Module III: Lecture 16

Angle Modulation: Generation and Demodulation

Dr. S .M. Zafaruddin

Assistant Professor

Deptt. of EEE, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 1 / 20

Objectives of Today Lecture

Generation angle modulation.

Demodulation

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 2 / 20

FM Generation: Indirect Method (Armstrong Method)

First generate NBFM ∆f << 1

Pass the NBFM to frequency multipliers to get WBFM with an
increased ∆f .

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 3 / 20

Frequency Multiplier

Frequency multiplier contains a non-linear device and BPF.

x_FM(t) Squarer device

BPF
y(t) = a_2 x^2(t)

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 4 / 20

Frequency Multiplier

Frequency multiplier contains a non-linear device and BPF.

x_FM(t) Squarer device

BPF
y(t) = a_2 x^2(t)

Find output at the square device if the input signal is FM.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 4 / 20

Frequency Multiplier

Frequency multiplier contains a non-linear device and BPF.

x_FM(t) Squarer device

BPF
y(t) = a_2 x^2(t)

Find output at the square device if the input signal is FM.

y(t) = a2 A2 cos2 [2πfc t + kf m(τ )dτ ]
R

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 4 / 20

Frequency Multiplier

Frequency multiplier contains a non-linear device and BPF.

x_FM(t) Squarer device

BPF
y(t) = a_2 x^2(t)

Find output at the square device if the input signal is FM.

y(t) = a2 A2 cos2 [2πfc t + kf m(τ )dτ ]
R

y(t) = 0.5a2 A2 + 0.5a2 A2 cos[4πfc t + 2kf m(τ )dτ ]

R

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 4 / 20

Frequency Multiplier

Frequency multiplier contains a non-linear device and BPF.

x_FM(t) Squarer device

BPF
y(t) = a_2 x^2(t)

Find output at the square device if the input signal is FM.

y(t) = a2 A2 cos2 [2πfc t + kf m(τ )dτ ]
R

y(t) = 0.5a2 A2 + 0.5a2 A2 cos[4πfc t + 2kf m(τ )dτ ]

R

Signal at the output of BPF

R (centered at 2fc ):
2
0.5a2 A cos[4πfc t + 2πkf m(τ )dτ ].

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 4 / 20

Frequency Multiplier

Frequency multiplier contains a non-linear device and BPF.

x_FM(t) Squarer device

BPF
y(t) = a_2 x^2(t)

Find output at the square device if the input signal is FM.

y(t) = a2 A2 cos2 [2πfc t + kf m(τ )dτ ]
R

y(t) = 0.5a2 A2 + 0.5a2 A2 cos[4πfc t + 2kf m(τ )dτ ]

R

Signal at the output of BPF

R (centered at 2fc ):
2
0.5a2 A cos[4πfc t + 2πkf m(τ )dτ ].
Output Signal ∆f = 2kf mp , Carrier Frequency 2fc

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 4 / 20

Frequency Multiplier

Frequency multiplier contains a non-linear device and BPF.

x_FM(t) Squarer device

BPF
y(t) = a_2 x^2(t)

Find output at the square device if the input signal is FM.

y(t) = a2 A2 cos2 [2πfc t + kf m(τ )dτ ]
R

y(t) = 0.5a2 A2 + 0.5a2 A2 cos[4πfc t + 2kf m(τ )dτ ]

R

Signal at the output of BPF

R (centered at 2fc ):
2
0.5a2 A cos[4πfc t + 2πkf m(τ )dτ ].
Output Signal ∆f = 2kf mp , Carrier Frequency 2fc
A squarer device has doubled the peak-frequency deviation ∆f

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 4 / 20

Frequency Multiplier

Frequency multiplier contains a non-linear device and BPF.

x_FM(t) Squarer device

BPF
y(t) = a_2 x^2(t)

Find output at the square device if the input signal is FM.

y(t) = a2 A2 cos2 [2πfc t + kf m(τ )dτ ]
R

y(t) = 0.5a2 A2 + 0.5a2 A2 cos[4πfc t + 2kf m(τ )dτ ]

R

Signal at the output of BPF

R (centered at 2fc ):
2
0.5a2 A cos[4πfc t + 2πkf m(τ )dτ ].
Output Signal ∆f = 2kf mp , Carrier Frequency 2fc
A squarer device has doubled the peak-frequency deviation ∆f
However, it has also doubled the carrier frequency.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 4 / 20

Frequency Multiplier

Frequency multiplier contains a non-linear device and BPF.

x_FM(t) Squarer device

BPF
y(t) = a_2 x^2(t)

Find output at the square device if the input signal is FM.

y(t) = a2 A2 cos2 [2πfc t + kf m(τ )dτ ]
R

y(t) = 0.5a2 A2 + 0.5a2 A2 cos[4πfc t + 2kf m(τ )dτ ]

R

Signal at the output of BPF

R (centered at 2fc ):
2
0.5a2 A cos[4πfc t + 2πkf m(τ )dτ ].
Output Signal ∆f = 2kf mp , Carrier Frequency 2fc
A squarer device has doubled the peak-frequency deviation ∆f
However, it has also doubled the carrier frequency.
How to control the carrier frequency?

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 4 / 20

n-order Frequency Multiplier

y(t) = a0 + a1 x(t) + a2 x2 (t) + ...an xn (t)

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 5 / 20

n-order Frequency Multiplier

y(t) = a0 + a1 x(t) + a2 x2 (t) + ...an xn (t)

R
If x(t) = A cos[πfc t + kf m(τ )dτ ]

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 5 / 20

n-order Frequency Multiplier

y(t) = a0 + a1 x(t) + a2 x2 (t) + ...an xn (t)

R
If x(t) = A cos[πfc t + kf m(τ )dτ ]
R
y(t)R= c0 + c1 cos[2πfc t + kf m(τ )dτ ]R+ c2 cos[4πfc t +
2kf m(τ )dτ ] + ...cn cos[n2πfc t + nkf m(τ )dτ ].

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 5 / 20

n-order Frequency Multiplier

y(t) = a0 + a1 x(t) + a2 x2 (t) + ...an xn (t)

R
If x(t) = A cos[πfc t + kf m(τ )dτ ]
R
y(t)R= c0 + c1 cos[2πfc t + kf m(τ )dτ ]R+ c2 cos[4πfc t +
2kf m(τ )dτ ] + ...cn cos[n2πfc t + nkf m(τ )dτ ].
Thus, an n-order non-linear device increases the carrier frequency
and frequency deviation by n times.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 5 / 20

n-order Frequency Multiplier

y(t) = a0 + a1 x(t) + a2 x2 (t) + ...an xn (t)

R
If x(t) = A cos[πfc t + kf m(τ )dτ ]
R
y(t)R= c0 + c1 cos[2πfc t + kf m(τ )dτ ]R+ c2 cos[4πfc t +
2kf m(τ )dτ ] + ...cn cos[n2πfc t + nkf m(τ )dτ ].
Thus, an n-order non-linear device increases the carrier frequency
and frequency deviation by n times.
A bandpass filter centered at nfc will recover the FM signal at
carrier frequency nfc and frequency deviation n∆f .

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 5 / 20

n-order Frequency Multiplier

y(t) = a0 + a1 x(t) + a2 x2 (t) + ...an xn (t)

R
If x(t) = A cos[πfc t + kf m(τ )dτ ]
R
y(t)R= c0 + c1 cos[2πfc t + kf m(τ )dτ ]R+ c2 cos[4πfc t +
2kf m(τ )dτ ] + ...cn cos[n2πfc t + nkf m(τ )dτ ].
Thus, an n-order non-linear device increases the carrier frequency
and frequency deviation by n times.
A bandpass filter centered at nfc will recover the FM signal at
carrier frequency nfc and frequency deviation n∆f .
Multiplier: non-linear + BPF.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 5 / 20

n-order Frequency Multiplier

y(t) = a0 + a1 x(t) + a2 x2 (t) + ...an xn (t)

R
If x(t) = A cos[πfc t + kf m(τ )dτ ]
R
y(t)R= c0 + c1 cos[2πfc t + kf m(τ )dτ ]R+ c2 cos[4πfc t +
2kf m(τ )dτ ] + ...cn cos[n2πfc t + nkf m(τ )dτ ].
Thus, an n-order non-linear device increases the carrier frequency
and frequency deviation by n times.
A bandpass filter centered at nfc will recover the FM signal at
carrier frequency nfc and frequency deviation n∆f .
Multiplier: non-linear + BPF.
How to control the carrier frequency?

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 5 / 20

n-order Frequency Multiplier

y(t) = a0 + a1 x(t) + a2 x2 (t) + ...an xn (t)

R
If x(t) = A cos[πfc t + kf m(τ )dτ ]
R
y(t)R= c0 + c1 cos[2πfc t + kf m(τ )dτ ]R+ c2 cos[4πfc t +
2kf m(τ )dτ ] + ...cn cos[n2πfc t + nkf m(τ )dτ ].
Thus, an n-order non-linear device increases the carrier frequency
and frequency deviation by n times.
A bandpass filter centered at nfc will recover the FM signal at
carrier frequency nfc and frequency deviation n∆f .
Multiplier: non-linear + BPF.
How to control the carrier frequency?
Use the frequency mixer to down convert the carrier frequency at
the output of multiplier.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 5 / 20

Frequency Mixer/Converter

Frequency mixer: Multiplier plus BPF

BPF Signal with
m(t) cos (2πfc t ) Centered at fc+fLO changed
X Or fc-fLO
or frequency
fLO-fC

2 cos (2πfLO t )

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 6 / 20

Frequency Mixer/Converter

Frequency mixer: Multiplier plus BPF

BPF Signal with
m(t) cos (2πfc t ) Centered at fc+fLO changed
X Or fc-fLO
or frequency
fLO-fC

2 cos (2πfLO t )

Find the signal input to the BPF

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 6 / 20

Frequency Mixer/Converter

Frequency mixer: Multiplier plus BPF

BPF Signal with
m(t) cos (2πfc t ) Centered at fc+fLO changed
X Or fc-fLO
or frequency
fLO-fC

2 cos (2πfLO t )

Find the signal input to the BPF

m(t)[cos 2π(fc + fLO )t + cos 2π(fc − fLO )t

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 6 / 20

Frequency Mixer/Converter

Frequency mixer: Multiplier plus BPF

BPF Signal with
m(t) cos (2πfc t ) Centered at fc+fLO changed
X Or fc-fLO
or frequency
fLO-fC

2 cos (2πfLO t )

Find the signal input to the BPF

m(t)[cos 2π(fc + fLO )t + cos 2π(fc − fLO )t
Since cos is even function:

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 6 / 20

Frequency Mixer/Converter

Frequency mixer: Multiplier plus BPF

BPF Signal with
m(t) cos (2πfc t ) Centered at fc+fLO changed
X Or fc-fLO
or frequency
fLO-fC

2 cos (2πfLO t )

Find the signal input to the BPF

m(t)[cos 2π(fc + fLO )t + cos 2π(fc − fLO )t
Since cos is even function:
m(t)[cos 2π(fc + fLO )t + cos 2π(fLO − fc )t

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 6 / 20

Frequency Mixer/Converter

Frequency mixer: Multiplier plus BPF

BPF Signal with
m(t) cos (2πfc t ) Centered at fc+fLO changed
X Or fc-fLO
or frequency
fLO-fC

2 cos (2πfLO t )

Find the signal input to the BPF

m(t)[cos 2π(fc + fLO )t + cos 2π(fc − fLO )t
Since cos is even function:
m(t)[cos 2π(fc + fLO )t + cos 2π(fLO − fc )t
Output frequency will contain either fc + fLO or fc − fLO or
fLO − fc depending on the center frequency of BPF.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 6 / 20

Armstrong Method

FM signal x(t) with m(t) = sinc(2πt); fc = 1000KHz, kf = 1.

Find carrier and frequency deviation at the output. Assume center
frequency of the BPF as the sum of two input frequencies.

y(t)
x(t) (.)^3 Mixer (.)^2 Mixer (.)^(5)

Local Oscillator at 100 KHz Local Oscillator at 4200 KHz

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 7 / 20

Armstrong Indirect FM Generation: Example

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 8 / 20

Armstrong Indirect FM Generation: Example

Desired output: Carrier frequency 91.2 MHz, ∆f = 75 KHz.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 8 / 20

Armstrong Indirect FM Generation: Example

Desired output: Carrier frequency 91.2 MHz, ∆f = 75 KHz.

NBFM fc1 = 200 KHz, ∆f 1 = 25 Hz.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 8 / 20

Armstrong Indirect FM Generation: Example

Desired output: Carrier frequency 91.2 MHz, ∆f = 75 KHz.

NBFM fc1 = 200 KHz, ∆f 1 = 25 Hz.
How-many multiplications : 75000/25 = 3000

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 8 / 20

Armstrong Indirect FM Generation: Example

Desired output: Carrier frequency 91.2 MHz, ∆f = 75 KHz.

NBFM fc1 = 200 KHz, ∆f 1 = 25 Hz.
How-many multiplications : 75000/25 = 3000
A slight different in ∆f is tolerable, but not in fc .

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 8 / 20

Armstrong Indirect FM Generation: Example

A single multiplier stage: fc4 = fc1 × 3000 = 600 MHz.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 9 / 20

Armstrong Indirect FM Generation: Example

A single multiplier stage: fc4 = fc1 × 3000 = 600 MHz.

Mixing with a high frequency oscillator of 508.8 MHz may work.
What if such high frequency oscillator is not available.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 9 / 20

Armstrong Indirect FM Generation: Example

A single multiplier stage: fc4 = fc1 × 3000 = 600 MHz.

Mixing with a high frequency oscillator of 508.8 MHz may work.
What if such high frequency oscillator is not available.
Carrier frequency exceed the required carrier frequency: fc4 = 91.2
MHz.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 9 / 20

Armstrong Indirect FM Generation: Example

A single multiplier stage: fc4 = fc1 × 3000 = 600 MHz.

Mixing with a high frequency oscillator of 508.8 MHz may work.
What if such high frequency oscillator is not available.
Carrier frequency exceed the required carrier frequency: fc4 = 91.2
MHz.
We need to have multiple stages: each stage has a frequency
converter to control the carrier frequency.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 9 / 20

Armstrong Indirect FM Generation: Example

A single multiplier stage: fc4 = fc1 × 3000 = 600 MHz.

Mixing with a high frequency oscillator of 508.8 MHz may work.
What if such high frequency oscillator is not available.
Carrier frequency exceed the required carrier frequency: fc4 = 91.2
MHz.
We need to have multiple stages: each stage has a frequency
converter to control the carrier frequency.
Let us have two stage: M1 = 64, M2 = 48: total multiplications:
64 × 48 = 3072.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 9 / 20

Armstrong Indirect FM Generation: Example

A single multiplier stage: fc4 = fc1 × 3000 = 600 MHz.

Mixing with a high frequency oscillator of 508.8 MHz may work.
What if such high frequency oscillator is not available.
Carrier frequency exceed the required carrier frequency: fc4 = 91.2
MHz.
We need to have multiple stages: each stage has a frequency
converter to control the carrier frequency.
Let us have two stage: M1 = 64, M2 = 48: total multiplications:
64 × 48 = 3072.
First stage : fc2 = M1 × fc1 = 64 × 200KHz = 12.8 MHz.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 9 / 20

Armstrong Indirect FM Generation: Example

A single multiplier stage: fc4 = fc1 × 3000 = 600 MHz.

Mixing with a high frequency oscillator of 508.8 MHz may work.
What if such high frequency oscillator is not available.
Carrier frequency exceed the required carrier frequency: fc4 = 91.2
MHz.
We need to have multiple stages: each stage has a frequency
converter to control the carrier frequency.
Let us have two stage: M1 = 64, M2 = 48: total multiplications:
64 × 48 = 3072.
First stage : fc2 = M1 × fc1 = 64 × 200KHz = 12.8 MHz.
∆f2 = 64 × 25Hz = 1.6KHz

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 9 / 20

Armstrong Indirect FM Generation: Example

fc2= 12. 8MHz

fc1= 200 KHz Δf2 = 1.6 KHz

Frequency Multiplier
Δf1 = 25 Hz x64

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 10 / 20

Armstrong Indirect FM Generation: Example

fc2= 12. 8MHz

fc1= 200 KHz Δf2 = 1.6 KHz

Frequency Multiplier
Δf1 = 25 Hz x64

91.2M Hz
fc3 = 48 = 1.9M Hz

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 10 / 20

Armstrong Indirect FM Generation: Example

fc2= 12. 8MHz

fc1= 200 KHz Δf2 = 1.6 KHz

Frequency Multiplier
Δf1 = 25 Hz x64

91.2M Hz
fc3 = 48 = 1.9M Hz
What is oscillator frequency to maintain fc3 = 1.9M Hz for the
incoming fc2 = 12.8M Hz

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 10 / 20

Armstrong Indirect FM Generation: Example

fc2= 12. 8MHz

fc1= 200 KHz Δf2 = 1.6 KHz

Frequency Multiplier
Δf1 = 25 Hz x64

91.2M Hz
fc3 = 48 = 1.9M Hz
What is oscillator frequency to maintain fc3 = 1.9M Hz for the
incoming fc2 = 12.8M Hz
Choice 1: fLO = fc2 + fc3 = 14.7M Hz

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 10 / 20

Armstrong Indirect FM Generation: Example

fc2= 12. 8MHz

fc1= 200 KHz Δf2 = 1.6 KHz

Frequency Multiplier
Δf1 = 25 Hz x64

91.2M Hz
fc3 = 48 = 1.9M Hz
What is oscillator frequency to maintain fc3 = 1.9M Hz for the
incoming fc2 = 12.8M Hz
Choice 1: fLO = fc2 + fc3 = 14.7M Hz
Choice 2: fLO = fc2 − fc3 = 10.9M Hz

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 10 / 20

Armstrong Indirect FM Generation: Example

fc2= 12. 8MHz

fc1= 200 KHz Δf2 = 1.6 KHz

Frequency Multiplier
Δf1 = 25 Hz x64

91.2M Hz
fc3 = 48 = 1.9M Hz
What is oscillator frequency to maintain fc3 = 1.9M Hz for the
incoming fc2 = 12.8M Hz
Choice 1: fLO = fc2 + fc3 = 14.7M Hz
Choice 2: fLO = fc2 − fc3 = 10.9M Hz
Choice 3: fLO = fc3 − fc2 = −10.9M Hz

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 10 / 20

Armstrong Indirect FM Generation: Example

fc2= 12. 8MHz

fc1= 200 KHz Δf2 = 1.6 KHz

Frequency Multiplier
Δf1 = 25 Hz x64

91.2M Hz
fc3 = 48 = 1.9M Hz
What is oscillator frequency to maintain fc3 = 1.9M Hz for the
incoming fc2 = 12.8M Hz
Choice 1: fLO = fc2 + fc3 = 14.7M Hz
Choice 2: fLO = fc2 − fc3 = 10.9M Hz
Choice 3: fLO = fc3 − fc2 = −10.9M Hz
If there is no restriction on LO: chose any LO with positive
frequency.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 10 / 20

Armstrong Indirect FM Generation: Example

fc2= 12. 8MHz

fc1= 200 KHz Δf2 = 1.6 KHz

Frequency Multiplier
Δf1 = 25 Hz x64

91.2M Hz
fc3 = 48 = 1.9M Hz
What is oscillator frequency to maintain fc3 = 1.9M Hz for the
incoming fc2 = 12.8M Hz
Choice 1: fLO = fc2 + fc3 = 14.7M Hz
Choice 2: fLO = fc2 − fc3 = 10.9M Hz
Choice 3: fLO = fc3 − fc2 = −10.9M Hz
If there is no restriction on LO: chose any LO with positive
frequency.
If there is restriction: chose that is available.
Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 10 / 20
Armstrong Indirect FM Generation: Example

fc2= 12. 8MHz

fc3= 1.9 MHz
fc1= 200 KHz Δf2 = 1.6 KHz Frequency Δf4 = 76.8 KHz
Frequency Multiplier Freq.
Multiplier
Converter
Δf1 = 25 Hz M1=64 Δf3 = 1.6 KHz M2=48 fc4= 91.2 MHz

fLO = 10.9 MHz

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 11 / 20

Problem

Design (only the block diagram) an Armstrong indirect FM modulator

to generate an FM carrier with a carrier frequency of 96 MHz and
∆f = 20 kHz. A narrowband FM generator with fc = 200 kHz and
adjustable ∆f in the range of 9 to 10 Hz is available. The stock room
also has an oscillator with adjustable frequency in the range of 9 to 10
MHz. There is a bandpass filter with any center frequency, and only
frequency doublers are available.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 12 / 20

Solution

NBFM generates: fc1 = 200 KHz, and ∆f 1 =9 to 10 Hz.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 13 / 20

Solution

NBFM generates: fc1 = 200 KHz, and ∆f 1 =9 to 10 Hz.

The final WBFM : fc = 96 MHz and ∆f = 20 KHz.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 13 / 20

Solution

NBFM generates: fc1 = 200 KHz, and ∆f 1 =9 to 10 Hz.

The final WBFM : fc = 96 MHz and ∆f = 20 KHz.
∆f
Total number of frequency multiplier needed: ∆f 1 = 2000 to 2200.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 13 / 20

Solution

NBFM generates: fc1 = 200 KHz, and ∆f 1 =9 to 10 Hz.

The final WBFM : fc = 96 MHz and ∆f = 20 KHz.
∆f
Total number of frequency multiplier needed: ∆f 1 = 2000 to 2200.
n
Since only doublers are available: closest n: 2 =2000 2200

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 13 / 20

Solution

NBFM generates: fc1 = 200 KHz, and ∆f 1 =9 to 10 Hz.

The final WBFM : fc = 96 MHz and ∆f = 20 KHz.
∆f
Total number of frequency multiplier needed: ∆f 1 = 2000 to 2200.
n
Since only doublers are available: closest n: 2 =2000 2200
n = 11, thus n11 = 2048.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 13 / 20

Solution

NBFM generates: fc1 = 200 KHz, and ∆f 1 =9 to 10 Hz.

The final WBFM : fc = 96 MHz and ∆f = 20 KHz.
∆f
Total number of frequency multiplier needed: ∆f 1 = 2000 to 2200.
n
Since only doublers are available: closest n: 2 =2000 2200
n = 11, thus n11 = 2048.
∆f
Fix ∆f 1 = 211 = 9.7656 Hz.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 13 / 20

Solution

NBFM generates: fc1 = 200 KHz, and ∆f 1 =9 to 10 Hz.

The final WBFM : fc = 96 MHz and ∆f = 20 KHz.
∆f
Total number of frequency multiplier needed: ∆f 1 = 2000 to 2200.
n
Since only doublers are available: closest n: 2 =2000 2200
n = 11, thus n11 = 2048.
∆f
Fix ∆f 1 = 211 = 9.7656 Hz.
If this flexibility (initial frequency deviation of NBFM) was not possible,
there will be a slight difference in deviation but fc should match exactly.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 13 / 20

Solution

NBFM generates: fc1 = 200 KHz, and ∆f 1 =9 to 10 Hz.

The final WBFM : fc = 96 MHz and ∆f = 20 KHz.
∆f
Total number of frequency multiplier needed: ∆f 1 = 2000 to 2200.
n
Since only doublers are available: closest n: 2 =2000 2200
n = 11, thus n11 = 2048.
∆f
Fix ∆f 1 = 211 = 9.7656 Hz.
If this flexibility (initial frequency deviation of NBFM) was not possible,
there will be a slight difference in deviation but fc should match exactly.
One stage will not work: carrier frequency become 200kHz × 2048=
409.6 MHz.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 13 / 20

Solution

NBFM generates: fc1 = 200 KHz, and ∆f 1 =9 to 10 Hz.

The final WBFM : fc = 96 MHz and ∆f = 20 KHz.
∆f
Total number of frequency multiplier needed: ∆f 1 = 2000 to 2200.
n
Since only doublers are available: closest n: 2 =2000 2200
n = 11, thus n11 = 2048.
∆f
Fix ∆f 1 = 211 = 9.7656 Hz.
If this flexibility (initial frequency deviation of NBFM) was not possible,
there will be a slight difference in deviation but fc should match exactly.
One stage will not work: carrier frequency become 200kHz × 2048=
409.6 MHz.
We have to add frequency mixers to control carrier frequency.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 13 / 20

Solution

Let us make two stages M1 = 2n1 and M2 = 2n2

fc2 = 2n1 fc1 and fc = 2n2 fc3 , where fc3 is after mixer.
To find fc3 and fLO
fc3 = fc2 ± fLO and fc3 = fLO − fc2 .
Each should be tested 9M HZ < fLO < 10M Hz.
M1 = 64, M2 = 32, fLO = 9.8M Hz

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 14 / 20

Block Diagram

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L16 Angle Mod 15 / 20