Mechanical vibrations

Lab Report 3

SMME
ME 12 A
342424
Mohammad Bilal Raza
Contents
Objective:.............................................................................................................................1
Introduction:........................................................................................................................1
Apparatus:............................................................................................................................2
Procedure:............................................................................................................................2
Results:................................................................................................................................3
Speed Ratios:....................................................................................................................3
Mechanical Efficiency......................................................................................................3
Discussion:...........................................................................................................................4
Conclusion...........................................................................................................................5

Objective:
 Compare the velocity ratios of single stage and double stage gears.
 To measure the corresponding mechanical work and efficiencies under varying
load.

Introduction:

In this experiment, we delve into the world of gears to investigate velocity ratios,
mechanical work, and efficiency in single-stage and double-stage gear systems under
varying loads. Gears are crucial mechanical components, influencing speed and power
transmission in machines. We aim to compare how gear configurations impact these
factors, shedding light on practical applications. By examining mechanical work and
efficiency, we seek to understand how gears optimize energy transfer. Ultimately, this
experiment provides insights into gear design's real-world implications for mechanical
systems.
For two gears to transfer power, they must have equal diametral pitch which is the ratio
of number of teeth to pitch diameter. In the given apparatus, we have a total of 3 gears in
mesh and so they all must have the same diametral pitch.
Velocity ratio is simply a measure of rotations of gear under given rotations of pinion. It
is easily found by the following expression:
 Number of teeth of bigger Gear
Speed ratio =
Number of teeth of smaller Gear

Mechanical work in gears refers to the work done by or on a gear system as it transmits
power from one gear to another. It is a measure of the energy transferred or transformed
within the gear system due to the motion of the gears. Mechanical work in gears is
subject to losses due to friction, heat, and other factors. The efficiency of a gear system is
a measure of how effectively it converts input work into useful output work.

Apparatus:
1. Gear Set.
2. Nuts
3. 2 mass hooks
4. 1 set of masses
5. 3 cords
6. 3 pulleys

Procedure:
1. Count the number of teeth for the gears.
Gear A 120
Gear B 100
Gear C 20

Number of teeth of bigger Gear

2. The speed ratio is calculated as
Number of teeth of smaller Gear
3. Find out the single and double stage speed ratios using the above formula.
4. Now to find mechanical Work and efficiency for single stage, hang weight on one
Pulley, take A, now keep adding weight on pulley B until the cord on B starts
moving on a slight tap.
5. This condition is the balanced state, note the values as this condition is achieved.
6. Perform similar analysis on double stage as well and note corresponding weights.
7. If initial weight on pulley A is P and let W be the corresponding single or double
stage weight which overcomes the friction and gear ratio, use following formula to
find the mechanical efficiency:

W /P
E= ×100
Speed Ratio
 8. This value indicated the power transfer between the gears. Higher value means
maximum power is transferred and lesser frictional loss is achieved.

Results:

Speed Ratios:

To find the speed ratio, complete one revolution of pulley A by marking Gear B initially.
Since the Gear ratio between A and B is:
120
Speed Ratio A / B= =6
20

So Pulley B is expected to turn 6 times for one rev of A.

Similarly, gear ratio between Gear B and C is:
100
Speed Ratio B /C= =5
20

Thus finally double stage gear ratio from A to C is:

A
Speed Ratio =6 ×5=30
C

So one revolution of Pulley A corresponds to 30 revolutions of Pulley C.

Mechanical Efficiency:
It is important to note that there was a significant friction between Gear A and B,
therefore only single stage results have been found between Gear B and C.
Following table summarizes the findings:
Input Load (P) Output Load (W) A=Output/ Input E=A/S. R (%)
1N 0.4 N 2.5 50 %
2N 0.7 N 2.86 57.2 %
3N 1N 3 60 &

Where the A is the load ratio and S.R is speed ratio.

GRAPHS:
 input load vs effeciency
62%
60%
58%
56%
54%
52%
50%
48%
46%
44%
1N 2N 3N

Discussion:

Examining the outcomes, we can draw several conclusive observations:

1. There is a consistent increase in the balancing load as we increment the applied
load.
2. We conducted our experiment in 1N increments, and with each 1N increment in
load, there was a corresponding increase of 0.3N in the balancing load.
3. This suggests that the gear system exhibits a relatively uniform and consistent
response to varying loads.
4. Friction plays a significant role in power transmission, resulting in power loss.
5. To mitigate this friction and reduce power loss, we can employ lubricating oils to
smooth the motion by applying them to the contact points between the gears.
6. As we progressively increase the load, efficiency gradually improves. This could
be due to the substantial friction between unlubricated gear surfaces, requiring
more force and time to overcome.
7. Another potential factor influencing our results could be discrepancies in the
calibrated masses used in the laboratory. These masses might slightly deviate from
the manufacturer's stated values.
 8. Enhancing the precision of the experiment can be achieved by using smaller mass
increments.
9. Our experiment may have encountered errors due to resource limitations,
particularly when working with the smallest 10g mass increment.

Conclusion

In our laboratory experiment, we set out to evaluate the efficiency of a gear train
comprising three gears. However, our focus centered on the last two gears, characterized
by a speed ratio of 5, with Gear B sporting 100 teeth and Gear C featuring 20 teeth. Our
experimental procedure involved suspending a weight on one pulley, known as Pulley B,
and systematically adding weight to Pulley C until the cord on C began moving upon a
slight tap. To quantify our findings, we applied the following formula for mechanical
efficiency: E = (W/P) / (Speed Ratio) × 100. Our key findings yielded several important
conclusions. Furthermore, the experiment underscored the role of the speed ratio (5 in our
case) in influencing efficiency, highlighting the gear system's adeptness at power
transmission despite significant speed differences between the gears. This knowledge
holds practical significance for mechanical systems and machinery, emphasizing the
importance of selecting appropriate gear ratios for specific applications. Looking ahead,
further investigations could explore optimization strategies to enhance gear train
efficiency through adjustments in gear materials, lubrication techniques, and friction
reduction methods. In conclusion, our experiment shed light on the efficiency of power
transmission in our specific gear train setup and hinted at its potential for broader
applications, with room for potential improvements in future studies.