SCIENTIFIC
• Identification of the problem
through observations
SCIENTIFIC

ANCIENT AGES
• Formulate hypotheses
• Gather information or data
collection
DEVELOPMENT

MIDDLE AGES
• Testing the hypotheses
through experimentation
• Analyze the results

INDUSTRIAL
~ construct the

AGES
• Report the conclusions
social dimension
of the society

REVOLUTION
SCIENTIFIC
 PHILOSOPHICAL
APPROACH

ANCIENT • The Maya studied the

DEVELOPMENT
SCIENTIFIC

AGES heavenly bodies just like

the other ancient
civilization
ANCIENT AGES

• First people to produce

rubber products.

• They build Hydraulic

MIDDLE AGES
System

INDUSTRIAL
AGES
REVOLUTION
SCIENTIFIC
 PHILOSOPHICAL
APPROACH
DEVELOPMENT
SCIENTIFIC
ANCIENT AGES

NUMBER SYSTEM
BASED ON 20
NUMERALS
0 shell shape

MIDDLE AGES
1 a dab
5 a bar
This sacred site was one of the

INDUSTRIAL
greatest Mayan centres of the

AGES
Yucatán peninsula.
In 36 B.C they
conceptualize "0" in the

REVOLUTION
SCIENTIFIC
numbering system
 ANCIENT AGES SCIENTIFIC PHILOSOPHICAL
DEVELOPMENT APPROACH

HAAB
LONG COUNT

REVOLUTION AGES
MIDDLE AGES
SCIENTIFIC INDUSTRIAL
 PHILOSOPHICAL
APPROACH

TZOLK'IN
DEVELOPMENT
SCIENTIFIC

It is when Tzolk'in
and Haab are both
given in specific date
ANCIENT AGES

which repeats every

18, 980 days (52
years)

MIDDLE AGES
CALENDAR

INDUSTRIAL
ROUND

AGES
REVOLUTION
SCIENTIFIC
 They have counting
scheme called
"sexagesimal system"
(fraction based on
sixtieths)

~ considered as one
of the great cities They adapt
during 2000 B.C "cuneiform" as
their form of
writing
 They discovered various
medicinal properties and
uses of different plants and
animals to cure illness.

They used "acupuncture" as

medical treatment Acupuncture

Other inventions:

Abacus
Shadow clock
would drop one of the eight
balls to signal when and in
Seismoscope which direction an
earthquake would occur
 CIVILIZA
EK TI THALES OF MILETUS
E

O
GR

N
who studied Geometry
and developed the
"Thale's Theorem" in
describing circles, arcs,
angles and triangles

PYTHAGORAS

studied Geometry and

presented the Pythagorean
Theorem that has been
commonly used in
trigonometry
 ARCHIMEDES ARISTOTLE
discovered the value of Pi
studied animals in
defended his nation great detail and
during the war by wrote his book called
inventing defensive " History of Animals"
tactics against Romans
and inventing engines to
help fight.

HIPPOCRATES
wrote several books
on geometry called
the well known "
"Elements", which
became a classic "Hippocratic Oath " in
book for 2000 years the medical world is
and recognized of a proposed by him to
successful textbook in
history
uphold the medical
ethics in practicing
medicine
EUCLID
 T CIVILIZAT
YP ION
EG
In terms of inventions, Greeks loved to observe
and study the natural flow of the world in which
they applied it in some of their practical
innovations.

An example could be two of the

axioms upon which all Greek
astronomy built:
" The earth is resting and
motionless at the center of the
universe"
"The earth is corrupt and
imperfect, while the heavens are
Great Pyramids sheer architectural
eternal, changeless and perfect " structures at Giza, Amun Temple at
Karnak and Colossi of Memnon.
It made them highly advanced in
architecture and engineering during
the primeval era and we'll known
throughout the globe
 preserving the human bodies
MIDDLE
of their pharaohs and high AGES
status officials through
“mummification”

Most people still believe that the Middle Ages was a time
filled with violence, superstition, and stagnation. Indeed,
Greek rationality and mathematics’ triumphs allegedly
“Poppy seeds”, which had been snuffed out by Christians during the 4th
contain both morphine Century and when the Roman Empire rejected
and codeine, considered paganism.
excellent pain-
It was a surprise to find that historians in the Middle ages,
relieving drugs and the influence of Christianity, have dramatically
revised their understanding of science. It turns out that
science was invented during the eighteenth century
with the idea of Christianity held back. Despite concerted
“Chariot” is a carriage efforts by academics to kill it off, it still refuses to die.
driven by a charioteer,
usually pulled by
horses to provide rapid
and robust
movement.
Here are some of the notable figures in
scientific development during Middle Ages; INDUSTRIAL
AGES
The history of the modern scientific method and the
experiment is rooted in the ancient empirical approach of
Nature through reasoning.

Aristotle introduced the necessity for measurement and

observation, and the Sciences as we know them in many
aspects today were born from an evidential study of the
Cosmos, which was continued during the middle Ages. It is this
very scientific method from which the so-called “experiment”
evolved in modern times, becoming the main approach in
Sciences for the measurement and evaluation of hypotheses
based on observation.
Here are some of the notable Scientists that
contributes in the development of
Modern Science.
INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION

As we define Scientific Revolution, it is a gradual

change in scientific thought that altered a
prehistoric knowledge.
Moreover, these are series of events that marked
the emergence of modern science during the early
modern period, when developments in
mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology
(including human anatomy) and chemistry
transformed the views of society about nature.

Doubt
is the father of invention
 NICOLAUS
COPERNICUS

The Copernican model makes the claim of

describing the physical reality of the cosmos,
the first to propound a comprehensive heliocentric something which the Ptolemaic model was no
theory equal in scope and predictive capability to longer believed to be able to provide.
Ptolemy’s geocentric system.
The Copernican Model was later supported by
Motivated by the desire to satisfy Plato’s dictum, some notable scientists, such as Galileo Galilei,
Copernicus was led to overthrow traditional Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler.
astronomy because of its alleged violation of the
principle of uniform circular motion and its lack of
unity and harmony as a system of the
world. GALILEO
Copernicus turned the world inside out, putting the GALILEI
Sun at the centre and setting Earth into motion
around it.
 JOHANNES THE LAW OF EQUAL
AREAS IN EQUAL TIME
KEPLER
was one of the first to incorporate A line line that connects a planet to the
the field of physics and the field of
Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal
astronomy
times.

KEPLER’S LAW OF
PLANETARY
THE LAW OF HARMONY
MOTION

THE LAW OF ELLIPSES The time required for a planet to orbit the
Sun, called its period, is proportional to
long axis of the ellipse raised to the 3/2
All planets move in elliptical orbits with
power.The constant of proportionality is
sun at one focus
the same for all the planets.
 DARWINIAN BASIC TENETS OF EVOLUTION

More individuals are produced each generation than

can survive.

he accumulated evidence Phenotypic variation exists among individuals and

demonstrating that organisms the variation is heritable.
evolve and discovered the Those individuals with heritable traits better suited
process, natural selection, by to the environment will
THEORY OF which they evolve. survive.

EVOLUTION When reproductive isolation occurs, new species

will form.
TWO POINTS OF THEORY OF
EVOLUTION
"All life on Earth is connected and related to each
other," and this diversity of life is a product of
"modifications of populations by natural
selection, where some traits were favored in and
environment over others
," More simply put, the theory can be described
as descent with modification".

FREUDIAN
was the founding father of
psychoanalysis, a method for
treating mental illness and also a
theory which explains human
behavior.
PSYCHOANALYSIS
A method for treating
mental ilness and also a
theory which eplains
human behavior
Freud believed that children are born with a libido
– a sexual (pleasure) urge. There are a number of
stages of childhood, during which the child seeks
pleasure from a different
‘object.’
MANIFEST COUNT
is often based on the events of the day.
The process whereby the underlying wish is
translated into the manifest content is
called dreamwork.
DREAMWORK
The purpose of dreamwork is to
transform the forbidden wish into a non-
threatening form, thus reducing
anxiety and allowing us to continue sleeping.
Dreamwork involves the process of
condensation, displacement, and secondary
elaboration.
DISPLACEMENT
takes place when we transform the
person or object we are really
concerned about to someone else.
 SECONDARY
ELABORATION
occurs when the unconscious
mind strings together wish-fulfilling
images in a logical order of events,
further obscuring the latent content.
Freud believed that
children are born with a libido – a
sexual (pleasure) urge.
NEWTONIAN
Sir Isaac Newton's work was
the capstone of the Scientific
Revolution, utilizing the
advances made before him in
mathematics, astronomy, and
physics to derive a
comprehensive understanding
of the physical world.
LAW OF INERTIA
states that a body at rest tends to
stay at rest; a body in motion tends to
stay in motion unless compelled to
change by an applied force.e.
 LAW OF ACCELERATION
states that the change in motion
is proportional to the applied
force and takes place in the
straight line by which that force
is applied.

LAW OF INTERACTION
states that for every action
there is an equal and opposite
reaction.