EE 4501 Problem Set 3 Solution September 30, 2018 Page 1 of 7.

Reading Assignment: Sec. 4.1 - 4.4 L&D for HW. Sec. 4.5 and Sec. 5.1 - 5.3 for
next week lectures.

1. Basic problem. Problem 4.3-5 L & D.

Solution.
(a) m(t) = e−3t u(t − 2)
Z ∞ Z ∞
M (f ) = e−3t u(t − 2)e−j2πf t dt = e−3t e−j2πf t dt
−∞ 2

This results in
e−j4πf e−6 e−6 2πf
M (f ) = =⇒ |M (f )| = p , ∠M (f ) = −4πf −tan−1
j2πf + 3 9 + (2πf )2 3

|M (f )|, ∠M (f )

1 × 10−3

f (Hz)

(b) The spectrum of the modulated signal has is composed of two copies of |M (f )|
centred at ±fc = 1000 Hz with height equals half of M (0). The plot below is
just for illustration purposes. The actual spectrum of the modulated signal
is the sum of the two spectra centered around ±fc .

QUESTION 1 CONTINUES OVER THE PAGE

EE 4501 Problem Set 3 Solution September 30, 2018 Page 2 of 7.

1 (Continued)
|X (f )|, ∠X (f )

1 × 10−3

f (Hz)

2. Basic problem. Problem 4.3-7 L & D.

Solution. Note that the modulating signal has a constant amplitude A. Therefore,
m2 (t) = A2 =⇒ m(t) = 0 & m2 (t) = A2 .
It follows that the power in the sidebands Ps = Pm /2 = A2 /2.
mp A2
The carrier amplitude is A = µ = A. Therefore, the carrier power Ac = 2 . The
total power
Ps
Pt = Pc + Ps = A2 =⇒ η = × 100% = 50%
Pt
A[1 + m(t)] cos 2πfc t

2A
···

−2A

3. Basic Problem. A SSB AM signal is generated by modulating an 800-kHz

carrier with m(t) = cos 2000πt + 2 sin 2000πt. The amplitude of the carrier is
Ac = 100.

(a) Determine the signal mh (t)

Solution. The Hilbert transform of cos(2π1000t) is sin(2π1000t), whereas
the Hilbert transform ofsin(2π1000t) is − cos(2π1000t). Thus

mh (t) = sin(2π1000t) − 2 cos(2π1000t)

QUESTION 3(a) CONTINUES OVER THE PAGE

EE 4501 Problem Set 3 Solution September 30, 2018 Page 3 of 7.

3(a) (Continued)

(b) Determine the expression for xLSB (t) of the SSB signal.
Solution. The expression for the LSSB AM signal is

ul (t) = Ac m(t) cos(2πfc t) + Ac mh (t) sin(2πfc t)

Substituting Ac = 100, m(t) = cos(2π1000t) + 2 sin(2π1000t) and mh (t) =

sin(2π1000t) − 2 cos(2π1000t) in the previous, we obtain

xLSB (t) = 100 [cos(2π1000t) + 2 sin(2π1000t)] cos(2πfc t)

+ 100 [sin(2π1000t) − 2 cos(2π1000t)] sin(2πfc t)
= 100 [cos(2π1000t) cos(2πfc t) + sin(2π1000t) sin(2πfc t)]
+ 200 [cos(2πfc t) sin(2π1000t) − sin(2πfc t) cos(2π1000t)]
= 100 cos(2π(fc − 1000)t) − 200 sin(2π(fc − 1000)t)

Note: we have used the trigonometric identities

cos(α ± β) = cos α cos β) ∓ sin α sin β

sin(α ± β) = sin α cos β) ± cos α sin β

(c) Determine |XLSB (f )| of the SSB signal.

Solution. Taking the Fourier transform of the previous expression we obtain

XLSB (f ) = 50 (δ(f − fc + 1000) + δ(f + fc − 1000))

+ 100j (δ(f − fc + 1000) − δ(f + fc − 1000))
= (50 + 100j)δ(f − fc + 1000) + (50 − 100j)δ(f + fc − 1000)

Hence, the magnitude spectrum is given by

p
|XLSB (f )| = 502 + 1002 (δ(f − fc + 1000) + δ(f + fc − 1000))
√
= 10 125 (δ(f − fc + 1000) + δ(f + fc − 1000))

4. Basic Problem. Modulated signals are often written in the form:

xM (t) = xc (t) cos 2πfc t + xs (t) sin 2πfc t.

where xc (t) and xs (t) are baseband signals (bandwidth B) and are referred to as
the in-phase and quadrature components. An equaivalent form of the bandpass
signal is given by
xM (t) = E(t) cos[2πfc t + Θ(t)],

QUESTION 4 CONTINUES OVER THE PAGE

EE 4501 Problem Set 3 Solution September 30, 2018 Page 4 of 7.

4 (Continued)  
p xs (t)
where E(t) = x2c (t) + x2s (t) is the envelope & Θ(t) = arctan is the phase.
xc (t)
The forms are extremely useful and allow for powerful geometric interpretation
of modulation systems (analogous to phasor representation.)
Find an expression for xc (t) and xs (t), and envelope and phase, E(t) and Θ(t),
for a) DSB, b) USSB, c) LSSB and d) conventional AM.

Solution. a) A DSB modulated signal is written as

xM (t) = Am(t) cos(2πf0 t + φ), φ = 0 is DSB-SC as given in class

= Am(t) cos(φ) cos(2πf0 t) − Am(t) sin(φ) sin(2πf0 t)

Hence,

xc (t) = Am(t) cos(φ)

xs (t) = Am(t) sin(φ)
q
E(t) = A2 m2 (t)(cos2 (φ) + sin2 (φ)) = |Am(t)|
 
Am(t) cos(φ)
Θ(t) = arctan = arctan(tan(φ)) = φ
Am(t) sin(φ)

b) & c) A SSB signal has the form

xSSB (t) = Am(t) cos(2πf0 t) ∓ Amh (t) sin(2πf0 t)

Thus, for the USSB signal (minus sign)

xc (t) = Am(t)
xs (t) = Amh (t)
q q
E(t) = A2 (m2 (t) + m2h (t)) = A m2 (t) + m2h (t)
 
mh (t)
Θ(t) = arctan
m(t)

For the LSSB signal (plus sign)

xc (t) = Am(t)
xs (t) = −Amh (t)
q q
E(t) = A2 (m2 (t) + m2h (t)) = A m2 (t) + m2h (t)
 
mh (t)
Θ(t) = arctan −
m(t)

QUESTION 4 CONTINUES OVER THE PAGE

EE 4501 Problem Set 3 Solution September 30, 2018 Page 5 of 7.

4 (Continued)
d) If conventional AM is employed, then

xM (t) = A(1 + m(t)) cos(2πf0 t + φ)

= A(1 + m(t)) cos(φ) cos(2πf0 t) − A(1 + m(t)) sin(φ) sin(2πf0 t)

Hence,

xc (t) = A(1 + m(t)) cos(φ)

xs (t) = A(1 + m(t)) sin(φ)
q
E(t) = A2 (1 + m(t))2 (cos2 (φ) + sin2 (φ)) = A|(1 + m(t))|
 
A(1 + m(t)) cos(φ)
Θ(t) = arctan = arctan(tan(φ)) = φ
A(1 + m(t)) sin(φ)

5. Advanced Problem. Read Section 3.4 L & D and consider the following sce-
nario. A real narrowband signal x(t) whose PSD is concentrated around ±f0 can
be described by
x(t) = < Ex (t)ej(2πf0 t+θx (t)) ,


where Ex (t) and θx (t) are the envelope and phase functions, both assumed to
be baseband signals. The signal, x(t), passes through a filter with frequency
response,
H (f ) = A (f ) ejθh (f ) , where A (f ) = |H (f )| .

Let us assume the filter’s frequency response is smooth enough such that the
magnitude response, M (f ) is essentially constant over the input signal bandwidth
and its phase response, θ (f ) can be approximated by its first order Taylor series.
Mathematically, we have

A (f ) ≈ A(f0 )
θh (f ) ≈ θh (f0 ) + (f − f0 )θh0 (f )|f =f0

for |f − f0 | < B and B  f0 . [Hint: Start by writing the output in the frequency
domain as:
0 (f )
j(θh (f0 )+ (f −f0 )θh | )
Y (f ) = A(f )X(f ) ≈ X (f ) A(f0 )e f =f0

which results from the simplifying assumptions.]

QUESTION 5 CONTINUES OVER THE PAGE

EE 4501 Problem Set 3 Solution September 30, 2018 Page 6 of 7.

5 (Continued)
(a) Show that we can write the output as

y(t) ≈ A(f0 )Ex (t − tg ) cos(2πf0 (t − tp ))

where the parameters tg and tp are, respectively, the group and phase delays
as defined in L & D (Footnote, Page 127)
1 dθh (f ) 1 θh (f )
tg = − , tp = − .
2π df f =f0 2π f f =f0

Solution. The spectrum of the output signal y(t) is the product of X(f )
and H(f ). Thus,
0
Y (f ) = H(f )X(f ) = X(f )A(f0 )ej(θ(f0 )+(f −f0 )θ (f )|f =f0 )

y(t) is a narrowband signal centered at frequencies f = ±f0 . From Problem

4 and the definition of x(t) above,

x(t) = Ex (t) cos[2πf0 t + θx (t)] = xc (t) cos 2πfc t + xs (t) sin 2πfc t

where xc (t) and xs (t) are the in-phase and quadrature components as defined
in Problem 4. The FT of the bandpass signal is given by
   
Xc (f − f0 ) − jXs (f − f0 ) Xc (f + f0 ) + jXs (f + f0 )
X (f ) = +
2 2
Around f0 , the spectrum of the modulated signal is given by
Xc (f − f0 ) − jXs (f − f0 )
X (f ) =
f ∼f0 2
 
Xc (f − f0 ) − jXs (f − f0 ) 0
=⇒ Y (f ) = A(f0 )ej(θ(f0 )+(f −f0 )θ (f )|f =f0 )
f ∼f0 2
Note that, A(f0 )ejθh (f0 ) is just a (complex) constant independent of f .
The remaining terms all depend on f −f0 and, in particular, the filter’s phase
response is approximately linear. Similarly,
 
Xc (f + f0 ) + jXs (f + f0 ) 0
Y (f ) = A(f0 )e−j(θ(f0 )+(f +f0 )θ (f )|f =−f0 )
f ∼−f0 2

The constant phase shift θh (f0 ) only affects the carrier (See Eq. 3.38 L &
D.) The effect of the linear phase shift in the frequency domain is a delay in
the time domain (Sec. 3.4.2), which affects both the in-phase and quadrature
components.
The output is the sum of the two components around ±f0

y(t) = y+ (t) + y− (t),

QUESTION 5(a) CONTINUES OVER THE PAGE

EE 4501 Problem Set 3 Solution September 30, 2018 Page 7 of 7.

5(a) (Continued)
where
  
±jθ(f0 ) −1 Xc (f ± f0 ) ∓ jXs (f ± f0 ) ±j(f ±f0 )θ0 (f )|f =±f0
y± (t) = A(f0 )e F e
2

i.e. y(t) is the sum of narrowband signals centered around ±f0 , which can
be described by
n o
y(t) = < Ey (t)ejθy (t) ej(2πf0 t+θh (f0 )) = yc (t) cos(2πf0 t+θ(f0 ))+ys (t) sin(2πf0 t+θ(f0 )),

From the inverse FT relationship above, yc (t) = A(f0 )xc (t − tg ) and ys (t) =
A(f0 )xs (t − tg ), where tg is the group delay defined above.
In more detail, with xl (t) = Ex (t)ejθx (t) we get
 
1 0
y(t) = < A(f0 )xl (t + θ (f )|f =f0 )ejθh (f0 ) ej2πf0 t
2π
 
1 0 j2πf0 t jθx (t+ 2π1 0
θh (f )|f =f0 )
= < A(f0 )Ex (t + θ (f )|f =f0 )e e
2π h
1 0
= A(f0 )Ex (t − tg ) cos(2πf0 t + θh (f0 ) + θx (t + θ (f )|f =f0 ))
2π h
θh (f0 ) 1 0
= A(f0 )Ex (t − tg ) cos(2πf0 (t + ) + Θx (t + θ (f )|f =f0 ))
2πf0 2π h
1 0
= A(f0 )Ex (t − tg ) cos(2πf0 (t − tp ) + θx (t + θ (f )|f =f0 ))
2π h
where
1 0 1 θ(f0 ) 1 θ(f )
tg = − θ (f )|f =f0 , tp = − =−
2π 2π f0 2π f f =f0

(b) Comment on the significance of these parameters in light of this result and
the discussion in L & D.

Solution. tg can be considered as a time lag of the envelope of the signal, whereas
1 θ(f0 )
tp is the time corresponding to a phase delay of 2π f0 . The key result is that the
envelope experiences a different delay than the carrier when the filter has nonlinear
phase response and the delay is related to the slope of the filter’s phase response.
The significance of this delay depends on the application.