Communication System

Communication: Transfer of information from source to destination

Elements of Digital Communication System
Elements of Digital Communication System

What to do if the source gives analog signal?

m(nT)
m(nT)
m(nT)
Quantized Waveform
m(nT)
 m(nT)
Binary Codes
Quantized Waveform
111

110

101

100

011

010

001

000
111 101 101 101 110 101 011 101 011 010 010 010
 Binary Codes
Quantized Waveform
111

110

101

100

011

010

001

000
111 101 101 101 110 101 011 101 011 010 010 010
 Source Encoder and Decoder

• The source encoder removes redundant

information from the message signal and
is responsible for efficient use of the
channel. Bandwidth requirement reduces.
The resulting sequence of symbols is
called the source codeword.
 Channel Encoder and Decoder

• Channel encoder adds additional bits in a

controlled manner to help the receiver in
detecting and correcting errors occurred
during transmission of information
through the channel.
 Digital Modulator

• Digital modulator assigns a short waveforms

to the incoming digital symbols/bits.
• If we are transmitting one bit at time, there
would be two different symbols 0 and 1.
Hence, two different waveforms s1(t) and s2(t)
are being used to represent symbols 0 and 1.
These two waveforms of duration T sec. This
modulation scheme is called binary
modulation scheme.
• If we are transmitting more than one bit at a
time, we use M different waveforms where
M=2n. This modulation scheme is called
M-ary modulation scheme.
Communication Channels
 Advantages of Digital Communication over
Analog Communication
A) NOISE IMMUNITY:
Due to the digital nature of the transmitted signal, the interference of additive noise does not introduce many errors. So digital communication has better noise
immunity. Repeaters can be used between transmitters and receivers to regenerate the signal which further improves the noise immunity.
B) POSSIBILITY OF ERROR HANDLING:
Due to the channel coding technique in digital communication, it is possible to detect and correct the errors introduced during the data transmission
C) EASY MULTIPLEXING, MULTIPLE ACCESS AND FREQUENCY SPREADING:
TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) technique can be used to transmit many voice channel over a common single transmission channel.
D) SECURITY:
Digital communication is useful in military applications where only few permitted receivers can receive the transmitted signals
E) SIGNAL PROCESSING:
It is possible to use advanced data processing techniques such as digital signal processing. , image processing, data compression etc.
F) ACCURACY:
To design analog system : analog components like resistors capacitors and inductors are used .These components reduces accuracy of analog system but this is
not so in digital systems.
G) EASY PROCESSING LIKE ENCRYPTION AND COMPRESSION:
Encryption is the process of transforming information using an algorithm (called cipher) to make it unreadable to anyone except those possessing special
knowledge, usually referred to as a key. Encryption is now commonly used in protecting information within many kinds of civilian systems. Encryption is also
used to protect data in transit, for example data being transferred via network (e.g. the Internet, e-commerce mobile telephones, wireless microphones wireless
intercom systems, Bluetooth devices and bank automatic teller machines.. Data compression or source coding is the process of encoding information using fewer
bits (or other information-bearing units) than an encoded representation would use, through use of specific encoding schemes. Compression is useful because it
helps reduce the consumption of expensive resources, such as hard disk space or transmission bandwidth.
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital
Communication System
• Advantages
1. The digital communication systems are simpler and cheaper compared to analog communication systems because of the
advances made in the IC technologies.
2. In digital communication, the speech, video and other data may be merged and transmitted over a common channel using
multiplexing.
3. Using data encryption, only permitted receivers may be allowed to detect the transmitted data. This property is of its most
importance in military applications.
4. Since the transmission is digital and the channel encoding is used, therefore the noise does not accumulate from repeater to
repeater in long distance communications.
5. Since the transmitted signal is digital in nature, therefore, a large amount of noise interference may be tolerated.
6. Since in digital communication, channel coding is used, therefore, the errors may be detected and corrected in the receivers.
7. Digital communication is adaptive to other advanced branches of data processing such as digital signal processing, image
processing and data compression, etc.
• Disadvantages
1. Due to analog to digital conversion, the data rate becomes high. Therefore more transmission bandwidth is required for
digital communication.
2. Digital communication needs synchronization in case of synchronous modulation.
• However, the advantages of digital communication system outweigh its disadvantages.
 Transmitter
Transmitter Channel Receiver

Preprocessing and Different Filtering and

modulation Channels have demodulation
different
frequency
responses

Why don’t you do all processing involved in the Why don’t you first convert the received band pass
transmitter at low frequencies at LF and then convert signal to low frequency signal and then do all the
to BF signal to match with the channel characteristics? processing involved in the receiver section?

LF to BF Conversion Channel BF to LF conversion

LF to BF Conversion Channel BF to LF conversion

Low Pass Channel
Representation of Bandpass Signals
S(t) h(t)

Hilbert Transformer
 Band Pass System Representation
• Let h(t) be a band pass system with frequency
response H(f).
• Let hl(t) be its lowpass equivalent system.
Hl(f) be the frequency response equivalent
lowpass system.
• Now, we would like represent h(t) in terms of
hl(t)
 Band Pass System Representation
• Let h(t) be a band pass system with frequency
response H(f).
• Let hl(t) be its lowpass equivalent system.
Hl(f) be the frequency response equivalent
lowpass system.
• Now, we would like represent h(t) in terms of
hl(t)
 Band Pass System Representation
• Let h(t) be a band pass system with frequency
response H(f).
• Let hl(t) be its lowpass equivalent system.
Hl(f) be the frequency response equivalent
lowpass system.
• Now, we would like represent h(t) in terms of
hl(t)
 Band Pass System Representation
• Let h(t) be a band pass system with frequency
response H(f).
• Let hl(t) be its lowpass equivalent system.
Hl(f) be the frequency response equivalent
lowpass system.
• Now, we would like represent h(t) in terms of
hl(t)
 Band Pass System Representation
• Let h(t) be a band pass system with frequency
response H(f).
• Let hl(t) be its lowpass equivalent system.
Hl(f) be the frequency response equivalent
lowpass system.
• Now, we would like represent h(t) in terms of
hl(t)
 Band Pass System Representation
• Let h(t) be a band pass system with frequency
response H(f).
• Let hl(t) be its lowpass equivalent system.
Hl(f) be the frequency response equivalent
lowpass system.
• Now, we would like represent h(t) in terms of
hl(t)
Response of a bandpass system to a band pass signal
Response of a bandpass system to a band pass signal
Response of a bandpass system to a band pass signal
Response of a bandpass system to a band pass signal
Response of a bandpass system to a band pass signal
Response of a bandpass system to a band pass signal
Response of a bandpass system to a band pass signal
Response of a bandpass system to a band pass signal