Module III: Lecture 8

Amplitude Modulation

Dr. S .M. Zafaruddin

Assistant Professor

Deptt. of EEE, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L8 Modulation 1 / 26

Objectives of Today Lecture

Amplitude Modulation

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L8 Modulation 2 / 26

Basebad Transmission

Antenna length
Transmit power to convert electrical signals to EM wave
Interference
Channel Conditions

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L8 Modulation 3 / 26

Introduction to Modulation

Let m(t): message signal of bandwidth B.

Let A cos(2πfc t + ϕ(t)): Carrier signal
There are three variables in the carrier signal: amplitude,
frequency, phase.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L8 Modulation 4 / 26

Types of Analog Modulation

m(t): message signal of bandwidth B.

A(t) cos(2πfc t + ϕ(t)): Carrier signal
Amplitude modulation (AM): Amplitude A(t) linearly varies with
m(t).
Angle Modulation: The angle of carrier 2πfc t + ϕ(t) varies with
m(t)
Frequency modulation (FM): Frequency fc linearly varies with m(t).
Phase modulation (PM): Phase ϕ(t) linearly varies with m(t).

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L8 Modulation 5 / 26

Amplitude Modulation
Message signal: m(t)
Carrier Signal: A cos(2πfc t)
A ∝ m(t)
A = km(t); assume proportionality constant k = 1.
DSB-SC modulated signal: x(t) = m(t) cos(2πfc t)

m(t)
Modulating signal X m(t)cos (2 π fct )
Modulated signal

Carrier

cos (2 π fct )

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L8 Modulation 6 / 26

Waveform: DSB-SC

Message signal: m(t)

Carrier Signal: A cos(2πfc t)
DSB-SC modulated signal: x(t) = m(t) cos(2πfc t)
Draw m(t) and −m(t) and fill sinusoidal in between.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L8 Modulation 7 / 26

DSB-SC: Waveform

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L8 Modulation 8 / 26

Spectrum: DSB-SC
DSB-SC modulated signal: x(t) = m(t) cos(2πfc t)
Carrier Signal: A cos(2πfc t)
DSB-SC modulated signal: X(f ) = F T [m(t) cos(2πfc t)]

X(f)

1/2
USB
USB LSB LSB

fc-B fc fc+B

What is the bandwidth of DSB-SC? 2B

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L8 Modulation 9 / 26
Power: DSB-SC

DSB-SC modulated signal: x(t) = Am(t) cos(2πfc t)

A2
ACF: Rx (τ ) = 2 Rm (τ ) cos 2πfc τ
2 2
Power= Rx (0) = A2 R0 (τ ) = A2 Pm
A2
Sx (f ) = 4 (Sm (f − fc ) + Sm (f + fc )).

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L8 Modulation 10 / 26

Demodulation: DSB-SC

Message signal: m(t)

Carrier Signal: cos(2πfc t)

X
[1/2] m(t)
x(t)= m(t)cos (2 π fct ) LPF
Modulated signal

Carrier

cos (2 π fct )

Any problem with the demodulation?

Require perfect synchronized frequency and phase information of the
carrier signal (that was used at the far-end transmitter) at the receiver.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L8 Modulation 11 / 26

Envelop of Signal

What is envelop of signals A cos(2πfc t)

How many signals you see in A cos(2πfc t)?
Envelope of signal |A|?
Envelope of signal x(t) = m(t) cos(2πfc t)?
|m(t)|.
More technically, complex envelop: xp (t) = x(t) + jxh (t).
Thus, envelope of signal |xp (t)|.
Important Hilbert transform of x(t) = m(t) cos(2πfc t) is
xh (t) = m(t) sin(2πfc t).

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L8 Modulation 12 / 26

Envelop Detector: DSB-SC

DSB-SC modulated signal: x(t) = Am(t) cos(2πfc t)

Envelop of signal x(t)?
If we detect envelope of the modulated signal, we get |m(t)|.
If |m(t)| = m(t), for all t: perfect demodulation.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L8 Modulation 13 / 26

Amplitude Modulation with Carrier

DSB-SC with Carrier

x(t) = A cos(2πfc t) + m(t) cos(2πfc t)
x(t) = (A + m(t)) cos(2πfc t)
|A + m(t)| is the envelop of AM modulated signal.
For non-coherent detection A + m(t) ≥ 0
We choose Sufficient A to make sure that A + m(t) ≥ 0.
mp
Modulation index µ = A , where mp is the maximum amplitude of
m(t).
What is advantage and disadvantage of adding a carrier?

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L8 Modulation 14 / 26

Amplitude Modulation:Time-Domain

m(t) Message Signal mp = maximum amplitude

mp -mp= minimum amplitude

t
-mp

mp A+ m(t) >0
With carrier: Case 1

A+ m(t) not greater 0, for all t

With carrier: Case 2

Draw the AM waveform

Sketch the envelop A + m(t) and its mirror-image −(A + m(t)),
and fill in-between sinusoid of frequency fc .

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L8 Modulation 15 / 26

Problem

The specification of BPF is 2W bandwidth centered at f0 and LPF has

a BW of W . Plot the spectra and find the bandwidth of
y1 (t), y2 (t), y3 (t), y4 (t).

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L8 Modulation 16 / 26

TB problem

Two signals m1 (t) and m2 (t), both band-limited to 5000 Hz, are to be
transmitted simultaneously over a channel by the multiplexing scheme
shown in Fig. 1. The signal at point b is the multiplexed signal, which
now modulates a carrier of frequency 20,000 Hz. The modulated signal
at point c is transmitted over a channel. (a) Sketch signal spectra at
points a, b, and c. (b) What must be the bandwidth of the channel?
(c) Design a receiver to recover signals m1 (t) and m2 (t) from the
modulated signal at point c.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L8 Modulation 17 / 26

TB Problem

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L8 Modulation 18 / 26

Solution a: Sketch at a

f(KHz)
-15 -10 -5 5 10 15

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L8 Modulation 19 / 26

Solution a: Sketch at b

f(KHz)
-15 -10 -5 5 10 15

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L8 Modulation 20 / 26

Solution a: Sketch at c

Symmetric here
f(KHz)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L8 Modulation 21 / 26

Solution b:

BW: 35-5=30 KHz

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L8 Modulation 22 / 26

Solution c:

Signal at c: 2m1 (t) cos(40, 000πt) + 2m2 (t) cos(20, 000πt) cos(40, 000πt).
Multiply with synchronous carriers and apply LPF to get m1 (t) and
m2 (t).

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L8 Modulation 23 / 26