Module III: Lecture 14

Angle Modulation: BW

Dr. S .M. Zafaruddin

Assistant Professor

Deptt. of EEE, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

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Objectives of Today Lecture

BW of Angle Modulation

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FM Modulation: Bandwidth
Rt
xF M (t) = A cos(2πfc t + 2πkf −∞ m(τ )dτ )
Rt
xF M (t) = A cos(ωc t + kf −∞ m(τ )dτ )
Rt
Let us assume a(t) = −∞ m(τ )dτ )
R
If the bandwidth of m(t) is B, what will be bandwidth m(τ )τ
1
Integrator H(f ) = j2πf does not change the bandwidth of the
input signal.
xF M (t) = A cos(ωc t + kf a(t))
xF M (t) = Re(Aej[ωc t+kf a(t)] )
xF M (t) = ARe(ejkf a(t) )ejωc t
hh i i
xF M (t) = ARe 1 + jkf a(t) − 2!1 kf2 a2 (t) + .... ejωc t

 
1 2 2
xF M (t) = A cos(ωc t) − kf a(t) sin ωc t − kf a (t) cos ωc t + ....
2!
(1)

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FM Modulation: Bandwidth

The modulated wave consists of an modulated carrier plus various

amplitude modulated terms such as a(t) sin(ωc t),
a2 (t) cos2 (ωc t)....and so on.
Bandwidth of a(t) : B
Bandwidth of a2 (t) : 2B
Bandwidth of an (t) : nB
Thus, spectrum of xF M (t) consists of an unmodulated carrier plus
spectra of a(t), a2 (t),....an (t), ....
Even m(t) is band-limited, xF M (t) is not band-limited
Bandwidth of FM = ∞

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FM Modulation: Effective Bandwidth

kfn an (t)
For practical message signal m(t), n! ≈ 0, as n increases.
Most of the modulated signal-power resides in a finite bandwidth.

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FM Modulation: Narrow band Approximation

NBFM
Narrow is related to bandwidth of the modulated signal and not
for the message bandwidth B.
When kf << 1 or βf << 1 such that |kf a(t)| << 1
From series expansion:

xN BF M (t) ≈ A [cos ωc t − kf a(t) sin ωc t]

 Z t 
xN BF M (t) ≈ A cos ωc t − kf sin ωc t m(τ )dτ
−∞

Bandwidth of xN BF M (t) is 2B
Comparing, NBFM is very similar to the AM.
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Phase Modulation: Bandwidth

xP M (t) = A cos(ωc t + kf m(t))

Similar to the FM (substitute a(t) = m(t)):
 
1 2 2
xP M (t) = A cos(ωc t) − kf m(t) sin ωc t − kf m (t) cos ωc t + ....
2!
(2)

Since BW of m(t) and a(t) is same, all conclusions drawn for FM,
holds true for PM too, and in general for any angle modulated
scheme.
When kp << 1 or βp << 1 such that |kp m(t)| << 1
NBPM

xN BP M (t) ≈ A [cos ωc t − kp m(t) sin ωc t]

Comparing, NBPM is very similar to the AM.

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Narrow-band Implementation

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Bandwidth of Angle Modulation: General Signals m(t)

Carson’s rule for effective BW (98% of power)

Bangle modulation = 2(∆f + B) (Ideally, we should use ≈ sign)
∆f : Frequency deviation
B: Message bandwidth
If higher frequency content is given: fm .
Bangle modulation = 2(∆f + fm )
For truly wide-band ∆f >> B, Bangle modulation ≈ 2∆f
For narrowe-band ∆f << B, Bangle modulation ≈ 2B

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FM Modulation: Single-Tone Modulation

m(t) = A cos(2πfm t)
xF M (t) = A cos(2πfc t + βf sin(2πfm t))
xF M (t) = ARe(ej2πfc t ejβf sin(2πfm t) )
Expansion of ejβf sin(2πfm t) with period T0 = 1/fm
General formula Fourier Series: g(t) = ∞ jn2πf0 t
P
n=−∞ cn e
where cn = T10 T0 g(t)e−jn2πf0 t
R

Fourier series exponential coefficients for our equation:

R 1/f
cn = fm 0 m ejβf sin(2πfm t) e−jn2πfm t dt
Substitute u = 2πfm t
1
R 2π j(β sin u−nu)
cn = 2π 0 e
f du
cn = Jn (βf )
Jn (βf ): Bessel function of the first kind of order n.

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FM Modulation: Single-Tone Modulation

P∞
Fourier series: ejβf sin(2πfm t) = n=−∞ Jn (β)e
j2πnfm t

xF M (t) = ARe(ej2πfc t ejβf sin(2πfm t) )

xF M (t) = ARe(ej2πfc t ∞ j2πnfm t )
P
n=−∞ Jn (βf )e
P∞
xF M (t) = n=−∞ AJn (βf ) cos(2π(fc + nfm ))
Same observation: BW is infinite even for a single-tone
modulation.
Effective BW
Jn (β) becomes negligible when n > β + 1
BF M = 2(β + 1)fm = 2(∆f + fm )

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Bessel

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Problem

An angle modulated signal has the form

x(t) = 100 cos(2π107 t + 4 sin 2000πt)
Determine average transmitted power.
Determine the peak-phase deviation.
Determine the peak-frequency deviation.
Is this an FM/PM?

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Solution

P = A2 /2 = 1002 /2 = 5000.
Maximum phase deviation ∆ϕmax = max 4 sin 2000πt = 4.
1 d
Instantaneous frequency fi = fc + 2π dt θ(t) = fc + 4000 cos(2000πt)
Maximum frequency deviation ∆fmax = 4000.
The angle modulated can be both PM or FM
PM: kp = 4, m(t) = sin(2000πt).
FM signal kf = 4000, m(t) = cos(2000πt)

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