THE COPPERBELT UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES

BI 110- INTRODUCTORY BIOLOGY TEST TWO DURATION: 2HRS MARKS: 100
INSTTRUCTION: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS DATE: 05/08/2022
1. a. Describe how organisms are classified in the taxonomic classification system. (3 marks)

b. What is the correct way to format a two-word scientific name? (3 marks)

c. Distinguish between the following

Traits and alleles (2 marks)
Codominance and incomplete dominance (2 marks)
Temporal isolation and hybrid breakdown (2 marks)
d. The diagram shows the inheritance of freckles in a family. The allele for
freckles (F) is dominant to the allele for no freckles (f).

Determine what kind of trait this is and give reasons for your answer (3 marks)

e. During his di-hybrid crosses between round yellow peas (RRYY) and wrinkled green peas
(rryy), Mendel obtained a genetic ratio of 9:3:3:1 of the off-springs. Describe in detail how
Mendel came up with the above ratio. (6 marks)
f. Discuss how genotypes and phenotypes are related. (4 marks)

2. a. i. cyanobacteria are also refered to as blue green algae because they contain three pigments, State the
three pigments. (3 marks)
ii. Explain the function of Heterocyst of cyanobacteria? (2 marks)
b. State the differences between a dichotomous and poly-clave key? (2 marks)
c. Briefly give an account of the following categories of archaea: Extreme halophiles, Methanogens and
Extreme thermophiles (3 marks)
d. Explain the common symptoms of gonorrhea. (3 marks)
e. State the types of bacteria labelled A, B, C (6 marks) AND give three examples of bacterial diseases (3
marks)
B C
A
f. Harmful algal blooms of cyanobacteria grow out of control and produce toxic or harmful effects on
people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals and birds. State three toxins released from cyanobacteria. (3
marks)
3.a. i. Explain why viruses are not considered as organisms and why they are not classified in the
kingdom of life. (4 marks)
ii. Viruses are classified according to the nature of their genomes, state the three groups of viruses (3
marks)
b. i. State three functions of viral protein coat or viral capsid (3 marks)
ii. What is the difference between Prions and viroids. (2 marks)
c. HIV is a complex animal virus that causes AIDS.
i. How does this virus compromise the immune system of a person? (4marks)
ii. Describe the HIV infection at synthesis stage. (5marks)
d. COVID 19 affects different people in different ways. Most infected people will develop mild to
moderate illness and recover without hospitalization. State the 2 common symptoms and 2 less common
symptoms of COVID 19. (4marks)

4. a. State one disease caused by Amoeba (1 mark) and Euglena (1 mark)

b. state the differences between the following
Open and closed mitosis (2 marks)
Arbuscular mycorrhizae and ectomycorrhizhae (2 marks)
c. Discuss nutrition in euglena (3 marks), explain how this organism responds to phototaxis (3 marks)
d. Both male and female mosquitoes feed on nectar, but why does the female mosquito need a blood
meal from humans. (2 marks)
e. Explain in detail the life cycle of a plasmodium (7 marks)
f. Explain sexual reproduction in zygomycetes (4 marks)

END OF EXAM