Mechanics of Solids I (MMB 331 )

REVISION:
REVIEW OF GEOMETRICAL
PROPERTIES OF CROSS-SECTIONS
(Lecture 2)

Zeleke Migbar Assefa (PhD)

E-mail: zelekem@ub.ac.bw
migbarassefa@gmail.com
Office: 143 (Building 248)
 BEAM/COLUMN X-SECTIONS
Beams can have various cross-sections

Rectangular-Section Box-Section Circular-Section Pipe-Section

I -Section T-Section L-Section U-Section

 First Moment of Area and
Centroid of an Area
• The position of the centroid of a plane area is an important
geometric property.
• The centroid of an area is analogous to the center of gravity of a
body; it is the “center of area.”
• The concept of the first moment of an area is used to locate the
centroid.
• Consider an area A located in the xy plane (Fig. 1).
• Using x and y as the coordinates of an element of area dA, the first
moment of the area A with respect to the x axis is given by:

Qx   ydA (1)
dQx  ydA A

Similarly, the first moment of the area A

with respect to the y axis is the integral

Q y   xdA (2)
A
• The centroid of the area A is the point C of coordinates x and y
(Fig. 2), which satisfy the relationship

 xdA  Ax  ydA  A y
A
(3)
A

Note that the area represents the weight

• Comparing Eqs. (1) and (2) with Eqs.

(3), the first moments of the area A can
be expressed as the products of the
area and the coordinates of its
centroid:
Qx  A y Qy  A x
• When an area possesses an axis of symmetry, the first
moment of the area with respect to that axis is zero.
 • For example, Q for a rectangle is zero at the centroid.
Centroid • Consider a rectangle of height h and width b as shown in figure.
y y

dy
h/2
y
h G G
x x
dx

b
• By taking a horizontal strip of thickness dy at a distance of y from the
centroidal x-axis, we have, as expected:
2 h/2
h/2 by
Qx   ydA   ybdy   0,
A
h / 2 2 h / 2
• Similarly, by taking a vertical strip of thickness dx at a distance of x
from the centroidal y-axis, we have, also as expected:
2 b/2
b/2 hx
Qy   xdA   xhdx   0,
A
b / 2 2 b / 2
 Consider a circular cross-section
Centroid
dA
dA  rddr

y  r sin  
y
By considering an elemental
sector of angle d at an angle 
ccw from the positive x-axis, the
elemental area dA shown at a
distance y from the x-axis is
given by dA=rdθdr and the
distance y=rsinθ. Therefore:
Centroid Ctd.
Note that the area integral is now represented by double line
integral w.r.t. r going from 0 to a and w.r.t. θ going from 0 to 2 to
cover the whole circle. Therefore :
3
R 2 R 2
Qx    r drsind   r dr 
2 2
sind   sin d
0 0 3 0

R3 R3
  cos
2
0
  1  (1)  0
3 3

Similarly, you can show that Qy=0

 SECOND MOMENT AREA OR MOMENT
INERTIA
• Consider again an area A located in
the xy plane and the element of area
dA of coordinates x and y.
• The second moment, or moment of
inertia, of the area A with respect to
the x axis, and the second moment, or
moment of inertia, of A with respect to
the y axis are defined, respectively, as

I x   y 2 dA about the x-axis

A

I y   x 2 dA about the y-axis

A
SECOND MOMENT OF AREA FOR A RECTANGLE
y
dy
Consider a rectangle of height h and width b
h/2 y
h
b x

By taking a horizontal strip of thickness dy at a

distance of y from the centroidal x-axis, we have :
3 h/2
h/2 by bh3  bh3  bh3
I Gx   y dA   y bdy 
2 2
     
A
h / 2 3 h / 2
24  24  12
Similarly, by taking a vertical strip of thickness dx at a distance of x
from the centroidal y-axis, you can easily show that :
hb 3
I Gy 
12
 SECOND MOMENT OF AREA FOR CIRCLE
Consider a circular x-section
dA
dA  rddr

y  r sin  
y
By considering an elemental
sector of angle d at an angle 
ccw from the positive x-axis, the
elemental area dA shown at a
distance y from the x-axis is given
by:
dA  rddr

Therefore: I Gx   y 2 dA   r 2 sin 2 rddr

A
 y  r sin  
y dA  rddr
I Gx   y 2 dA   r 2 sin 2 rddr
A

R 2 R4 2
I Gx    r drsin d   r dr 
3 2 3
sin d 
2
 sin 2d
0 0 4 0

2
R 1 4
1  R 4 2 R 4 D 4
   sin 2    
4 2 2 0 4 2 4 64
d 4
Clearly by symmetry: IGx  IGy and therefore IGx  IGy 
64
 POLAR MOMENT OF AREA
• We now define the polar moment of
inertia of the area A with respect to
point O (Fig) as the integral
Note that:
I z  J o    2 dA
A  2  x2  y2
Therefore:
I z  J o    2 dA   y 2 dA   x 2 dA
A A A

Recall that : I x   y 2 dA I y   x 2 dA
A A
 Jo  Ix  I y

I x  I y  d / 64
4  J o  d 4 / 64  d 4 / 64
 d 4 / 32
 I x  I y  d / 64
4  J o  d 4 / 64  d 4 / 64
 d 4 / 32
This is the value of Jo used in the famous torsion formula for shafts :

T  G
 
Jo r L
where
• T is the pure torque applied to the longitudinal axis of the shaft,
• J is the polar moment of the section,
•  is the shear stress at radius r,
• G is the shear modulus for the material, and
•  is the angle of twist for the length L of the shaft.
Moments of Inertia of Composite Areas
PARALLEL AXES THEOREM
• In this section we will derive a very useful
theorem pertaining to moments of inertia
of plane areas.
• Known as the parallel-axis theorem, it
gives the relationship between the
moment of inertia with respect to a
centroidal axis and the moment of inertia
with respect to any parallel axis.

• To derive the theorem, we consider an area of arbitrary shape with

centroid C (Fig. above).
• We also consider two sets of coordinate axes: (1) the xcyc axes with
origin at the centroid, and (2) a set of parallel xy axes with origin
at any point O.
• The distances between the two sets of parallel axes are denoted d1
and d2. Also, we identify an element of area dA having coordinates
x and y with respect to the centroidal axes.
From the definition of moment of inertia, we can write the following
equation for the moment of inertia Ix with respect to the x axis:

I X    y  d1  dA   y 2 dA  2d1  ydA  d12  dA

2

A A A A

• The first integral on the right-hand side is the moment of inertia

I x with respect to the xc axis.
c

• The second integral is the first moment of the area with respect
to the xc axis (this integral equals zero because the xc axis passes
through the centroid).
• The third integral is the area A itself. Therefore, the preceding
equation reduces to
I x  I xc  Ad12

For Composite Sections 

I x   I xc  Ad12 
 I x  I xc  Ad12
• Proceeding in the same manner for the moment of inertia with
respect to the y axis, we obtain

I y  I yc  Ad 22
where
• Ixc must be the second moment of area of the section about any x-axis
through the centroid C,
• A is the area of the whole cross-section and
• d1 is the distance between the x-axis and any x-axis parallel to xc -axis.
• d2 is the distance between the y-axis and any y-axis parallel to yc -axis.
CENTROIDS OF COMPOSITE AREAS
• In engineering work we rarely need to locate centroids by
integration, because the centroids of common geometric figures are
already known and tabulated.
• However, we frequently need to locate the centroids of areas
composed of several parts, each part having a familiar geometric
shape, such as a rectangle or a circle.
• The areas and first moments of composite areas may be
calculated by summing the corresponding properties of the
component parts.
• Let us assume that a composite area is divided into a total of n parts,
and let us denote the area of the ith part as Ai.
• Then we can obtain the area and first moments by the following
summations: n n n
A   Ai Q x   yi Ai Q y   x i Ai
i 1 i 1 i 1
in which x i and y i are the coordinates of the centroid of the ith
part.
 The coordinates of the centroid of the composite the area are

Qy  Ai xi n

Ay i i
x  i 1 Qx
n n y  i 1

 Ai  Ai
n n

i 1 i 1 A
i 1
i A
i 1
i
 1. Find the Moment of Inertia through the centroidal axes X-X
and Y - Y for the T-shaped section shown in Fig. below (All
lengths are in mm). Assume the section is symmetrical about
the Y-axis. y n

150
Ay
Qy  i i
Y n
 i 1
n

A
i 1
i A
i 1
i
Y 10
n

X X  A y 150 10  5  140 10  80

i i
Y i 1
  41.2mm
150

n
150 10  140 10 
A i 1
i

10
y
2. Find the Moment of Inertia about
the centroidal axes X-X and Y - Y for
the I-shaped section shown in Fig.
below. Assume the section is
symmetrical about the Y-axis.

x
 y
10


I xx   I xc  Ad 2 
79.2

60.8 50
10
x

 60  (20) 3       
  1200  (69.2)      2000  (9.2) 
3
20 (100 )
I xx   2 2

 12    12  
 100  ( 20) 3  
    2000  (50.8) 
2 I xx  12850 103 mm 4
 12  
Iyy=?????
3. Find the Moment of Inertia about the centroidal axes X-X
and Y - Y for the angle section shown in Fig. below.
Note that:
• The angle section is unsymmetrical in both directions.
• Here x as well as y have to be determined.
• Taking moments about the left edge of the areas,
 Y
Y  35mm
X  25mm

50

I xx   I xc  Ad12 
Y
  I 
X
I yy yc  Ad 22
X

IXX = +

IYY= +
4. Find the Moment of Inertia about the centroidal axes X-X and
Y - Y for the I-shaped section shown in Fig. below (All lengths
are in mm). Assume the section is symmetrical about the Y-axis.

75 y n

A y i i
Y i 1
n
 95mm
25
50
A
i 1
i

150

25
x
200

26
 Additional Solved Problems
2. Find the Moment of Inertia about the horizontal and vertical
axes passing through the centroid of the unequal angle section
shown in Fig. below.
 2. Find the MI about the horizontal and vertical axes passing
through the centroid of the unequal angle section shown in Fig.
below.

Solution
Note that:
• The angle section is unsymmetrical in both directions.
• Here x as well as y have to be determined.
• Taking moments about the left edge of the areas,
 Similarly, taking moments about the bottom edge,

10  100 3 110  10 3
 10  100 73 . 57  50    110  10 26 . 43  5 
2 2
I xx 
12 12
 1903214  1.903214  10 6
100  10 3 10  110 3
 100  10 36 . 43  5    10  110 65  36 . 43 
2 2
I yy 
12 12
 1894139  1.894139  10 6