Mechanical Operations

Chapter 9

Mechanical Separations:
Filtration
Instructor:
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Huu Hieu, Ph.D
Faculty of Chemical Engineering
Ho Chi Minh University of Technology – VNU HCMC
Email: nhhieubk@hcmut.edu.vn
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Definition

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What is filtration

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Filtration: Solid-Liquid Separation

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Driving Force in Filtration

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Filter Medium

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Types of Filters

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Types of Filters

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Mechanisms of Filtration

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Mechanisms of Filtration

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Filter Press

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Filter Press

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Filter Press

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Plate and Frame Filter Press

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Plate and Frame Filter Press

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Plate and Frame Filter Press

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Diagram Plate and Frame Filter Press

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Leaf Filters

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Leaf Filters

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Shell and Leaf Filters

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Continuous Rotary Filters

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Continuous Rotary Vacuum-Drum Filter

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Continuous Rotary Drum Filter

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Continuous Rotary Vacuum Filter

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Rotary Drum Filter

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The Horizontal Belt Filter

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The Disc Filter

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Filtration Applications

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Theory of Filtration

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Pressure Drop and Friction Loss in Laminar Flow

therefore

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Pressure Drop and Friction Loss in Laminar Flow

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Basic Theory of Filtration

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Pressure Drop Through The Filter Cake

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Pressure Drop Through The Filter Cake

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Pressure Drop Through The Filter Cake

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Pressure Drop Through The Filter Cake

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Pressure Drop Through The Filter Cake

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Pressure Drop Through The Filter Cake

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Pressure Drop Through The Filter Cake

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Pressure Drop Through The Filter Cake

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Empirical Equations for Cake Resistance

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Equations for Constant Pressure Filtration

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Equations for Constant Pressure Filtration

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Basic Filtration Equations
For the constant rate filtration

For the constant pressure filtration

where: V is the volume of filtrate which has passed in time t, L is the
cake thickness, A is the total cross-sectional area of the filter cake, p is
the applied pressure difference, r is the specific resistance, µ is the
viscosity of the filtrate, and  is the volume of cake deposited by unit
volume of filtrate.
The filtration rate
 
Basic Filtration Equations
The filtration rate

This equation may be integrated between the limits t = 0,

V = 0 and t = t1, V = V1 for constant rate filtration, and t = t1,
V = V1 and t = t, V = V for a subsequent constant pressure
filtration.
For the period of constant rate filtration:

For a subsequent constant pressure filtration:

Example
1. A slurry is filtered in a plate and frame press containing 12 frames,
each 0.3 m square and 25 mm thick. During the first 180 s the pressure
difference for filtration is slowly raised to the final value of 400 kN/m2
and, during this period, the rate of filtration is maintained constant.
After the initial period, filtration is carried out at constant pressure and
the cakes are completely formed in a further 900 s. What is the total
volume of filtrate collected per cycle and the final rate of filtration?
In an experiment, a sample of the slurry had previously been tested with
a leaf filter of 0.05 m2 filtering surface using a vacuum giving a pressure
difference of 71.3kN/m2. The volume of filtrate collected in the first 300
s, was 250 cm3 and, after a further 300 s, an additional 150 cm3 was
collected. It may be assumed that the cake is incompressible and that
the cloth resistance is the same in the leaf as in the filter press.
Solution
In the leaf filter (experiment), filtration is at constant pressure from the
start.

In the filter press, a volume V1 of filtrate is obtained under constant rate

conditions in time t1, and filtration is then carried out at constant
pressure.

For a subsequent constant pressure filtration:

2. It is required to filter a slurry to produce 2.25 m3 of filtrate per
working day of 8 hours. The process is carried out in a plate and frame
filter press with a frame area of 0.45 m2 and a working pressure
difference of 348.7 kN/m2. The pressure is built up slowly over a period
of 300 s, during this period, the rate of filtration is maintained constant
and 0.193 m3 of filtrate is collected.
When a sample of the slurry is filtered, using a pressure difference of
66.3 kN/m2 on a single leaf filter of filtering area 0.05 m2, 400 cm3 of
filtrate is collected in the first 300 s of filtration and a further 400 cm3 is
collected during the following 600 s.
What is the minimum number of frames that need be employed and the
total time to collect the total volume of filtrate? The resistance of the
filter cloth may be taken as the same in the laboratory tests as on the
plant.
Solution
  𝑉1 0.193
→ 𝑛= = ≈ 13 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠
0.0148 0.0148
The total time of filtration to collect 2.25 m3 of filtrate:

→𝑡
  =4.7904 h𝑟𝑠
Examples on filtration

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Examples on filtration

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Examples on filtration

0.3929 lb/s

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= 106.8445 ft2

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Examples on filtration
8

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Examples on filtration

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