Analog Communication Systems: Amplitude Modulation

Analog Communication Systems
Lecture 3
Amplitude Modulation
Dr. Adnan Ismail Al-Sulaifanie
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

College of Engineering
University of Duhok
2020 - 2021
Outline
I Explain Amplitude Modulation and its types.

I Conventional Double-sideband Amplitude Modulation (DSB-C-AM)
I Double-sideband suppressed carrier Amplitude Modulation (DSB-SC-AM)
I Single-sideband Amplitude Modulation (SSB-AM)
I Vestigial-sideband Amplitude Modulation (VSB-AM)
Communication systems - Amplitude modulation UoD – ECE Dept. 2020 - 2021 2/ 36

References
1. Proakis, Communication systems engineering, chapter 3.

2. Lathi, Modern digital and communication systems, chapter 4.
3. Haykin, Introduction to Analog and Digital Communications, chapter 3.

Types of Amplitude Modulation
I Amplitude modulation (AM) is defined as a process in which the amplitude of the

carrier wave c(t) is varied about a mean value, linearly with the baseband signal m(t)
I There are three types of AM modulation:
1. Double-sideband AM (DSB-AM).
2. Single-sideband AM (SSB-AM)
3. Vestigial sideband AM (VSB-AM)
I Both DSB and SSB can be further classified into suppressed carrier and with carrier,
and this depends on the presence of carrier in the modulated signal.
I The evaluation of these methods is based on three parameters: bandwidth efficiency,
power efficiency and circuit complexity.

Abbreviations and Notions
I m(t) =⇒ baseband message signal.

I Am =⇒ max amplitude of m(t)
I B =⇒ bandwidth of m(t)
I Ac cos wc t = Ac cos(2πfc t) =⇒ carrier signal
I fc frequency of carrier wave.
I M(f ) =⇒ spectrum of baseband signal
I M(f − fc ), M(f + fc ) =⇒ spectrum of modulated signal
I µ =⇒ modulation index
I s(t) modulated signal

Amplitude Modulation DSB-SC
DSB-SC is obtained by multiplying m(t) by c(t)
s(t) = m(t) ∗ Ac cos(2πfc t)
Ac [ ]
S(f ) = M(f − fc ) + M(f + fc )
2

fc
I >> 1 enables efficient power radiation using antenna of reasonable size.
B
I fc ≥ 2B prevents overlap between the spectrum of the modulating signal m(t) and
modulated signal s(t).
I The bandwidth requirement of the modulated signal is 2B Hz, where as the bandwidth
of the message signal is B Hz.
I The frequency content of the modulated signal s(t) in the frequency band f > fc is
called the upper sideband (USB) of S(f ) , and the frequency content in the frequency
band f < fc is called the lower sideband (LSB) of S(f ).
I Both sidebands contain all frequencies of baseband signal m(t) (redundant
transmission).
I Modulated signal s(t) does not contain a carrier component (all the transmitted power
is contained in the modulating signal m(t)). The power efficiency is 100%.
I The carrier frequency is not transmitted with m(t). Therefore, s(t) is called
suppressed-carrier signal.

Example
m(t) = Am cos(2πfm t)
c(t) = Ac cos(2πfc t)
Solution:
s(t) = m(t) c(t) = Am Ac cos(2πfm t) cos(2πfc t)
Am Ac [ ]
s(t) = cos 2π(fc − fm )t + cos 2π(fc + fm )t
2
Am Ac [ ]
S(f ) = δ(f − fc + fm ) + δ(f + fc − fm ) + δ(f − fc − fm ) + δ(f + fc + fm )
4

Demodulation DSB-SC AM
I Reconstruction of m(t) from modulated signal can be achieved by multiplying s(t) by
cos(wc t + Φ)
r (t) = s(t).cos(wc t + Φ) = Ac m(t) cos(wc t) cos(wc t + Φ)
Ac Ac
r (t) = m(t) cos(−Φ) + m(t) cos(2wc t + Φ)
2 2
I Low-pass filter is used to remove spectrum centered at 2fc .
Ac
ro (t) = m(t) cos(Φ) cos(Φ) = cos(−Φ)
2
I The amplitude of the reconstructed m(t) is reduced by cos(Φ)

π
I If Φ = , the signal vanishes ro (t) = 0 . Therefore, phase-coherent or synchronous
2
demodulator is needed.

Example
Suppose the modulating signal m(t) = cos(10 πt) and c(t) = cos(100 πt) Determine the
spectrum of modulated and demodulated signal.
fm = 5 Hz
fc = 50 Hz
Am Ac [ ]
S(f ) = δ(f − fc + fm ) + δ(f + fc − fm ) + δ(f − fc − fm ) + δ(f + fc + fm )
4
1[ ]
S(f ) = δ(f − 45) + δ(f + 45) + δ(f − 55) + δ(f + 55)
4
π
If Φ =
2
Homework
Suppose the modulating signal m(t) = cos(10 πt) + cos(20 πt) and c(t) = cos(100 πt)
Determine the spectrum of the modulated and the demodulated signal.
Summary of DSB-SC AM
I Requires double bandwidth of baseband signal.

I It is 100% power efficient because all power is contained in the message signal.
I Demodulation is difficult because it requires the presence of carrier at receiver side,
and this carrier should have the same frequency and phase of that generated at
transmitter side (precise synchronization).
I Advantages: simple modulation circuit, 100% power efficient.
I Disadvantages: waste bandwidth and complex receiver.
DSB Modulation with carrier (DSB-C)
In DSB-CAM, the carrier signal is transmitted with the modulated signal.
[ ] [ ]
s(t) = Ac + m(t) cos(2πfc t) = 1 + ḿ(t) Ac cos(2πfc t)
ḿ(t) is the normalized version of m(t) where the maximum amplitude Am ≤ Ac
Ac [ ] 1[ ]
S(f ) = δ(f − fc ) + δ(f + fc ) + M(f − fc ) + M(f + fc )
2 2
Compare the spectrum with that in slide 6
Modulation Index
I The amplitude of m(t) is normalized such that
max|m(t)| ≤ Ac =⇒ Ac + m(t) ≥ 0.
This is the desired condition for conventional DSB AM that makes it easy to
demodulate.
Am
I µ= is defined as the modulation index and it can be calculated from the variation
Ac
of amplitude in modulated signal as follows:
Am Amax − Amin
µ= =
Ac Amax + Amin
I if µ = 0.5, the amplitude of modulated signal varies by 50% above and below its
unmodulated level.
I With µ = 1, the amplitude sometimes reaches zero, and this represents full modulation
( the highest possible SNR is achieved)
I µ > 1 is known as overmodulation resulting in distortion ("clipping") of the received
modulation. This because the negative half of the modulated signal cannot become
less than zero.
Power Efficiency of DSB-C AM
Power of the carrier frequency is considered a waste because it does not carry useful
information.
Assume m(t) = Am cos ωm t
Am [ ]
s(t) = Ac cos ωc t + cos (wc + wm )t + cos (wc − wm )t
2
A2m A2
Pm = and Pc = c
4 2
Am µ2 A2c
Modulation index µ = =⇒ Am = µ Ac =⇒ Pm =
Ac 4
Pm µ2
power efficiency η = = 2
Pm + Pc µ +2
Assume maximum modulation index (µ = 1 =⇒ η = 33.3%).
In practical applications η < 25%. Therefore, DSB-C is not efficient in term of power
efficiency.
Example
Suppose the modulating signal m(t) = Am cos(wm t). Determine the DSB-AM signal,
its upper and lower sidebands, and its spectrum
Solution:
Am
s(t) = Ac cos(wc t) [1 + cos(wm t)] = Ac cos(wc t) + Am cos(wm t) cos(wc t)
Ac
Am [ ]
s(t) = Ac cos(wc t) + cos[(wc + wm )t] + cos[(wc − wm )t]
2
Ac [ ] A [ ]
m
S(f ) = δ(f −fc )+δ(f +fc ) + δ(f −fc +fm )+δ(f +fc −fm )+δ(f −fc −fm )+δ(f +fc +fm )
2 4
Demodulation of Convetional DSB-AM
I Reconstruction of m(t) from modulated signal is easier than DSB-SC.

I The message signal satisfies the condition |m(t)| < 1 and the envelope 1 + m(t) > 0
I Recovering m(t) requires two steps:
1. Rectify the received signal to eliminate the negative components of s(t).
2. Use lowpass filter to recover the message signal m(t).
I The output of the envelope detector is ro (t) = k + a m(t)

k represents a dc component and a is a gain factor due to the signal demodulation.
The dc component can be eliminated by passing ḿ(t) through a transformer, and the
output will be a m(t).
Example
Assume the bandwidth of the modulating signal in DSB-C-AM is 5 KHz and fc = 1600
KHz. Suggest sufficient values of R and C in the demodulator circuit
1 1
<< RC <<
fc B
0.625 ∗ 10−6 << RC << 2 ∗ 10−4

√
1
Assume RC = = 1.118 ∗ 10−5
fc ∗ B
1.118 ∗ 10−5
Assume C = 1 nF =⇒ R= = 11180 Ω
10−9
C = 1 nF and R = 10 K Ω
Conventional DSB-C-AM versus DSB-SC-AM
I If the carrier c(t) is transmitted, there is no need to generate local carrier at receiver
but transmitter needs to transmit much higher power.
I The simplicity of the demodulator makes DSB-C a practical choice for AM radio
broadcasting because it is more economical to have one expensive high power
transmitter and large number of simple and less expensive receivers (high cost
transmitter but low-cost and simple receivers).
I In point-to-point communication, using DSB-SC increases the complexity of the
receiver but reduce the cost of transmitter and saves large amount of power.
I Both methods require same bandwidth but they differ in system complexity and power
efficiency.
Single-sideband (SSB-AM) I
I The problem of DSB AM it requires double bandwidth of original baseband signal and
the two sidebands are redundant.
I The transmission of either sideband is sufficient to reconstruct the message signal
m(t) at the receiver.
I SSB AM signal can be generated by:
1. Phase discrimination method (phase-shifting network).
2. Frequency discrimination method (multiplier + bandpass filter).
Phase Discrimination SSB-AM
I s(t) = Ac m(t) cos(2πfc t) ± Ac m̂(t) sin(2πfc t)

I The wide-band phase-shifter (Hilbert transform) imparts a phase shift of 90 degree to
every frequency component in m(t). For example, the Hilbert transform of
[ ]
Hilbert cos(ωt) = cos(ωt − π/2) ω > 0).
I It is difficult to achieve a constant phase shift π
2 over a wide range of frequencies
especially when these frequencies are high.
Example
Determine the two possible SSB for m(t) = cos(2πfm t)
Solution:
s(t) = Ac m(t) cos(2πfc t) ± Ac m̂(t) sin(2πfc t)
The Hilbert transform of m(t) is m̂(t) = sin(2πfm t)
s(t) = Ac cos(2πfm t) cos(2πfc t) ± Ac sin(2πfm t) sin(2πfc t)
The upper sideband is obtained by taking (-) sign.
su (t) = Ac cos 2π(fc + fm )t
The lower sideband is obtained by taking (+) sign.

sl (t) = Ac cos 2π(fc − fm )t
Frequency Discrimination SSB-AM
I The bandpass filter removes either the lower sideband or the upper sideband. This
requires an ideal filter which is unrealizable.
I The BPF can be realized closely if a certain separation between the two sidebands is
enough to accommodate the transition band of the band-pass filter (e.g. voice signals
has low power components at the origin).
I This requirement limits the applicability of SSB modulation to speech signals
(fmin ≥ 100 Hz) but rules it out for video signals and computer data whose spectral
content extends down to almost zero frequency.
Demodulation of SSB-AM
An SSB signal can be coherently (synchronously) demodulated just like DSB-SC signals.
s(t) = Ac m(t) cos(2πfc t) ± Ac m̂(t) sin(2πfc t)

[ ]
r (t) = s(t) cos(2πfc t) = Ac m(t) cos(2πfc t) ± Ac m̂(t) sin(2πfc t) ∗ cos(2πfc t)
r (t) = Ac m(t) cos(2πfc t) cos(2πfc t) ± Ac m̂(t) sin(2πfc t) cos(2πfc t)
Ac [ ] Ac [ ]
r (t) = m(t) 1 + cos(4πfc t) ± m̂(t) sin(4πfc t) + sin(0)
2 2
Ac Ac Ac
r (t) = m(t) + m(t) cos(4πfc t) ± m̂(t) sin(4πfc t)
2 2 2
Low-pass filtering of this signal yields the desired baseband signal.
Ac
ro (t) = m(t)
2
I The demodulation of SSB signals is identical to that of DSB-SC signals.
I The transmitters can now utilize only half the DSB-SC signal bandwidth without any
additional cost to the receivers.
I Since no additional carrier accompanies the modulated SSB signal, the resulting
modulator outputs are known as suppressed carrier signals (SSB-SC).
I If c(t) is transmitted, then an envelope detector can be used in demodulation.
I SSB has 100% bandwidth efficiency because the transmitted bandwidth = B
Vesigial-Sideband AM (VSB-AM)
I DSB-AM requires excessive bandwidth (2B Hz) but the generation of DSB signals is
much simpler.
I SSB-AM requires B Hz but complex transmitter and receiver and it is difficult to
generate exact SSB signals (A phase shifter, required in the phase shift method, is
unrealizable, or only approximately realizable).
I Vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation, also called the asymmetric sideband system, is a
compromise between DSB and SSB.
I VSB-AM inherits the advantages of DSB and SSB but avoids their disadvantages at a
small cost.
I In VSB, one of the sideband is rejected gradually.
I VSB signal is generated by passing DSB-SC AM signal through a sideband filter with
frequency response H(f ).
I VSB signals are relatively easy to generate and their bandwidth is only a little greater.
The BW of VSB-AM is typically 25% – 33% higher than that of SSB signals.
I The baseband signal can be recovered exactly by a synchronous detector in
conjunction with an appropriate equalizer filter H0 (f ) at the receiver output. If a large
carrier is transmitted along with the VSB signal, the baseband signal can be recovered
by an envelope (or recifier) detector.
Demodulation of VSB AM
s(t) = m(t) Ac cos ωc t ∗ h(t)
Ac [ ]
S(f ) = M(f − fc ) + M(f + fc ) H(f )
2
r (t) = s(t) cos ωc t
1[ ]
R(f ) = S(f − fc ) + S(f + fc )
2
Substituting S(f ) in previous equation yields
Ac [ ] Ac [ ]
R(f ) = M(f − 2fc ) + M(f ) H(f − fc ) + M(f + 2fc ) + M(f ) H(f + fc )
4 4
The LPF rejects 2fc terms and passes only the frequency components |f | ≤ B
Ac [ ]
RLPF (f ) = M(f ) H(f − fc ) + H(f + fc )
4
H(f − fc ) + H(f + fc ) = k k is constant
This condition is verified if H(f ) has odd symmetry about fc in the frequency range
fc − fa < f < fc + fa
Example
Suppose that the message signal is given as
m(t) = 10 + 4cos(2πt) + 8cos(4πt) + 10cos(20πt)
Specify the frequency-response characteristic of a VSB filter that passes the upper
sideband and the first frequency component of the lower sideband.
Solution:
s(t) = m(t) cos 2πfc t

[ ] [ ] [
S(f ) = 5 δ(f − fc ) + δ(f + fc ) + 2 δ(f − fc − 1) + δ(f + fc + 1) + 4 δ(f − fc − 2) + δ(f + fc +
] [ ]
2) + 5 δ(f − fc − 10) + δ(f + fc + 10)
The VSB filter can be designed to have unity gain in the range 2 ≤ |f − fc | ≤ 10
The gain is 0.5 at f = fc
The gain is (0.5 + α) at f = fc + 1
The gain is (0.5 − α) at f = fc − 1
α is a parameter that satisfies the condition 0 < α < 0.5

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Analog Communication Systems

Dr. Adnan Ismail Al-Sulaifanie

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

I Explain Amplitude Modulation and its types.

Communication systems - Amplitude modulation UoD – ECE Dept. 2020 - 2021 2/ 36

1. Proakis, Communication systems engineering, chapter 3.

Communication systems - Amplitude modulation UoD – ECE Dept. 2020 - 2021 3/ 36

I Amplitude modulation (AM) is deﬁned as a process in which the amplitude of the

Communication systems - Amplitude modulation UoD – ECE Dept. 2020 - 2021 4/ 36

I m(t) =⇒ baseband message signal.

Communication systems - Amplitude modulation UoD – ECE Dept. 2020 - 2021 5/ 36

s(t) = m(t) ∗ Ac cos(2πfc t)

Communication systems - Amplitude modulation UoD – ECE Dept. 2020 - 2021 6/ 36

Communication systems - Amplitude modulation UoD – ECE Dept. 2020 - 2021 7/ 36

s(t) = m(t) c(t) = Am Ac cos(2πfm t) cos(2πfc t)

Communication systems - Amplitude modulation UoD – ECE Dept. 2020 - 2021 8/ 36

r (t) = s(t).cos(wc t + Φ) = Ac m(t) cos(wc t) cos(wc t + Φ)

I Low-pass ﬁlter is used to remove spectrum centered at 2fc .

I The amplitude of the reconstructed m(t) is reduced by cos(Φ)

Communication systems - Amplitude modulation UoD – ECE Dept. 2020 - 2021 9/ 36

I Requires double bandwidth of baseband signal.

ḿ(t) is the normalized version of m(t) where the maximum amplitude Am ≤ Ac

I The amplitude of m(t) is normalized such that

Assume m(t) = Am cos ωm t

Assume maximum modulation index (µ = 1 =⇒ η = 33.3%).

I Reconstruction of m(t) from modulated signal is easier than DSB-SC.

I The output of the envelope detector is ro (t) = k + a m(t)

0.625 ∗ 10−6 << RC << 2 ∗ 10−4

I s(t) = Ac m(t) cos(2πfc t) ± Ac m̂(t) sin(2πfc t)

s(t) = Ac m(t) cos(2πfc t) ± Ac m̂(t) sin(2πfc t)

The Hilbert transform of m(t) is m̂(t) = sin(2πfm t)

s(t) = Ac cos(2πfm t) cos(2πfc t) ± Ac sin(2πfm t) sin(2πfc t)

The upper sideband is obtained by taking (-) sign.

su (t) = Ac cos 2π(fc + fm )t

The lower sideband is obtained by taking (+) sign.

s(t) = Ac m(t) cos(2πfc t) ± Ac m̂(t) sin(2πfc t)

r (t) = Ac m(t) cos(2πfc t) cos(2πfc t) ± Ac m̂(t) sin(2πfc t) cos(2πfc t)

s(t) = m(t) Ac cos ωc t ∗ h(t)

H(f − fc ) + H(f + fc ) = k k is constant

s(t) = m(t) cos 2πfc t

The gain is 0.5 at f = fc

The gain is (0.5 + α) at f = fc + 1

The gain is (0.5 − α) at f = fc − 1

α is a parameter that satisﬁes the condition 0 < α < 0.5

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