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INDISPENSABLE BOOKS FOR ALL COMPETITIVE EXAMS

   
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You can also order the book by sending demand draft (D.D.) (Printed price of the book) + Rs. 25
in favour of Kiran Prakashan, payable at Delhi. Shop online at www.kiranprakashan.com
 i r a n’s
K

SOLVED PAPERS
Chapterwise Compilation of Solved Papers

18000+
of Previous Exams Conducted by SSC
SSC Graduate Level Exams— Combined Graduate
Level Prel. Exam, CPO Sub-Inspector, Section Officer
(Audit), Tax Assiatant (Income Tax & Central Excise), Section
Officer (Commercial Audit), Statistical Investigators,
Combined Graduate Level Tier-I & II, SAS, CISF ASI, CPO
ASI & Intelligence officer, FCI, Delhi Police SI etc. Exams.
SSC 10+2 Level Exams— Data Entry Operator & LDC,
Stenographer Grade ‘C’ & ‘D’ etc.
SSC Combined Matric level Exams — Combined
Matric Level Pre-Exam, Multitasking (Non-Technical) Staff,
CISF Constable (GD), Constable (GD) & Riflemen (GD)
and Other Competitive Exams.
FOR FRANCHISEE CONTACT :

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 Delhi : 47 For the
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of Kiran Prakashan
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© KIRAN INSTITUTE OF CAREER EXCELLENCE PVT. LTD. (KICX)

0'9 '&+6+10
The copyright of this book is entirely with the Kiran Institute of Career Excellence Pvt. Ltd. The reproduction of
this book or a part of this will be punishable under the Copyright Act.
All disputes subject to Delhi jurisdiction.
Every possible effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this book is accurate at the
time of going to press, and the publishers and authors cannot accept responsibility for any errors or omissions,
however caused. No responsibility for loss or damage occasioned to any person acting, or refraining from
action, as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by the editor, the publisher or any of the
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%QORKNGF D[  Think Tank of  PRATIYOGITA KIRAN, KIRAN PRAKASHAN & KICX

#UUKUVCPEG ● Ratnesh Kumar Singh ● Govind Pd. Singh ● Sanket Sah ● Meenakshi Gupta

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COMPETITIVE EXAMS

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About the Book......✍
The significance of past never diminishes, either in effect or substance. To forget this vital point,
sometimes becomes suicidal. A minute observation of the past and accumulated experiences helps us in
shaping our present. The positive and compendious conclusions drawn from the past becomes our pioneer
in charting new ways and teach us to rectify our remedies. Our present is, thus, beautified. Where there is
beauty, attraction cannot be negated. It is in this way that the foundation of a concrete future is further
solidified. Aspirations turn into realities. This is a realistic reflection. If the past is forgotten by marginalizing
this realism, the truth of past surface as a path strewn with pebbles. If we preserve and cherish these
pebbles of the past and make correct use of them, they become the linchpin of an edifice called success.
Thus, the intricacies of our path become effortless and our destination gets more and more intelligible.
Kiran Prakashan Pvt. Ltd., which has been at your service since decades and helping you with the
multitude of relevant offerings, has made a meaningful effort to put together these invaluable and very
useful pebbles in form a book, titled Kiran’s SSC English Language Chapterwise Solved Papers.
It is an undeniable truth that the continuous motion of the past gives birth to change. Change gets
inevitability. These changes bring coherence to the changed circumstances and fulfill the exact needs of
the present. We reach our destinations only by striking coordination with these changes, lest we will find
ourselves at the last row in this age of competition. The destination will be left as something impertinent.
Our esteemed readers must be well aware of the changes introduced by the Staff Selection Commission
(SSC) in the selection process for different posts. Kiran Prakashan has been keeping you updated with
all the relevant information related to these very changes. According to Students, Teachers and Coaching
Directors demand this book has been changed and arranged by Topicwise. The latest edition Kiran’s
SSC English Language Chapterwise Solved Papers which is revised, enlarged and updated is
another example of the commitment we feel towards our readers, imparting completeness in their search
for a better and secure future.
The book before you, Kiran’s SSC English Language Chapterwise Solved Papers (Latest,
Revised & Enlarged Edition) has been based on the questions of English Language and Comprehension
that have been asked in the various competitive examinations at the CGL (Tier–I & II), CHSL (10+2)
and Matric levels. This book has been conceived as a holistic treatment and single solution to all the
difficulties that a candidate encounters while appearing for the SSC exams. The Think-Tank of Kiran
Prakashan has taken into account the needs and difficulties of candidates and made an attempt to
simplify the subject matter by de-constructing every thread and each pattern. Not only have the questions
asked in the different examinations conducted by the SSC (till year 2021) been compiled at one place,
but also they have been compartmentalized topicwise and made easy to grasp and digest with the help of
comprehensive explanations. This is a rare collection of more than 18000 questions and their respective
explanations. It wouldn’t be bragging if we say, do master these questions and their explanations, you will
automatically find yourself at ease with most of what surfaces in form of examination questions. In other
words, master this book sincerely; success will itself become the mistress.
KNOW ABOUT ENGLISH GRAMMAR & LANGUAGE
A tremendous importance is attached to English Language in competitive exams of today. The cut-throat
competition prevailing around the aspirants tell a significant tale. Hence, it becomes indispensable to
prepare yourself in the best possible way, otherwise the goal remains a distant dream. A language is
nothing but a meticulous arrangement of words. As an expert sculptor carves the stones in a skilled
manner to give a magnificent appearance to his/her creation, in the similar way, an expert linguist arranges
words suitably. This art of arrangement comes from true knowledge of grammar and collection of words.
The expertise is had by continuous persperiration. If one perspires in a true way, the inspiration comes in
a natural way. Then there is no deviation From the destination. If you sweat on a wrong path, it comes to


no fruition. Keeping in view the orientation and dedication of our readers and weightage assigned to
English Language, we provide the A to Z of English Grammar. A well arranged collection of subject matter
suffice your need and satiate your quest for a true guide. Hopefully. You get benefitted to a great extent in
your pursuit of realising the long cherished goal.
This edition of Kiran’s SSC English Language Chapterwise Solved Papers has been parcelled
out into 13 Chapters, each dealing with topicwise and comprising bulk of questions and explanations.
The chapters are :
◆ Common Errors ◆ Improvement of Sentences ◆ Transformation of Sentences (Active/
Passive Voice) ◆ Direct/Indirect Speech. ◆ Fill in the Blanks ◆ Synonyms ◆ Antonyms
◆ One word substitution ◆ Idioms/ Phrases ◆ Selection of mis spelt word/correctly spelt
word ◆ Arrangement of Sentences ◆ Cloze Test ◆ Comprehension Test
Explanations to the questions serve in some way as highly directed study material. We have ensured
not to bombard with you bulky study materials which sometimes prove futile if a candidate is facing
severe crunch of time. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, considered the supreme genius of modern
German literature, said once: “What is not started today is never finished tomorrow.”
Relating to what Goethe had to say, we are proud to have made the beginning of a start. And, that
start is Kiran’s SSC English Language Chapterwise Solved Papers, where facts have been
consolidated and refined and presented in the easy-to-digest objective question format which have actually
been already asked at the different levels and in the different formats of competitive examinations.
Scientifically it has been proved that you tend to remember anything for long if that has been asked from
you and you found yourself in a testing situation. So, this book has been scientifically weaved on the
principle of ‘Test to prepare and Success.’
While working on this unique offering, we took pains to ensure that the explanations to the questions
are not only pertinent, easily digestible, but effective, too. To elucidate the relevance of explanations and
develop certain ease in this respect, we would like you to get acquainted with them.
As we have inferred that SSC to great extent follows the pattern of questions asked in Graduate level,
FCI, CPO, Delhi Police, (10+2) level, Matric Level and others competitive exams. held earlier. But the
scope is enlarged. In short, this unique compilation of more than 18000 questions will serve you in
more than one way.
Last, but not the least, there is no shortcut to success. Only hard work and perseverance pays rich
dividends in the long term. So, we suggest you to make the best out of this unique offering before you. Let
us remind you that the questions you find in this book will not only help you prepare for the SSC
examinations, they will equip you with the much required knowledge and insight in ‘cracking’ other
examinations as well.
Hugh Nibley, the famous American author and Mormon apologist said: “Only if you reach the
boundary will the boundary recede before you. And if you don’t, if you confine your
efforts, the boundary will shrink to accommodate itself to your efforts. And you can only
expand your capacities by working to the very limit.”
Our researchers have taken painstaking efforts in the direction of accommodating and expanding to
the limit. The guiding principle has been to have an eye on whatever is significant, and when you do have
such a microscopic eye, there is little that can be expected to have been ignored. So, here is our new, novel
and unique offering to you, Kiran’s SSC English Language Chapterwise Solved Papers. (Latest
Revised & Enlarged Edition) You will find a scratch card for online test. This will help you prepare
for the SSC online exam pattern. Read this book, incorporate and digest it to reach the limits of life. See
to know what it is all about.
With Best Wishes (Publisher)
Satyanarayan Prasad
'OCKNUCPMGVAWU"[CJQQEQO


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12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
CONTENTS
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456

S.No. CHAPTERS Total No. of ........ Page No.

Questions

1. Common Errors 1741 (1437+304*) ........... SEE-11

2. Improvement of Sentences 1963 (1652+311*) ......... SEE-113

3. Transformation of Sentences 933 (789+144*) ......... SEE-233

(Active/Passive)

4. Direct/Indirect Speech 993 (867+126*) ......... SEE-321

5. Fill in the Blanks 1495 (1170+325*) ......... SEE-443

6. Synonyms 1144 (896+248*) ......... SEE-519

7. Antonyms 1126 (885+241*) ......... SEE-587

8. One word substitution 1296 (1061+235*) ......... SEE-659

9. Idioms/ Phrases 1234 (1018+216*) ......... SEE-751

10. Selection of mis spelt word / 1065 (825+240*) ......... SEE-839

correctly spelt word

11. Arrangement of Sentences 1076 (883+193*) ......... SEE-875

12. Cloze Test 2490 (2015+475*) ......... SEE-951

13. Comprehension Test 1917 (1477+440*) ....... SEE-1043

Tota No. of Questions 18473 (14975+3498*)

0QQHSWGUVKQPUCXCKNCDNGQPNKPGXKUKVMKEZKP



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QUESTIONS FROM 1997 TO 2010 ARE AVAILABLE ONLINE
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1HHKEGT'ZCO 2CRGT+
 6JG YC[ VQ KPETGCUG VJG
RTQFWEVKQPQHVJGHQQF  KUVQ
DTKPI OQTG NCPF   WPFGT
EWNVKXCVKQP  0QGTTQT 
 6JGIKTNUYCVEJGFKPVGPVN[  
CUVJGOQFGNCRRNKGFJGTOCMG
WR  YKVJCRTCEVKUGFJCPF
 0QGTTQT 
 +H JG KU C OKNNKQPCKTG   JG
YQWNFJGNR  VJGOKNNGPPKWO
RTQLGEV  0QGTTQT 
 6JG 2TKOG /KPKUVGT CNQPI YKVJ
JKU%CDKPGVEQNNGCIWGU  JCXG
DGGP YGNEQOGF D[ VJG %JKGH
/KPKUVGT  CV C HQTOCN
EGTGOQP[  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
(%+#UUKUVCPV)TCFG++
'ZCO2CRGT+
 ;QWJCXGDGGPFQKPI  [QWT
JQOGYQTM  TGIWNCTN[!  
5''Ō
 6JG UCOG RTQEGFWTG   CNUQ
UJQWNF WUGF   HQT VJG HKPCN
CUUGUUOGPV  0QGTTQT 
 +OWUVHKPFQWV  UQOGOGCPU
VQDCNCPEG  O[DWFIGV  
0QGTTQT 
 6JCPM [QW  + CO HKPG  
EQORNGVGN[  0QGTTQT 
 *G CUMGF OG   YJGP EQWNF +

3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
(%+#UUKUVCPV)TCFG+++
'ZCO 2CRGT+
0QTVJ<QPG +UV5KVVKPI
 0GKVJGTQHVJGO  KU  IQQF
 0QGTTQT 
 6JGEKTEWNCVKQPQH6JG5VCVGUOCP
 KUITGCVGTVJCP  VJCVQH
CP[PGYURCRGT  0QGTTQT 
 +PVJGICTFGP  YGTGVJGOQTG
DGCWVKHWNHNQYGTU  CPFUKNXGT
DGNNU  0QGTTQT 
 6JGRQGV  FGUETKDGUCDQWV
 VJGURTKPIUGCUQP  0Q
GTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%5VGPQITCRJGT
)TCFG %  & 'ZCO 
 5GXGTCNIWGUVUPQVKEGF/T5JCTOC
 EQNNCRUKPIKPJKUEJCKT  
CPFICURKPIHQTDTGCVJ  0Q
GTTQT 
 6JKUKUQWTUGEQPFTGOKPFGT  
CPFYGCTGOWEJUWTRTKUGF  
CVTGEGKXKPIPQCPUYGTHTQO[QW
 0QGTTQT 
 ;QW UJQWNF   DG CNYC[U
ITGCVHWN  VQ[QWTOGPVQT  
0QGTTQT 
 9JCV OCP ECP FKG   DGVVGT
VJCP  UGTXKPIJKUEQWPVT[!
 0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
 /QUV RGQRNG   CTG CHTCKF QH
 UYKPGHNWVJGUGFC[U  0Q
GTTQT 
 +OC[PQVDGCDNG  VQCVVGPF
 VQVJGHWPEVKQP  0QGTTQT 
 6JGVGCEJGTRTGXGPVGF  VJG
DQ[U   VQ IQ VJGTG   0Q
GTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI

 #VJKUTGVWTP  YGCUMGFJKO
  OCP[ SWGUVKQPU   0Q
GTTQT 
 6JGDQQMDGKPIYTKVVGP  KP
UKORNGNCPIWCIGKUUWKVCDNGHQT
EJKNFTGP  CUKVEQPVCKPUOCP[
IQQFCFXKEGU  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI 0QP6GEJPKECN 5VCHH
'ZCO 
 9JGP#PCPFTGCEJGFVJGXKNNCIG
 JGHQWPFVJCV  TGRQTVU
CDQWVJKORTGEGFGFJKO  
0QGTTQT 
 1WTUWEEGUUQTQWTHCKNWTG  
NCTIGN[ FGRGPF    WRQP QWT
CEVKQPU  0QGTTQT 
 6JGRQQTOCP  RQKUQPGFJKO
 CPFJKUQYPEJKNFTGP  
0QGTTQT 
 +VYCUKP  VJCVYGHKTUV
HNGY  VQVJG7PKVGF5VCVGU
 0QGTTQT 
 6JG EJKNFTGPŏU FQI    UNGRV
SWKGVN[    KP VJGKT WPENGŏU
JQWUG  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  55%%).6KGT+ %$'
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI 0QP6GEJPKECN
5VCHH'ZCO 
 ;QWCTGVJGOCP  YJQJCXG
 URQKNGFKV  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
 ,QJP + CPF *CTK   JCXG
HKPKUJGF  QWTUVWFKGU  0Q
GTTQT  
 0GKVJGTVJGOQWUG  PQTVJG
NKQP   YGTG ECWIJV   0Q
GTTQT 
 9JGP + YCU [QWPI   + WUGF
VQ EQNNGEV UVCORU   CU C
JQDD[  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   6JGRGTKQF  DGVYGGPVQ
55%%+5(%QPUVCDNG )&
'ZCO
 'XGT[FC[PGYKPXGPVKQPU  KU
OCMG   HQT VJG IQQF QH
JWOCPKV[  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
 ;QWYKNNEQOG  VQO[UKUVGTŏU
YGFFKPIVQOQTTQY  KUPŏVKV!
 0QGTTQT 
 +CO  [QWTŏU  CHHGEVKQPCVG
UQP  0QGTTQT 
COMMON ERRORS
 #NNYQTMUQH  ETGCVKXGYTKVKPI
 JCXGCGUVJGVKEUCRRGCN  
0QGTTQT  
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
 +CPFO[YKHG  YGTGFGENCTGF
 VJGDGUVEQWRNGCVVJGRCTV[
 0QGTTQT  
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  RTKPEKRCNU  JGRTQHGUUGU  
55%5VGPQITCRJGT)TCFG %  &
'ZCO 
 *GYCNMGF  VGPOKNGU  D[
HQQV  0QGTTQT 
 *GKUIQQF  KPOCVJGOCVKEU
 DWVJKUHTKGPFKUPŏV  0Q
GTTQT 
 $[PQQP  VJGHQIENGCTGF  
EQORNGVGN[  0QGTTQT 
 #JOGFJCUDGGPYCVEJKPI  
VJG 1UECT PQOKPCVGF HKNO  
VJTGGVKOGU  0QGTTQT 
 6JGRQNKEG  JCUCTTGUVGFJKO
 QPVJGEJCTIGQHVJGHV  
0QGTTQT 
 6JGCWVJQTUCKFFWTKPIVJGRTGUU
EQPHGTGPEG  VJCVVJGTGYGTG
 VYQHCTVJGTXQNWOGUVQDG
RWDNKUJGF  0QGTTQT  
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
 $QVJOG  CPFO[UKUVGT  
YGPVVQCDQCTFKPIUEJQQN  
0QGTTQT 
 *GYCUPQVCDNGVQEQPEGPVTCVG
  DGECWUG QH VJG EQPVKPWCN
OWUKE   DGKPI RNC[GF PGZV
FQQT  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
 %JTKUVKPCŏUHTKGPFU  RTGHGTTGF
JGT TGOGFKGU  QXGT VJG
FQEVQTŏU  0QGTTQT 
 6JQUGYJQCTGKPRQYGT  JCXG
VQ DG UGPUKVKXG QH   VJG
UWHHGTKPIU QH VJG RQQT   0Q
GTTQT 
  YCUXGT[UKIPKHKECPV
KPO[NKHG  0QGTTQT  
55%6CZ#UUKUVCPV +PEQOG6CZ
%GPVTCN'ZEKUG 'ZCO 
55%5VGPQITCRJGT)TCFG %  &
'ZCO 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%   .GXGN&'1.&%
'ZCO  +UV5KVVKPI 0<QPG
 5VKNN  YCVGTU  TWPFGGR
 0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
5''Ō
 6JCV JQWUG  KU DWKNV QH  
UVQPGU  0QGTTQT 
 6JGLQDKU  WPFGTVJGFKTGEV  
QH/TU,QPGU  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
 8GT[UQQP  +TGCNKUGF  VJCV
JGKUCVHCWNV  0QGTTQT 
 5CPVQUJ NKXGU   D[ VJG
0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%   .GXGN&CVC'PVT[
1RGTCVQT.&%'ZCO 
 ++PF5KVVKPI 0QTVJ<QPG
 9JGPVJGUVTCPIGTUCYOG  
JGUGGOGFVQTGEQIPKUGOG  
CPF CUMGF OG YJCV YCU O[
PCOG  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
 )GVVJKUDQQM  DGRWDNKUJGF
 KPVKOG  0QGTTQT 
 *G  KULWPKQTVJCP  CNNJKU
HTKGPFU  0QGTTQT 
 *CF[QW  YQTMGFJCTF  [QW
YKNNJCXGRCUUGF  0QGTTQT 
 /[NCYP  YJKEJKUQXGTITQYP
 PGGFUYGGFKPI  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q  
55%   .GXGN&'1.&%
'ZCO  +UV5KVVKPI 'CUV<QPG
 'XGT[ OCP KP VJKU YQTNF  
YKUJGU VQ NKXG NQPI   DWV
PQDQF[YCPVGFVQITQYQNF  
0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
 +VYCUJKO  YJQECOGTWPPKPI
 KPVQ VJG ENCUUTQQO   0Q
GTTQT 
 6JG ECRKVCN QH ;GOGP   KU
UKVWCVKPI  OGVTGUCDQXG
VJGUGCNGXGN  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
 + CO IQKPI   VQ JCXG VJKU
EGTVKHKECVG   CVVGUV D[ VJG
&KTGEVQT  0QGTTQT 
 4CXK  VQNFVQJKUHTKGPF  VQ
DW[CECT  0QGTTQT 
 +YQWNF  CEEGRVVJGQHHGT  
KH+YGTG[QW  0QGTTQT 
 +COOQTGNQPGNKGT  JGTGVJCP
  + YCU KP VJG 75#   0Q
GTTQT 

 /C[+MPQY  VQYJQ  +CO
URGCMKPI!  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q   VQDGYCTGCDQWVDGCTU  0Q
55%   .GXGN&'1.&%
'ZCO  +UV5KVVKPI
&GNJK<QPG
 6JKUEWUVQO  JCUEQOGFQYP
 UKPEGVKOGUKOOGOQTKCN  
0QGTTQT 
 9GUVC[GFHQT  CUJQTVVKOG  
KPVJGJQVGN  0QGTTQT 
 5VWFGPVUCTGRTQJKDKVGF  VQ
DTKPIE[ENGU  KPVQVJGEQNNGIG
 0QGTTQT 
 7PNGUU[QWCTGECTGHWN  [QW
CTGDQWPFVQOCMGOKUVCMG  
KP[QWTYQTM  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%   .GXGN&CVC'PVT[
1RGTCVQT.&%'ZCO 
 ++PF5KVVKPI &GNJK<QPG
 &WGVQVJGJGCX[TCKPU  VJG
UJKRFTQYPGF  KPVJGOKFFNG
QHVJGQEGCP  0QGTTQT 
 &GCVJQH  JKUQPN[UQP  
OCFG/QJCPFGUQNCVG  0Q
GTTQT 
 *G HGNN JGCXKN[   CPF VJKU
ECWUGF  JKOITGCVRCKP  
0QGTTQT 
 9JGP+OGVJKO  VJGEQWRNG
QHFC[UDCEM  JGYCUYTKVKPI
CPGYDQQM  0QGTTQT 
 +PJKUQNFCIG  CRGTUQPKU
NKMGN[VQIGV  OQTGYGCMFC[
D[FC[  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   &WG VQ JGCX[ YQTM   KP VJG
55%   .GXGN&'1.&%
'ZCO  +UV5KVVKPI '<QPG
 ;QWCTG  CNYC[UFQKPI  VJKU
OKUVCMG  0QGTTQT 
 *GJCU  CNCTIGHCOKN[  VQ
ECTG  0QGTTQT 
 6JGQPN[+PFKCP  VQYKPVJG
0QDGN2TK\GHQTVJG.KVGTCVWTG  
YCU4CDKPFTCPCVJ6CIQTG  0Q
GTTQT 
 #HVGTJKUKNNPGUU  VJGRCVKGPV
YCU   UKEM YKVJ NKHG   0Q
GTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q  
55%   .GXGN&CVC'PVT[
1RGTCVQT.&%'ZCO 
 ++PF5KVVKPI 'CUV<QPG
 +VQNFJKO  VJCV+CXCKNGF  
VJGQRRQTVWPKV[  0QGTTQT 
 +VJKPM  JGQYPUCPGZRGPUKXG
 RCKPVKPID[*WUUCKP  
0QGTTQT 
COMMON ERRORS
 # NCTIG UKIP PGCT    VJG
GPVTCPEGYCTPUVJGXKUKVQTU  
GTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  55%)TCFWCVG.GXGN6KGT++
55%)TCFWCVG.GXGN6KGT++
'ZCO
 +FQPŏVUWRRQUG  CP[QPGYKNN
XQNWPVGGT  YKNNVJG[!  
0QGTTQT 
 *G UGTXGF CU 2TGUKFGPV   QH
VJG.KQPU%NWD  UKPEGHKHVGGP
[GCTU  0QGTTQT 
 6JCV YCU  VJG OQUV WPKSWG
QRRQTVWPKV[  JG IQV KP JKU
NKHG  0QGTTQT 
 6JGTGKU  PQRNCEGQH[QW  
KP VJKU EQORCTVOGPV   0Q
GTTQT 
 /QVJGT6GTGUCCUMGFCDWKNFKPI
 YJGTGUJGCPFJGTYQTMGTU
 EQWNF ECTG HQT VJG RQQT
RGQRNGCNYC[U  0QGTTQT 
 9JGPCVNCUV  YGIQVVQVJG
VJGCVTG  VJGOWEJRWDNKEK\GF
RTQITCOOG D[ VJG $QNN[YQQF
UVCTUYCUDGIWP  0QGTTQT 
 5GXGTCN RTQOKPGPV HKIWTGU  
KPXQNXGF KP VJG UECPFCN CTG
TGSWKTGF VQ  CRRGCT VQ VJG
KPXGUVKICVKQPEQOOKVVGG  0Q
GTTQT 
 #EEQTFKPIVQVJGTCFKQ  KVECP
TCKP  VJKU GXGPKPI   0Q
GTTQT 
QHHKEG  +YCUWPCDNGVQECVEJ
VJG HKXG VJKTV[ VTCKP  0Q
GTTQT 
 *CTKYCUCRRQKPVGFNGCFGT  
QH C ITQWR QH [QWPI UQEKCN
YQTMGTU  VJCVJCXGCEEGRVGF
VQJGNRCPFFGXGNQRVJGXKNNCIG
KPVJTGGOQPVJU  0QGTTQT 
 9J[  QPGCTVJ  JCUJG
PQVEQOG!  0QGTTQT 
 ;GUVGTFC[  KVTCKPGF  NKMG
ECVUCPFFQIU  0QGTTQT 
 + YQWNF TGSWGUV VQ [QW   VQ
EQPUKFGTO[CRRNKECVKQP  CPF
ITCPV OG C LQD CU GCTN[ CU
RQUUKDNG  0QGTTQT 
 'CEJ QH VJGUG DQ[U   RNC[
ICOGU   KP VJG RNC[ITQWPF
 0QGTTQT 
 0QVQPGQHJKUNGEVWTGU  JCXG
GXGTDGGP  RTKPVGF  0Q
GTTQT 
5''Ō
 'KVJGT5QJCPQTJKUHTKGPFU  
KU VQ DG DNCOGF   HQT VJKU
OKUEJKGH  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q  
'ZCO2CRGT++
 6JGOKPKUVGTHQT'FWECVKQP  
XGJGOGPVN[ TGHWUGF   VJG
CNNGICVKQP VJCV JG JCF VCMGP
DTKDGU  0QGTTQT 
 +H+YGTG<WDKP  +YQWNFPQV
CVVGPF  VJGYGFFKPIEQOG
YJCVOC[  0QGTTQT 
*GUC[UVJCV  JGTGCFUPQXGNU
 VQRCUUCYC[VJGVKOG  
0QGTTQT 
 *G NGHV HQT /WODCK QP 5WPFC[
  CTTKXKPI VJGTG    QP
/QPFC[  0QGTTQT 
 +VKU  PQVJKPIGNUG  VJCP
RTKFG  0QGTTQT 
6QVJGQTFKPCT[OCPKPHCEVVJG
RGCNKPI QH DGNNU   KU C
OQPQVQPQWU LCPING CPF C
PWKUCPEG  VQNGTCDN[QPN[YJGP
OKVKICVGFD[TGOQVGFKUVCPEGCPF
UGPVKOGPVCNCUUQEKCVKQP  0Q
GTTQT 
6JGKPETGCUKPIOGEJCPKUCVKQPQH
NKHG  JCXGNGFWUHCTVJGTCYC[
HTQOFCKN[EQPVCEVYKVJPCVWTGCPF
 VJGETCHVUQHVJGHCTO  
0QGTTQT 
 +H [QW JCXG C YC[ YKVJ YQTFU
 CIQQFUGPUGQHFGUKIPCPF
CFOKPKUVTCVKQPCDKNKV[  [QW
OC[ GPLQ[ YQTMKPI KP VJG JKIJ
RTGUUWTG YQTNF QH CFXGTVKUKPI
 0QGTTQT 
 .CUV YGGMŏU UJCTR JKMG KP VJG
YJQNGUCNGRTKEGQHDGGH  KUC
UVTQPIKPFKECVKQPHQT  JKIJGT
OGCVEQUVUVQEQOG  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%21 5+#5++PVGNNKIGPEG1HHKEGT
'ZCO2CRGT++
 +JCF  CVGUVKP/CVJGOCVKEU  
VQFC[OQTPKPI  0QGTTQT 
 #IKTNOWUVDGITCEKQWU  KHUJG
YKUJGU  VQDGCDCNNGTKPC  
0QGTTQT 
 +P C XGT[ JCTUJ VQPG    JG
UJQWVGFCVJKUUGTXCPVU  CPF
VQNFVJGOVJCVJGFQGUPQVPGGF
VJGKTUGTXKEGU  0QGTTQT 
 6JG%QOOKVVGGKUVJKPMKPI  
PQVVQDTKPICTQWPFCP[EJCPIG
 KPVJGDCUKEUVTWEVWTG  
0QGTTQT 

 6JG%JKGH/KPKUVGTJCFPQVKOG
 VQRC[CVVGPVKQP  QPUWEJ
UKORNGOCVVGTU  0QGTTQT 
 +VYCUHQTVWPCVG  CNNQHVJG
KPOCVGU GUECRGF   HTQO VJG
DNC\KPIHKTG  0QGTTQT 
 &TKPMKPICPFFTKXKPI  CTG  
COCLQTECWUGQHCEEKFGPVU  
0QGTTQT 
 *G KU    JCXKPI OCP[   
HTKGPFUJGTG  0QGTTQT 
 6JGUGTXCPV  JCPIGFVJGNCOR
 QPVJGYCNN  0QGTTQT 
 +YCPV  VJCV[QWUJQWNF  
RGTHQTOYGNN  0QGTTQT 
 +PVJGDCEMUKFG  QHQWTJQWUG
 YGJCXGCTQEMICTFGP  
0QGTTQT 
 #UMJGTVQECNNOG  YJGPUJG  
YKNNEQOGDCEM  0QGTTQT 
 6JGEWTCVQTVQNFWU  VJCVVJG
OWUGWOYCUPQVQRGPGF  VQ
VJGRWDNKEQP5WPFC[  0Q
GTTQT 
 .QPIECTLQWTPG[U  CTGGXGP
NGUURNGCUCPV  HQTKVKUSWKVG
KORQUUKDNGVQTGCFGXGP  0Q
GTTQT 
 +FGENKPGFVJGKPXKVCVKQP  PQV
DGECWUG+FKFPQVYCPVVQIQ  
DWVDGECWUG+JCXGPQVKOG  
0QGTTQT 
 -KPFN[ EQPHKTO D[ NGVVGT CPF
VGNGRJQPG  VJCV[QWYKNNDG
CDNG  VQCVVGPFVJGKPVGTXKGY
 0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  3WGUVKQP0Q   VJG7PKXGTUKV[  +TGCNKUGF  
55%   .GXGN&'1.&%
'ZCO +UV5KVVKPI
 +  ECOGVQUEJQQN  CVVJG
UCOGWUWCNVKOG  0QGTTQT 
 6JG EQORCP[ KU WUKPI  
KPHNWGPEGVQRGTUWCFGRGQRNG  
VQDW[KVUTGHTKIGTCVQTU  0Q
GTTQT 
 6JG VGEJPKEKCP TGOKPFGF VJGO
 VQJCXGCVJQTQWIJN[ENGCPKPI
QH VJG OCEJKPG   CHVGT GCEJ
WUG  0QGTTQT 
 ;QWUJQWNFJCXGWUGFVJGOQPG[
  HQT RC[KPI [QWT FGDVU  
KPUVGCFQHDW[COQVQTE[ENG  
0QGTTQT 
 /[EQWUKP  KPXKVGFOG  VQ
JGTDKTVJFC[RCTV[  0QGTTQT 
 9G UJQWNF CDKFG   VQ VJG
RTQOKUG  VJCVYGOCMG  
0QGTTQT 
COMMON ERRORS
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   /QFGTP [QWVJ RC[ OQTG
55%   .GXGN&CVC'PVT[
1RGTCVQT.&%'ZCO
PF5KVVKPI
 'XGT[QPG CTG GZRGEVGF   VQ
EQOG   VQ UEJQQN VQOQTTQY
 0QGTTQT 
 0CNKPKUC[U  UJGKUNKXKPIKP
%JGPPCK  UKPEG  0Q
GTTQT 
 $GKPIXGT[FCTM  VJGXKUKVQTU
HQWPFKVFKHHKEWNV  VQNQECVGVJG
UYKVEJ  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  DGECWUGKVKUPQVVQJKUVCUVG  
55%   .GXGN&'1.&%'ZCO
 PF5KVVKPI
 9GUJCNN  IQQWV  KHKVFQGU
PQVTCKPU  0QGTTQT 
 6JG URGCMGT   NGHV VJG UEGPG
 DGHQTGNQPI  0QGTTQT 
 6JG2TGUKFGPV  QXGTVCMGU  
KP$CPINCFGUJ  0QGTTQT 
 6JG*KPFWKU  OQUVRQRWNCT
VJCPCP[QVJGT  PGYURCRGT
KP+PFKC  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q  
55%   .GXGN&CVC'PVT[
1RGTCVQT.&%'ZCO
UV5KVVKPI
 #NNOCPIQGU  KPVJKUDCUMGV 
CTGQXGTTKRG  0QGTTQT 
 9J[  VJG[FKFPŏVVWTPWR  
VQVJGYQTMUJQR!  0QGTTQT 
 9G  CTGNGCXKPI  HQT-GTCNC
VQFC[  0QGTTQT 
 *CTKNQUV  CJWPFTGFTWRGGUPQVG
 [GUVGTFC[  0QGTTQT 
55%   .GXGN&CVC'PVT[
1RGTCVQT.&%'ZCO
UV5KVVKPI
 6JGCTVKUVCPFYTKVGT  JCU  
FKGF  0QGTTQT 
 5ECTEGN[JCFKVUVQRRGFTCKPKPI
  YJGP + UVCTVGF   VQ O[
EQNNGIG  0QGTTQT 
 +  YKNNTGVWTPDCEM  KPHKXG
OKPWVGU  0QGTTQT 
 'KVJGT CP QHHKEGT   QT CP
CUUKUVCPV  CTGTGSWKTGF  
0QGTTQT 
 +   JCXG UGGP JKO  
[GUVGTFC[  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%   .GXGN&CVC'PVT[
1RGTCVQT.&%'ZCO
PF5KVVKPI
 6JG VGCEJGT VQNF VQ    VJG
UVWFGPVU VJCV    VJG[ OWUV
CVVGPFUEJQQNTGIWNCTN[  0Q
GTTQT 
5''Ō
CVVGPVKQP  VQUGGKPIHKNOU  
VJCPVQTGCFDQQMU  0QGTTQT

 1NFJCDKVU  FKG  JCTFN[
 0QGTTQT 
 +  JCXGDGGPUVWF[KPI  UKPEG
HQWTJQWTU  0QGTTQT 
 +H JG JCF YCNMGF    HCUV
GPQWIJ  JGYKNNIGVVJGDWU
 0QGTTQT 
 *G VQNF JKU HTKGPF   VJCV JG
EQWNF PQV FQ VJCV YQTM  
0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%)TCFWCVG.GXGN6KGT+
'ZCO UV5KVVKPI
 6JG8KEG%JCPEGNNQT  YCPVU
CNNXCECPEKGU  VQDGHKNNGFWR
 0QGTTQT 
 +PYQTNFQHQWTU  QPGJCUVQ
EQORGVG   HQT CNOQUV
GXGT[VJKPI  0QGTTQT 
 $QUGKU  OQTGRQRWNCTVJCP
 CP[UVWFGPVKPVJGENCUU  
0QGTTQT 
 *QYKU5WTTKPFGT  IQKPIYKVJ
 JKUYQTM!  0QGTTQT 
 +VKUUCKF  VJCVVJKUTQQOKU
PQVDGKPIQRGPGF  HQTVJGNCUV
HKHV[[GCTU  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%(%+#UUKUVCPV)TCFG+++
'ZCO PF5KVVKPI
 1PTGEGKXKPIVJGOCTMUJGGVHTQO
VJCV+JCFIQVQPN[RCUUKPIOCTMU
KP'PINKUJ  0QGTTQT 
 9JGPUJGMPQEMGFVJGFQQT  
+UCKFVQJGT  őEQOGKPŒ  
0QGTTQT 
 *GUCKF  VJCVJGYKNNOGGVOG
  CV VJG TGUVCWTCPV   0Q
GTTQT 
 /KUU 4COC &GXK JCU   VYQ
GNGRJCPVUVGPJQTUGU  CPF
CU OWEJ CU HKHV[ ECTU   0Q
GTTQT 
 6JGOQPVJQH,CPWCT[  VCMGU
KVUPCOG  QHVJG4QOCP)QF
,CPWU  0QGTTQT 

55%&GNJK2QNKEG5WD+PURGEVQT
5+ 'ZCO
 *CXKPIFGRTKXGFQHVJGKTJQWUGU
 KPVJGTGEGPVGCTVJSWCMG  
VJG[JCFPQQVJGTQRVKQPDWVVQ
VCMGUJGNVGTKPCUEJQQN  0Q
GTTQT 

 *G   KU CFFKEVGF   YKVJ
UOQMKPI  0QGTTQT 
 'PVGTKPIVJGJQVGN  JGQTFGTGF
HQT  CFTKPMCPFCUWORVW
QWUFKPPGT  0QGTTQT 
 *GKU  [QWTDTQVJGT  KUPŏV
KV!  0QGTTQT 
 +JCXG  MPQYPJKO  UKPEG
VYQ[GCTU  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  0QGTTQT 
55%   .GXGN&'1.&%
'ZCO+UV5KVVKPI
 +VYCUJGYJQ  ECOGTWPPKPI
KPVJGJQWUG  YKVJVJGPGYU
CDQWV VJG GCTVJSWCMG   0Q
GTTQT 
 *GTOQVJGTFQGUPQVCRRTQXGQH
 JGTVQIQVQVJGRCTV[  
YKVJQWVFTGUUKPIHQTOCNN[  
0QGTTQT 
 4KFKPICETQUUVJGDCVVNGHKGNF  
VJGHCOQWU$JKUJO  UCYC
NCTIGPWODGTQHFGCFYCTTKQTU
 0QGTTQT 
 /[#WPV  YCUHKTUV  VQIGV
CFGITGG  0QGTTQT 
 2CFOKPKJCFPQVTCTGN[OKUUGF
  C FCPEG RGTHQTOCPEG QT
HGUVKXCNUKPEG  UJGYCUGKIJV
[GCTUQNF  0QGTTQT 
 -TWRCCPF-CX[CUVWFKGF  KP
VJG&GNJK2WDNKE5EJQQN  CPF
UQFQGU-CO[C  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI5VCHH'ZCO
+UV5KVVKPI2CVPC
 6JGVTCIGF[QH,WNKWU%CGUCT  
YCU YTKVVGP D[ 9KNNKCO
5JCMGURGCTG   CDQWV 
 0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
 'KVJGT2CTOGGV  QT,[QVK  
JCXG FQPG VJG ETKOG  0Q
GTTQT 
 6JGUVTGGVU  CTGUQYGV  KV
UJQWNFJCXGTCKPGFNCUVPKIJV  
0QGTTQT 
 6JG YTKVGT KU   GXKFGPVN[
GPCOQWTGFCV  VJGUWDLGEV
 0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
 *GKULGCNQWUHQT  O[UWEEGUU
 CPFYCPVUVQFGUVTQ[OG  
0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
 6JG UQEKCN CEVKXKUV   YCU
OWTFGT  KPEQNFDNQQF  0Q
GTTQT 
COMMON ERRORS
 + TGCF   C ITGCV FGCN QH  
DQQMU  0QGTTQT 
 6JG+PFKCPUCTGIGPGVKECNN[  
KPECRCDNG QH   DGKPI IQQF QT
QWVUVCPFKPIURQTVUOGP  0Q
GTTQT 
 6JGOCKPRWTRQUGQHVJGXKUKV  
KUVQFGXGNQRCENQUGTGNCVKQPUJKR
 COQPIVJGVYQEQWPVTKGU  
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q    ;QWJCXGPŏVTGURQPFGF  VQO[
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI5VCHH
'ZCO
 +NGHV  PQUVQPGWPVWTPGF  
VQCEJKGXGHQTO[QDLGEV  0Q
GTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
 6JKUGTTQTU  CTGOCFG  D[
HQTGKIPGTU  0QGTTQT 
 1P GPVGTKPI VJG ETQYFKPI TQQO
 +EQWNFPQVUGGQPGRGTUQP  
YJQO+MPGY  0QGTTQT 
 5WPFCT   KU IGVVKPI OCTTKGF
 YKVJ5KVC  0QGTTQT 
 +H[QWTEQOKPIJQOGVQOQTTQY
 NGVOGMPQYCVYJCVVKOG  
+ECPGZRGEV[QW  0QGTTQT 
 #HVGT TKUKPI VJG HNCI VQ  
KPCWIWTCVGVJGURQTVUOGGVVJG
%JCKTOCP  ICXGCNQPIURGGEJ
 0QGTTQT 
 *GKU  HCVVGT  VJCPOG  
0QGTTQT 
 'XGT[EJKNFKPVJGENCUU  CTG
YGCTKPI  UCPFCNUVQFC[  
0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q   55%/WNVK6CUMKPI5VCHH
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI5VCHH
'ZCO+UV5KVVKPI
 +CPFJKO  CTG  XGT[IQQF
HTKGPFU  0QGTTQT  
 1PGUJQWNF  NQQMCHVGT  
VJGKTRCTGPVU  0QGTTQT  
 5JGRNCEGF  VJGQHHGTKPI  VQ
)QFKPVJGCNVCT  0QGTTQT 
 6GCEJGTUYGTGKPUVTWEVGF  VQ
HQNNQYCPWPKHQTOOGVJQF  QH
GXCNWCVKQP  0QGTTQT 
 6JGPGYURCRGTUVJG[CFOKVVJCV
 CFXGTVKUKPIUQOGVKOGU  
KPHNWGPEGU VJGKT GFKVQTKCN
RQNKE[  0QGTTQT 
 +UCYJKO  EQOKPIQWVQHVJG
JQVGN  QPQŏENQEM  0Q
GTTQT 
5''Ō
 1PGQHO[HTKGPF  KUTGVWTPKPI
 VQ+PFKCHTQOVJG75#  
0QGTTQT 
 *GMPQYU  VJCV[QWTOWUENGU
 CTGPQVUCOGCUJKU  0Q
GTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI5VCHH
'ZCO++PF5KVVKPI
 (NQYGTU  VJCVCTGLWUVRKEMGF
 DGIKPUVQTQVKPUGEQPFU
 0QGTTQT 
KPXKVCVKQP  FKFPŏV[QW!  0Q
GTTQT 
 #EEQTFKPIVQUQOGGUVKOCVGU  
VJGTG CTG  UGXGP VJQWUCPF
V[RGQHRNCPVU  0QGTTQT 
 'XGT[ QPG  OWUV UKIP VJGKT
HWNN PCOGU   DGHQTG GPVGTKPI
VJGJCNN  0QGTTQT 
 6JG)TGCV9CNNQH%JKPC  KUVJG
QPGUVTWEVWTGDWKNFD[OCP  
XKUKDNG HTQO VJG OQQP  0Q
GTTQT 
 +PVJGHQWTVJUGOGUVGT  QHVJG
EQWTUGVJG  CVVGPFCPEGHGNN
FQYP  0QGTTQT 
 /[HTKGPFŏUCEVWCNLQD  KPXQNXGU
CNQV  QHCFOKPKUVTCVKQP  
0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
 /[PGRJGY  DGIWPYQTMKPI
HQTOG  CDQWVVGP[GCTUCIQ
 0QGTTQT 
 2TQJKDKVKQPCKOUCVTGFWEKPI  
VTCHHKECEEKFGPVUOCP[QHYJKEJ
 KUECWUGFD[FTWPMGPPGUU
 0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
'ZCO-QNMCVC4GIKQP
 #ETQUUVJGYQTNF  FKUEWUUKQPU
QPEWTKPIECPEGTCTGCP[NQPIGT
 LWUVYKUJHWNVJKPMKPI  0Q
GTTQT 
 +CPFJG  JCXGRTGRCTGF  
VJG NGUUQP VJQTQWIJN[   0Q
GTTQT 
 6JGXCECPE[YCUHKNNGF  D[C
[QWPIUEJQNCT  YJQJCFCP
GZVGPUKDNGMPQYNGFIGQHCPEKGPV
CTV  0QGTTQT 
 6JKUPQXGN  QH5JGNFQPKUOQTG
KPVGTGUVKPI  VJCPCP[QVJGT
PQXGN  0QGTTQT 
 #P GOOKPGPV UWTIGQP   KU
XKUKVKPIVJGJQURKVCN  VQCVVGPF
CUWTIGQPUŏEQPHGTGPEG  0Q
GTTQT 

 /QUVEQWPVTKGUKPVJGYQTNF  
KUHQT  RGCEG  0QGTTQT 
 1WT QHHKEG DW[U   HKXG
MKNQITCOU QH RCRGT   GXGT[
OQPVJ  0QGTTQT 
 /CP[COCP  JCXGTGCNK\GF  
VJCVTGCNJCRRKPGUUNKGUKPOCMKPI
UCETKHKEGU  0QGTTQT 
 1PGQHVJGOQUVKORQTVCPVHCEVQT
  VJCV EQPVTKDWVG VQ VJG
UWEEGUU QH C RGTUQP   KU JKU
UKPEGTKV[  0QGTTQT 
 6JG UVWFGPVU TGHWUGF   VQ
CEEGRVTGURQPUKDKNKV[  HQTVJGKT
CEVU  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q  %
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI5VCHH
'ZCO+UV5KVVKPI
 $QQMU HCKT   GPEQWTCIG  
TGCFKPIJCDKV  0QGTTQT  
 9G PGGF VQ UWTTQWPF QWTUGNXGU
YKVJ  ECTKPIRGQRNGRCTVKEWNCT
NQXGF QPGU YJQ   DTKPI JQRG
CPF UWRRQTV VQ QWT JGCTVU CPF
OKPFU CPF YKVJ YJQO YG ECP
EQOOWPKECVG  0QGTTQT  
 70+%'(  KU  CPKPVGTPCVKQP
CNQTICPKUCVKQP  0QGTTQT  
 6JGDQ[YJQUVWFKGUJCTF  JG
YKNNRCUU  YKVJHN[KPIEQNQWTU
 0QGTTQT  
 #UCRGTUQPYJQDGNKGXGU  VJCV
JQPGUV[KUVJGDGUVRQNKE[  +
HGGNVJCVRQNKVKEUCTGPQVO[EWR
QHVGC  0QGTTQT  
 +V KU PQV RQUUKDNG HQT OG   VQ
IKXG[QWVJGCEEWTCVGFCVG  QH
O[FGRCTVWTG[GV  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
 6JQWIJVJGRQNKEGVTKGFCNNUQTVU
QHOGVJQFUVQKNNKEKV  KPHQTOC
VKQPHTQOVJGRWDNKE  VJG[TG
OCKPGFUKNGPV  0QGTTQT 
 *GCUMGFOG  YJCV+COFQKPI
 QWVKPVJGUVTGGVCVVJCVJQWT
 0QGTTQT  
 *CF+DGGP  KPO[DTQVJGTŏU
RQUKVKQP  +YQWNFJCXGTGHWUGF
VJGQHHGT  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q   55%)TCFWCVG.GXGN6KGT+
55%(%+#UUKUVCPV)TCFG+++/CKP
'ZCO
 7PNGUUCKFCTTKXGU  YKVJKPVJG
PGZVHGYYGGMU  VJQWUCPFU
CTGUVCTXKPI  0QGTTQT 
COMMON ERRORS
 +JCXGDGGP  YQTMKPIKPVJKU
QTICPK\CVKQP   UKPEG VJTGG
[GCTU  0QGTTQT 
 *KU RCTGPVU WUWCNN[ URGPV  
VJGKT UWOOGT KP 1QV[   DWV
VJKU[GCTVJG[CTGURGPFKPIKVKP
&CTLGGNKPI  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
 # YGNNDCNCPEGF FKGV   KU
GUUGPVKCNHQT  IQQFJGCNVJ  
0QGTTQT 
 /[WPENGHQTEGF  O[HTKGPF
CPF+  VQUVC[DCEM  0Q
GTTQT 
 +COTGCNN[FKUCRRQKPVGF  KP
PQVJCXKPIUCYO[HTKGPFU  
YJKNG + YCU KP 0GY &GNJK QP
XCECVKQPVJKUUWOOGT  0Q
GTTQT 
 6JG EQORCP[ JCXG   
VJQWUCPFU QH EWUVQOGTU   
JCRR[ YKVJ KVU UGTXKEG   0Q
GTTQT 
 +JCXGEQOG  CUUQQPCU  
VJGEWUVQOGTUNGCXG[QWTUJQR
 0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
 1WTPGYVGNGXKUKQPUGVEQOG  
YKVJCFC[YCTTCPV[  QP
CNNGNGEVTKECNEQORQPGPVU  0Q
GTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q    + YJKUVNGF VJTKEG   YKVJ HWNN
55%)TCFWCVG.GXGN6KGT+
'ZCO+UV5KVVKPI
 'CEJQPGQH[QW  OWUVOCMG
WRVJGKTOKPF  CU+FKF  
0QGTTQT  
 5WFQMWYCUHKTUVFGUKIPGFKPVJG
U  D[CTGVKTGFCTEJKVGEV
  CPF HTGGNCPEG RW\\NG
EQPUVTWEVQT  0QGTTQT  
 &WTKPI VJG NCUV HGY [GCTU  
VJGEQORCP[YQTMUJCTF  VQ
OQFGTPKUG KVU KOCIG   0Q
GTTQT  
 6JKU UVCOR KU QPN[ QPG   QH
VJGFGUKIP  GXGTRTKPVGF  
0QGTTQT  
 #HVGTJGJCFCRQNQIKUGFVQVJG
OCIKUVTCVG RTQHWUGN[   HQT
JCXKPI DTQMG VJG RTQOKUG  
VJG OCIKUVTCVG YCU JCRR[ VQ
HQTIKXGJKO  0QGTTQT  
3WGUVKQP0Q   'ODCUU[KP0GY;QTM  0Q
'ZCO++PF5KVVKPI
 +P+PFKC  YQTMKPIYQOCPNGCF
CNKHGQHFWCNTGURQPUKDKNKVKGU  
KH VJG[ CTG OCTTKGF CPF JCXG C
HCOKN[  0QGTTQT  
5''Ō
 )TGCVN[ VQ QWT UWTRTKUG   YG
HKPFVJGTKPINGCFGT  YCUNCOG
 0QGTTQT  
 6JG[JCXG  RNC[GFCICOG  
NCUVYGGM  0QGTTQT  
 6JGVGCEJGTOCFGVJGDQ[U  
VQFQVJGUWO  CNNQXGTCICKP
 0QGTTQT  
 /CP[ QXGTUGCU UVWFGPVU  
CVVGPFEQNNGIGU  KPVJG)TGCV
$TKVCKP  0QGTTQT  
3WGUVKQP0Q  
55%)TCFWCVG.GXGN6KGT+
'ZCO
 6JG VGCEJGT CU YGNN CU VJG
UVWFGPVU   JCXG IQPG QP CP
GZEWTUKQP   VQ 1QV[ FWTKPI
VJGKTUWOOGTXCECVKQP  0Q
GTTQT 
 6JG75  FQPŏVYCPV  +PFKC
KPVJG5GEWTKV[%QWPEKN  0Q
GTTQT 
 6JGETWGNNCF[OCFG  JGTUVGR
FCWIJVGT VQ FQ   CNN VJG
JQWUGJQNF EJQTGU  0Q
GTTQT 
 ;QWECPGCV  CUOWEJCU[QW
NKMG  CVVJGPGYN[NCWPEJDCT
 0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q  
55%)TCFWCVG.GXGN6KGT+
'ZCO
OKIJV CPF TCKUG O[ CTOU  
VQYCTFUVJGUM[  0QGTTQT 
 $QVJUEKGPEGCPFTGNKIKQP  CTG
PGEGUUCT[HQTOCPCPFHQTVJGKT
 QWVGT CPF KPPGT UGNH
TGURGEVKXGN[  0QGTTQT 
 #VEGTVCKPUGCUQPU  UQOGCTGCU
QP/CTU  KUUWDLGEVVQUVTQPI
YKPFU  0QGTTQT  
 #UCPCTVKUV  4CLWKUCUIQQF
 KHPQVDGVVGTVJCP4COGUJ
 0QGTTQT  
 6JGUEKGPVKUVU  EQWNFPQVJCTFN[
 EQORNGVGCNNVJGGZRGTKOGPVU
 0QGTTQT  
3WGUVKQP0Q  
55%%QPUVCDNG )&
'ZCO+UV5KVVKPI
 %QWNF[QWRNGCUGIKXGOG  C
RQUVCNCFFTGUU  QHVJG+PFKCP
GTTQT 
 + ECNNGF   CV JKU JQWUG
[GUVGTFC[  CPFJCXGIKXGPJKO
OQPG[  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI

 6JGTGCUQPHQT  O[CDUGPEG
KU  FWGVQKNNJGCNVJ  0Q
GTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  VCUM  0QGTTQT 
55%%QPUVCDNG )& 'ZCO
 +DQWIJV  VYQ  UNKRRGTU
 0QGTTQT 
 ;QWCTGCXGT[NQXCDNGRGTUQP  
DWV+  COPQVNQXKPI[QW  
0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q   KPHQTOCVKQPU  KH[QWTGCFVJKU
55%)TCFWCVG.GXGN6KGT+
'ZCO
 $GKPICJQNKFC[  YGYGPVQWV
 HQTCRKEPKE  0QGTTQT 
 +HYGJCXGPQFGHKPKVGCKODGHQTG
WU   YG YQWNF QPN[ YQPFGT
CDQWVKPCKONGUURWTUWKVU  CPF
CEJKGXGPQVJKPI  0QGTTQT 
 +H[QWVWTPVJGEQTPGT  [QW
YKNNHQWPFCJQWUG  DWKNVQH
UVQPG  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
 +YGPVVQ  UGGVJG6CL/CJCN
 KPCOQQPNKVPKIJV  0Q
GTTQT 
 *CXKPIHQWPFCRKGEGQHEJGGUG
 VYQECVUYGPVVQCFQI  
VQFKXKFGKVCOQPIVJGO  0Q
GTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q   VJCVPKIJV  0QGTTQT 
55%)TCFWCVG.GXGN6KGT+
'ZCO
 6JG PGY FKUJ   VJCV + QTFGTGF
 KUVCUVKPIIQQF  0QGTTQT 
 +PETGCUKPI TCEKUO CPF JCVG
ETKOGU  ECUVGFCUJCFQY  
QXGTGNGEVKQPU  0QGTTQT 
 +JCXGIQV[QWTNGVVGT[GUVGTFC[  
CPFHGNVJCRR[VQNGCTP  QH[QWT
TGEQXGT[  0QGTTQT 
 *KU CRRGCTCPEG DGCTU   C
UVTKMKPITGUGODNCPEG  VQ[QWT
EQWUKP  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q   55%%).6KGT+ %$'
55%)TCFWCVG.GXGN6KGT+
'ZCO
 6JG VGCEJGT CFXKUGF VQ  VJG
UVWFGPV VQ DQTTQY   C DQQM
HTQO VJG NKDTCT[ YKVJKP VJTGG
FC[U  0QGTTQT 
 +KPUKUVGF  QPJKUIQKPI  
VJGTG KOOGFKCVGN[   0Q
GTTQT 
COMMON ERRORS
 9GJCXGDGGPMPQYKPI  GCEJ
QVJGT  UKPEGYGYGTGEJKNFTGP
 0QGTTQT 
 0GKVJGT QH VJG VGCOU   CTG
UGPUKDNGGPQWIJ  VQFQVJKU
3WGUVKQP0Q    GXGT[[GCT  0QGTTQT 
55%%#2(U5+%+5(#5+
'ZCO
 9JGPQPGJGCTUQHVJGKPEKFGPV
 CDQWVVJGRNCPGETCUJ  JG
HGGNUXGT[UQTT[  0QGTTQT 
 +YGPVVJGTG  YKVJCXKGYVQ
UWTXG[  VJGGPVKTGRTQEGFWTG
 0QGTTQT 
 +VJCFNCKF  KPVJGENQUGV  
HQT C YGGM DGHQTG YG HQWPF KV
 0QGTTQT 
 *GYCURTGUGPV  KPVJGEQWTV
 VQIKXGYKVPGUU  0QGTTQT 
 *GNCWIJGF  QPJGT  CUUJG
HGNNQHHVJGVTGG  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q    -CNKFCUKU  C5JCMGURGCTG  
55%)TCFWCVG.GXGN6KGT++
'ZCO
 6JGUGCNN  OCPIQGU  CTG
TKRG  0QGTTQT 
 6JGUVWFGPVUYGTG  CYCKVKPI
HQT   VJG CTTKXCN QH VJG EJKGH
IWGUV  0QGTTQT 
 +H[QWJGCT  GPICIGFVQPG  
TGRNCEG VJG TGEGKXGT CPF FKCN
CICKP  0QGTTQT 
 *GPT[CUMGFJKUYKHG  YJCV
JCFUJGRTGRCTGF  HQTFKPPGT
 6JGPGYU  +JCXGTGEGKXGF  
KUPQVIQQF  0QGTTQT 
 9JQ  CTTCPIGF  VJGEJCKTU
!  0QGTTQT 
 2GQRNG YJQ NKXG QP   INCUU
JQWUGU   UJQWNF PQV VJTQY
UVQPGCVQVJGTU  0QGTTQT 
 6JGOCPKU  VJGOQUVVCNNGUV  
QHVJGITQWR  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
 4CIJWECOGQWVQHVJGDCVJTQQO
 YKVJCVQYGN  KPVJGJCPF
 0QGTTQT 
 6JGDQ[  YJKEJOQPG[  YCU
NQUVHGNVUQTT[  0QGTTQT 
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
 %QNNGIG IKTNU UGNFQO YGCT  
UCTGGUVJGUGFC[U  FQVJG[ !
 0QGTTQT 
 6JG-KPI,WCP%CTNQUQH5RCKP  
CTTKXGFKP.QPFQPVQFC[  HQT
CVJTGGFC[XKUKV  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
5''Ō
 /[HTKGPF  JCUKPXKVGFOG  
HQTVGCVJKU5WPFC[  0QGTTQT 
 *G FKUEWUUGF   VJG OWTFGT
ECUG  YKVJJKULWPKQTU  
0QGTTQT 
 /CP[RGQRNGFKG  YKVJEJQNGTC
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
 +VKUC  FGUGTV  RNCEG  
0QGTTQT 
 ;QW UJCNN IGV   CNN VJG
DQQMECTGHWNN[  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q  
55%   .GXGN&CVC'PVT[
1RGTCVQT.&%'ZCO
 /[HCVJGTICXGOG  CRCKTQH
DKPQEWNCT   QP O[ DKTVJFC[
 0QGTTQT 
QH+PFKC  0QGTTQT 
 +YCU  CVNQUU  CPFFKFPQV
MPQYYJCVVQFQ  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
 /QTG[QW  VJKPMQHKV  VJG
YQTUG KV DGEQOGU   0Q
GTTQT 
 *CUCPRNC[U  DQVJETKEMGVCPF
DKNNKCTFU  CVVJGPCVKQPCNNGXGN
 0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%   .GXGN&'1.&%
'ZCO++PF5KVVKPI
 9JGP + HCKN   VQ UQNXG VJG
RTQDNGO O[UGNH    +
WPJGUKVCVKPIN[ECNNGFHQTJKUJGNR
 0QGTTQT 
 -TKUJPCMCNKCPGCTN[TKUGTCPFC
PCVWTGNQXGT  IQGUVQOQTPKPI
YCNM CV 4CDKPFTC   5CTQXCT
NCMGDGHQTGFCYP  0QGTTQT 
 #U C DQ[ &JTKVKOCP KU XGT[
QDGFKGPV   RQNKVG CPF JCTF
YQTMKPI  DWVCUCUVWFGPVJG
KUCNYC[UKPCVVGPVKXGKPUVWF[  
0QGTTQT 
 6JGTG YQWNF JCXG DGGP   C
FKUCUVGT  CPFHQT[QWTRTQORV
CEVKQP  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%   .GXGN&'1.&%'ZCO
+UV5KVVKPI
 'KIJV[ŌHKXGVJQWUCPFTWRGGU  
KUCNCTIGUWOQHOQPG[  VQ
GCTPKPCOQPVJ  0QGTTQT 

 *KUXQKEGUJQQMYKVJGOQVKQP  
CPFKVYCUUQHWPP[VQJGCTJKO
 VJCVCNNYGNQPIGFVQNCWIJ
CPFVQET[  0QGTTQT 
 +V DGKPI C TCKP[ FC[   + YKNN
FGEKFGVQUMKRYQTM  CPFUVC[
CVJQOG  0QGTTQT 
 #PQVJGTDCHHNKPIEJCPIG  VJCV
+PQVKEGFKPJKOPQYCFC[U  
KUVJCVJGCXQKFUURGCMKPIVQOG
 0QGTTQT 
 + JCF CUMGF JKO   JQY JG
EQWNF IQ QWV   KH KV UVCTVGF
TCKPKPI  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%   .GXGN&CVC'PVT[
1RGTCVQT.&%'ZCO
++PF5KVVKPI
 5JG TGICTFU   PGIQVKCVKPI
RTKEGUYKVJEWUVQOGTU  CUJGT
URGEKCNGZRGTVKUG  0QGTTQT 
 6JG TGFGXGNQROGPV RTQLGEV KU
CKOGF  PQVLWUVRTQXKFKPIIQQF
JQWUGUVQUJCPV[FYGNNGTU  
DWVCNUQFGXGNQRKPIKPHTCUVTWE
VWTGCTQWPFVJGOCLQT/WODCK
NQECNKVKGU  0QGTTQT 
 7PNGUU JG CRQNQIK\GU   JG
UJQWNFPQVDG  CNNQYGFVQUVC[
YKVJWU  0QGTTQT 
 +OGVVJGIGPVNGOCP  VQFC[
OQTPKPIQPO[YC[  VQVJG
OCTMGV  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q   PWODGTQHFGGTU  0QGTTQT 
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI 0QP6GEJ
5VCHH'ZCO
 #NVJQWIJYGTGCEJGFJKUJQWUG
KPVKOG  JGYCUNGHV  HQT
VJGCKTRQTV  0QGTTQT 
 5QOGQHVJGTKEJGUV  DWUKPGUU
OCIPCVG  NKXGKP/WODCK  
0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
 +JCXGUGGP  VJCVHKNONCUV[GCT
  DWV + FQ PQV TGOGODGT KVU
UVQT[  0QGTTQT 
 /CJCVOC)CPFJKTGOCKPGF  
C OCP QH RTKPEKRNGU   CNN
VJTQWIJJKUNKHG  0QGTTQT 
 4WUVCOCPF  O[UGNHUCY  
VJGRKEVWTG  0QGTTQT 
 # NQV QH OQPG[   YGTG URGPV
  QP VJG EQOOQP YGCNVJ
ICOGU  0QGTTQT 
 ;QWYKNNEQOG  VQO[RCTV[
VQOQTTQY   KUPŏV KV   0Q
GTTQT 
 6JG QNF OCP YCU   QXGT 
YJGNOGFHQTLQ[CV  VJGUWE
EGUUQHJKUQPN[UQP  0QGT
TQT 
COMMON ERRORS
 6JGJQEMG[OCVEJ  DGVYGGP
+PFKCCPF2CMKUVCP  YCUOWEJ
GZEKVKPI  0QGTTQT 
 *KUEQORQUKVKQP  KUKPHGTKQT
 VJCPOKPG  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   PGGF[CPFVJGRQQT  0Q
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI5VCHH
2CVPC 'ZCO
 1WTIGQITCRJ[VGCEJGTVQNF  
VQUVWF[VJGOCRQH+PFKC  
HQTCVGUV  0QGTTQT 
 ;QWCTG  OQTGDGCWVKHWN  
VJCPJGT  0QGTTQT 
 /[DTQVJGTKPNCY  YJQNKXGU
KP /WODCK   JCXG EQOG VQ
UVC[YKVJWU  0QGTTQT 
 *CXG VTWUV QP  )QF CPF
GXGT[VJKPI  YKNNDGTKIJV  
0QGTTQT 
 5OQMKPI KU WPFQWDVGFN[  
XGT[KPLWTKQWU  HQTJGCNVJ  
0QGTTQT 
 6JKU KU CP WTIGPV   OCVVGT
YJKEJ OC[ CFOKV   QH HGY
FGNC[U  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
 6JGECVVNGU  CTGITC\KPI  
KPVJGHKGNFU  0QGTTQT 
 9JGP+YCURCUUKPIVJTQWIJVJG
HQTGUV  +JCRRGPGFVQUGG  C
 ;QWECP  QRGPVJGDQZ  D[
CUETGYFTKXGT  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q    2CTVQHVJGTGUGCTEJRTQITCO  
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI 0QP6GEJ 5VCHH
'ZCO++PF5KVVKPI
 6JGTG KU PQ CITGGOGPV  
DGVYGGP [QW CPF +   UQ YG
CTGHTGGVQIQQWTYC[  0Q
GTTQT 
*KUHCVJGTYQWNF  TCVJGTFKG
VJCP   VQ DGI HTQO FQQT VQ
FQQT  0QGTTQT 
*GKUIWKNV[  HQTMKNNKPI  
CP KPPQEGPV DKTF   0Q
GTTQT 
 + JCXG LWUV EQOG   VQ MPQY
VJCV/T4C[QPGQHO[HCXQWTKVG
 VGCEJGTUFKGFYKVJECPEGT
TGEGPVN[  0QGTTQT 
 /CP[ RGTUQPU OWUV JCXG
TGCF  6JG#TCDKCP0KIJVU   
YJKEJKUXGT[KPVGTGUVKPI  0Q
GTTQT 
 9GUJQWNFOCMGITGGPXGIGVC
DNGU  CPGUUGPVKCNRCTVQHQWT
FCKN[FKGV  UJQWNFP VYG!  
0QGTTQT 
5''Ō
 *GJCURTQOKUGF  VQRC[OG
VJGYJQNGCOQWPV  KPEJGSWG
YKVJVJGUVKRWNCVGFVKOG  0Q
GTTQT 
 9GOWUVJCXG  U[ORCVJ[HQT
GTTQT 
 9JGP+NGHV  VJGJQWUGCV
Q ENQEM  O[UQPYCUUVKNNCV
JQOG  0QGTTQT 
 +FKFPQVTGEGKXG  CP[NGVVGT
HTQOO[RCTGPVU  HQTVJGNCUV
VYQOQPVJU  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q  
55%%).6KGT+
4G'ZCOŌ
+NQXGF  VJGFTCYKPIU  VJG[
YGTGUQTGCN  0QGTTQT 
5WFFGPN[VJG[UCYCECTEQOKPI
 CVCDTGCMPGEMURGGF  
#P QNF OCP YGTG ETQUUKPI VJG
TQCFCVVJG\GDTCETQUUKPI  
0QGTTQT 
 +URTCKPGFO[CPMNG  YJGP+
YCU  RNC[KPIDCUMGVDCNN  
0QGTTQT 
 1WVUKFGVJGTCKPDGCVUFQYP  
KPHNQQFUCPFVJGUGCIKXGUHQTVJ
 CUQWPFNKMGCPCNCTODGNNU
 0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q  
55%%).6KGT+
4G'ZCOŌ
KPXQNXGFKPVGTXKGYKPIVGGPCIGTU
 KPKPPGTEKV[CTGCU  0Q
GTTQT  
 +EQWNFPQVRWVWRCVCJQVGN  
DGECWUGVJGDQCTFCPFNQFIKPI
EJCTIGU   YGTG VQQ
GZRGPUKXG  0QGTTQT  
 /WEJJCTCUUGF  JGNGHVJQUVGN
  DCI CPF DCIICIG   0Q
GTTQT  
 6JG[QWPIOCP  YCUUWTRTKUGF
  RGTJCRU C UJCFG
UECPFCNK\GF  0QGTTQT  
 'XGT[DQ[CPFGXGT[IKTN  YGTG
IKXGP  CRCEMGVQHUYGGVU  
0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%#2(U5+%+5(#5+&GNJK2QNKEG
5+'ZCO
 +P  C GCTVJSWCMG  
FGUVTQ[GF OWEJ  QH 5CP
(TCPEKUEQ  0QGTTQT 
 *KU RCTGPVU FQGU PQV   
CRRTQXGQH  JKUDWUKPGUU  
0QGTTQT 

 %QORWVGTUIKXGWU  VJGGCUKGT
CEEGUU  VQKPHQTOCVKQP  
0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
 6JGNQXGTUYCNMGF  DGUKFGU
GCEJQVJGT  KPUKNGPEG  
0QGTTQT 
 /GPCTGYCPVGF  HQTVJGCTO[
  CPF VJG PCX[ CPF VJG CKT
HQTEG  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q   +UV5KVVKPI
55%%#2(U5+%+5(#5+&GNJK
2QNKEG5+'ZCO
 5JG JCF CP    OKUGTCDNG
GZKUVGPEG  NKXKPIYKVJJKO  
0QGTTQT 
 #YGCMOKPFGFRGTUQPKUHTKIJVGP
CYC[  D[VJGKPKVKCNFKHHKEWNVKGU
CPF  IKXGUWRVJGCVVGORVKP
FGURCKT  0QGTTQT 
 6JG$GCVNGU  YKNNGXGTDGO[
HCXQWTKVG  RQRITQWR  0Q
GTTQT 
 5JGYCUUJQEMGFYJGP  UJG
JGCTFVJGPGYU  VJCVJGJCU
FKGF  0QGTTQT 
 6JGDGJCXKQWTQH[QWPI  DQ[U
CTGVJGUWDLGEVQH  EQOOGPV
VJGYQTNFQXGT  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q    +NKMGTGCFKPI  OQTGVJCP  
55%%).6KGT+4G'ZCO 
+UV5KVVKPI
 6JG[ FTGCOGF QH C UQEKGV[  
YJGTGGXGT[QPG  YGTGGSWCN
 0QGTTQT 
 1P5GPGICN  KVKUEQPUKFGTGF
KORQNKVG  KH[QWFQPQVUJCTG
[QWTHQQF  0QGTTQT 
 +FQPŏVJCXG  CP[OQPG[VQ  
URGPFHQTNWZWTKGU  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
 6JGYKUGHCVJGTVQNFJKO  VJCV
VJG OCPIQGU JCF IQPG DCF CU
VJG[YGTG  KPEQPVCEVYKVJVJG
QPGTQVVGPOCPIQ  0QGTTQT 
 6JGDQZQHGIIU  CTGN[KPI  
QPVJGVCDNG  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q   'ZCO +UVUKVVKPI
55%%).6KGT+4G'ZCO 
++PF5KVVKPI
 +P JKU DQQM   %JWTEJKNN
FGUETKDGU  VJCVJKUVQTKECNHKTUV
OGGVKPIYKVJ4QQUGXGNV  0Q
GTTQT 
 6JG CPV YJQ YCU PGCTD[  
YCNMGF HQTYCTF CPF DKV VJG
JWPVGT  UJCTRN[KPVJGCPMNG
 0QGTTQT 
COMMON ERRORS
 6JG[ ECP RTQOKUG [QW   CP
GZRGTKGPEG  [QWYQPŏVPGXGT
HQTIGV  0QGTTQT 
 6JGFTGUUVJCVVJG  IKTNYQTG
YCU  OQTGCVVTCEVKXGVJCPVJG
QVJGTIKTNU  0QGTTQT 
 (KHV[[GCTUJCURCUUGF  UKPEG
OCPHKTUVXGPVWTGF  KPVQQWVGT
URCEG  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q   55%%).6KGT+ %$'
55%).6KGT+'ZCO
 # EJKNN YKPF DNGY   CPF KE[
HKPIGTUQHFGCVJ  ETGRVWRO[
URKPG  0QGTTQT  
 6JGTKXGT  JCUQXGTHNQYP  
KVUDCPMU  0QGTTQT  
 ++/%CNECVVCŏU/$#RTQITCOOG
 KUTGICTFGF  CUVJGHKPGUV
KPVJGEQWPVT[  0QGTTQT  
 +YCUHKTUV  VQTGCEJVJGUEJQQN
 VQFC[  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   /[UKUVGTJCUDGGP  KPVGTGUVGF
55%).6KGT+'ZCO 
 *G HGGNU JKU VTQWDNGU   CU
OWEJ QT   GXGP OQTG VJCP
VJG[  0QGTTQT 
VQRNC[  0QGTTQT 
6JGQNFNCF[UYQQPGF  DWV
YCUUQQP  TGUVQTGFCVUGPUGU
 0QGTTQT 
 + UJCNN JCXG VQ   YKVJFTCY
HTQO O[ UCXKPIU   VQDW[ C
PGYECT  0QGTTQT 
 6JG YJQNG DNQEM QH HNCVU  
KPENWFKPI VYQ UJQRU YGTG  
FGUVTQ[GFKPHKTG  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q  
55%).6KGT+'ZCO 
 6JG PGY FGXKEG   CKOU CV
GNKOKPCVKPI  VJGTKUMQHUJQTV
EKTEWKVKPI  0QGTTQT 
 +YKUJVQJGCTVKN[  EQPITCVWNCVG
[QWHQT  [QWTCUVQWPFKPIUWE
EGUU  0QGTTQT 
 6JGXKUKVQTVQQMVJGXCECPVUGCV
 PGZVHTQOOKPG  QPGQH
VJG OCP[ JWIG UQHCU KP VJG
TQQO  0QGTTQT 
 *GYCU  CNGCTPVOCPCOQPI
NQTFU   CPF C NQTF COQPI
NGCTPGFOGP  0QGTTQT 
9KVJQWTITGCVCPPQ[CPEG  YG
HQWPFVJGITQWPF  HKNNGFYKVJ
DTQMGPINCUUGU  0QGTTQT 
5''Ō
3WGUVKQP0Q  
55%%*5.   &'1.&%
'ZCO 2CVPC4GIKQP
+UV5KVVKPI
 2CTCFKUG .QUV   KU  C GRKE
RQGO  0QGTTQT 
 6QQITGCVC  XCTKGV[QHUVWFKGU
  FKUVTCEV VJG OKPF   0Q
GTTQT 
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
 'ZEWUG   OG  KPVGTTWRVKPI
[QW  0QGTTQT 
 #V VJKU VKOG QH VJG [GCT   VJG
OQWPVCKPUCTG  WUWCNN[EQXGTGF
YKVJKEG  0QGTTQT 
 6JG UGXGTG E[ENQPKE UVQTO  
JCU NGHV DGJKPF   C VTKCN QH
OKUGT  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q  
55%%*5.   &'1.&%
'ZCO ++PF5KVVKPI
KPOGFKEKPG  GXGTUKPEGUJG
YCUCEJKNF  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
 5JG JCU PQV EQORNGVGF  JGT
EQWTUG  +UPŏVKV!  0QGTTQT  
 'XGT[ EKVK\GP KU   GPVKVNGF VQ
 VJGXQVKPI  0QGTTQT  
 6JGEQNNGEVQT  XKUKVUVJGQHHKEG
TGIWNCTN[   +UPŏV KV !   0Q
GTTQT  
 /[DTQVJGTŏU  CDKNKV[QHCEVKPI
  YCU TGEQIPK\GF CV C XGT[
[QWPICIG  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +UVUKVVKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q  
55%%*5.   &'1.&%
'ZCO 
 + CFOKV VJCV   + JCXG UQOG
FQWDVU  CDQWV[QWTJQPGUV[
 0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
 #KPVGTGUVKPIDQQM  Ŏ#6CNGQH
VYQ EKVKGUŏ  YCU YTKVVGP D[
#NGZCPFGT &WOCU    0Q
GTTQT 
 +P+PFKC  VJGTGCTG  OCP[
RQQTU  0QGTTQT 
 + YQTMGF   CU OGFKECN
TGRTGUGPVCVKXG   HQT GKIJV
OQPVJU  0QGTTQT 

3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   5QOGQPGVJG[FQPŏVMPQY  
55%%*5.   &'1.&%
'ZCO 2CVPC4GIKQP  KPOKFPKIJV  0QGTTQT 
+UV5KVVKPI
 1PGOWUVNGCTP  VQFKUVKPIWKUJ
 IQQFHTQODCF  0QGTTQT 
 6JGEJKNFTGP  NCWIJGFCV  
VJGENQYP  0QGTTQT 
 6JG[RGTUKUVGF  QPVJGKTIQKPI  
KPURKVGQHTCKP  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +UVUKVVKPI
 5JGYCUKNNHQTHKXGFC[U  YJGP
VJGFQEVQT  YCUUGPVHQT  
0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q    &WGVQKPHNCVKQP  VJGEQUVQH
55%%*5.   &'1.&%
'ZCO
 6JG7PKVGF0CVKQPU  GPSWKTGF
HQT  CEGCUGHKTG  0QGTTQT 
 )JCPC0KIGTKCCPF)CODKC  
GCEJJCXGRCTVUVQRNC[   KP
VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH #HTKEC  
0QGTTQT 
 +PVJGUGFC[UQHKPHNCVKQP  CVGP
TWRGGUPQVGYKNNPQVDW[[QW  
GXGPCPQTFKPCT[OGCN   0Q
GTTQT 
 5JCJLCJCPYCU  CPJGKTCV  
VJG/WIJCNVJTQPG  0QGTTQT
  /QDKNGRJQPGUCTGUQKORQTVCPEG
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
 *GYCNMU  CUKHVJGGCTVJ  
DGNQPIGFVQJKO  0QGTTQT 
55% 5QWVJ<QPG +PXGUVKICVQTU
'ZCO 
55%%+5(%QPUVCDNG )&
'ZCO  55%%*5.
  &'1.&%'ZCO
3WGUVKQP0Q   GCU[VQWPFGTUVCPFVJCVKVJCTFN[
55%).6KGT++'ZCO
 'XGPKHJGYCU  C)QF  +
YQWNF PQV VTWUV JKO  0Q
GTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
 6JGHKTUVKPPKPI  QH VJG
OCVEJ  YCUXGT[UGPUCVKQP
CN  0QGTTQT 
 *QYNQPIKVVCMGU  VQ VTCXGN
HTQO%JGPPCKVQ6TKEJ[  D[
VTCKP!  0QGTTQT 
 +YCU  NC[KPIFQYP  YJGP
VJGFQQTDGNNTCPI  0QGTTQT 
 +VQNFVJGVGCEJGT  VJCVVJG
JQOGYQTM UGV HQT VJG FC[  
YCU OWEJ VQQ JGCX[ HQT WU VQ
EQORNGVG  0QGTTQT 
COMMON ERRORS
YJQMPQEMGFCV  VJGKTFQQT
 5GNFQOKHGXGT  PCVWTGFQGU
QRGTCVG  KPENQUGFCPFUGRCTCVG
EQORCTVOGPVU  0QGTTQT 
 /QJCP NGCRV   QP VJG
QRRQTVWPKV[  VJCVECOGJKU
YC[  0QGTTQT 
 9CVGT EQPVCOKPCVKQP JCU
DGEQOGOQTGUGTKQWU  UKPEG
EJGOKUVUJCXGDGIWPVQWUG  
PGY UWDUVCPEGU   0 Q
GTTQT 
NKXKPI  GUECNCVGFKPVJGNCUV
QPG[GCT  0QGTTQT 
 ,WUVCU  +YCUGPVGTKPIVJG
TQQO  VJGHCOKN[YCUIQKPI
HQTCRCTV[  0QGTTQT 
 6JG CTO YCU UQ DCFN[ KPLWTGF
 VJCVJGOWUVJCXG  KVCO
RWVCVGF  0QGTTQT 
 ;QWPGGFPQVVGNNCNKG  YJGP
VJGLWFIGCUMGF[QWYJGTG[QW
YGTG  9JGP VJG ETKOG YCU
EQOOKVVGF  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   ,GYGNNGT[TGVCKNGTUCETQUU+PFKC
55%%).6KGT++'ZCO
VJGUGFC[UVJCVVJG[CTGPQNQPIGT
NWZWT[KVGOUDWVJCXGDGEQOGC
PGEGUUKV[
 CPGEGUUKV[
 UQKORQTVCPEGVJGUGFC[U
 PQNQPIGT
 0QGTTQT
 6JGRTQEGUUYCUVQQUKORNGCPF
VQQM HKXG OKPWVGU HQT WU VQ
ITCUR KV
 0QGTTQT
 CPFGCU[VQWPFGTUVCPFVJCV
KVJCTFN[
 VQQM HKXG OKPWVGU HQT WU VQ
ITCURKV
 6JGRTQEGUUYCUVQQUKORNG
 6JGFGECRKVCVGFDQF[QHC[QWPI
IKTNYCUFKUEQXGTGF[GUVGTFC[
 0QGTTQT
 6JGFGECRKVCVGFDQF[
 QHC[QWPIIKTN
 YCUFKUEQXGTGF[GUVGTFC[
 9G TGCNN[ YCPVGF VQ IQ VQ VJG
RCTMDWVYGYGTGVQNFPQVVQIQ
QWVKHKVTCKP
 0QGTTQT  YGTGVQNF
 YCPVGFVQIQ  KHKVTCKP
5''Ō
 +VJCUDGGPUCKFVJCVJKUVQT[KU
VJG GUUGPEG QH KPPWOGTCDNG
DKQITCRJ[
 0QGTTQT
 QHKPPWOGTCDNGDKQITCRJ[
 VJCVJKUVQT[KUVJGGUUGPEG
 +VJCUDGGPUCKF
 6JG +PVGTPCVKQPCN &C[ CICKPUV
&TWI#DWUGCPF+NNKEKV6TCHHKEM
KPIUKUQDUGTXGFQP,WPGVJ
 &TWI #DWUG CPF +NNKEKV
6TCHHKEMKPIU
 0QGTTQT
 KUQDUGTXGFQP,WPGVJ
 6JG+PVGTPCVKQPCN&C[CICKPUV
 +HOCPOCMGURTQRGTWUGQHJKU
VKOGCPFQRRQTVWPKVKGUCPFHQNNQY
JKUCKOKPNKHGYKVJRCVKGPEGCPF
RGTUGXGTCPEG JG KU UWTG VQ
UWEEGGF
 CPFRGTUGXGTCPEGJGKUUWTG
VQUWEEGGF
 +HOCPOCMGURTQRGTWUGQH
JKUVKOGCPFQRRQTVWPKVKGU
 CPFHQNNQYJKUCKOKPNKHGYKVJ
RCVKGPEG
 0QGTTQT
FGEKFGFVQUWURGPFUQNFQHIQNF
EQKPUCPFDCTUHQTUKZOQPVJU
 VQUWURGPFUQNF
 QHIQNFEQKPUCPFDCTUHQTUKZ
OQPVJU
 0QGTTQT
 ,GYGNNGT[ TGVCKNGTU CETQUU
+PFKCFGEKFGF
 9JQFQ[QWVJKPMYKNNYKPVJGICOG!
 9JQFQ[QW  0QGTTQT
 YKPVJGICOG  VJKPMYKNN
 /[ EQWUKP ECPPQV WPFGTUVCPF
YJ[ JKU VGCEJGT UC[U VJCV VJG
GCTVJOQXGTQWPFVJGUWP
 VGCEJGTUC[U
 ECPPQVWPFGTUVCPF
 0QGTTQT
 OQXGTQWPFVJG
 4GCFKPI KU PQ NQPIGT RQRWNCT
COQPIVJG[QWVJHWNQHVQFC[#U
VJGKPHNWGPEGQHVJGKPVGTPGVJCU
VCMGPQXGTCXGT[KORQTVCPVCPF
CEVKXGJQDD[
 COQPIVJG[QWVJHWNQHVQFC[
 XGT[ KORQTVCPV CPF CEVKXG
JQDD[
 KPHNWGPEGQHVJGKPVGTPGV
 0QGTTQT

 #RGTUQPYJQUVKEMUVQQPGVJKPI
KPURKVGQHKPKVKCNFKHHKEWNVKGUKUUWTG
VQUWEEGGFKPVJGGPF
 # RGTUQP YJQ UVKEMU VQ QPG
VJKPI
 KUUWTGVQUWEEGGFKPVJGGPF
 KPURKVGQHKPKVKCNFKHHKEWNVKGU
 0QGTTQT
 9JCVOCMGRGQRNGCPIT[QTVGPUG
KU CEVWCNN[ C O[UVGT[ YJKEJ KU
FKHHKEWNVVQGZRNCKP
 0QGTTQT
 9JCVOCMGRGQRNGCPIT[
 QTVGPUGKUCEVWCNN[CO[UVGT[
 YJKEJKUFKHHKEWNVVQGZRNCKP
 5JG ICXG OG FGVCKNU QH CNN VJG
UEJQQNUUJGJCFXKUKVGFYJKNGUJG
YCUQPCPQHHKEKCNVQWT
 CNNVJGUEJQQNUUJGJCFXKUKVGF
 0QGTTQT
 5JGICXGOGFGVCKNUQH
 YJKNGUJGYCUQPCQHHKEKCNVQWT
 6JGFQEVQTTGEQOOGPFGFVJCVJG
UJQWNFVCMGCJQNKFC[
 VJCVJGUJQWNF
 VCMGCJQNKFC[
 6JGFQEVQTTGEQOOGPFGF
 0QGTTQT
 'FWECVKQP KU VJG QPN[ GHHGEVKXG
VQQNVQJGNRGTCFKECVGVJGRTQDNGO
QHXKQNGPEGCICKPUVYQOGP
 RTQDNGOQHXKQNGPEG
 JGNRGTCFKECVG
 VJGQPN[CHHGEVKXGVQQN
 0QGTTQT
 'XGPCHQQNYJGPJGJQNFGVJJKU
RGCEGKUEQWPVGFYKUG
 YJGPJGJQNFGVJJKURGCEG
 0QGTTQT
 'XGPCHQQN
 KUEQWPVGFYKUG
 *GPT[KUCECRCDNGDQ[QHFQKPI
CP[VJKPI
 CECRCDNGDQ[
 QHFQKPICP[VJKPI
 *GPT[KU
 0QGTTQT
3WGUVKQP0Q   3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  VGP  0QGTTQT 
55%%#2(U5+%+5(#5+&GNJK
2QNKEG5+'ZCO
 #HTKEC KU VJG UGEQPF NCTIGUV
EQPVKPGPV  CPFKVEQPVCKPCDQWV
QPG HKHVJ   QH CNN VJG NCPF KP
VJGYQTNF  0QGTTQT  
 9JGP PQ KPFKXKFWCN KU  
TGURQPUKDNG VJGTG CTG PQ  
UGPUG QH TGURQPUKDKNKV[   0Q
GTTQT  
COMMON ERRORS
 +COPQVUWTG  KH  JGYKNN
EQOG  0QGTTQT  
 + HGNV RTKXKNGIGF   VQ TGEKVG C
RQGOKPCPJQPQWTQHO[VGCEJGT
 CVCTGEGPVUEJQQNHWPEVKQP
 0QGTTQT  
 +VKUPQY  HKXG[GCTUUKPEG  
+XKUKVVJG&GNJK  0QGTTQT  
 2TKUQPGTU GURGEKCNN[ NQPI VGTO
EQPXKEV  JCXGVQUWHHGTOQUV
 HTQOGOQVKQPCNUVCTXCVKQP
 0QGTTQT  
 6JKUKUPQV  CYQTVJTGCFKPI
DQQM   UQ FQPŏV TGCF KV  
0QGTTQT  
 6JG DGCWVKHWN [QWPI IKTN  
LWORGFKPVJGTKXGT  KPCUVCVG
QHFGRTGUUKQP  0QGTTQT  
 6JG VTGG   KU NQUKPI   KVU
NGCXGU  0QGTTQT  
 2GQRNGJCXG  FKHHGTGPVKFGCU
CDQWV   YJCV OCMGU C IQQF
JQNKFC[  0QGTTQT  
 6JG[FGEKFGF  VQEQPUWNV  
COCTTKCIGIWKFCPEGEQWPUGNNQT
 0QGTTQT  
 +GPLQ[LQIIKPI  CPF+GPLQ[
  RNC[KPI VJG RKCPQ   0Q
GTTQT  
 (QT VGUVKPI   VJG PGY
OKETQRJQPG  +VTKGFVQTGEQTF
O[XQKEG  0QGTTQT  
 /[HTKGPFUUCKF  OGVJCVJG
YCU  WPCDNGVQEQOG  0Q
GTTQT  
 5JGJCUOCTTKGF  C[QWPIVCNN
 #WUVTCNKCPCEEQWPVCPV  
0QGTTQT  
 6JG JWTT[KPI ETQYFU   QH
RGQRNG RCUV   GCEJ QVJGT
COC\GFJKO  0QGTTQT  
 +JCXGXKUKVGF/WODCKVYQ[GCTU
CIQ  CPF+CORNCPPKPIVQXKUKV
CICKP  KPVJGPGCTHWVWTG  
0QGTTQT  
 *GPGKVJGTVCNMUVQQOWEJ  PQT
JGECWUGUCP[VTQWDNG  FWTKPI
VJGNGUUQP  0QGTTQT  
55%%).6KGT+'ZCO
 *G JCU DGGP   GPJCPEGF KP
RQUKVKQP  CUCTGUWNVQHJKU
FKNKIGPEGCPFKPVGITKV[  0Q
GTTQT 
 6JGTG KU QPN[ QPG EWTG   VQ
VJG GXKNU YJKEJ PGYN[  
CESWKTGFHTGGFQORTQFWEGUCPF
VJCV EWTG KU HTGGFQO   0Q
GTTQT 
5''Ō
 *GHNGY  QXGTGZVGPUKXGN[  
VJG 2CEKHKE NCUV YKPVGT   0Q
GTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%*5.   &'1.&%
'ZCO+UV5KVVKPI
 6JGETKOGTCVGKPETGCUGUKPURKVG
 HQTOCNOQTCNGFWECVKQP  
IKXGPKPUEJQQNU  0QGTTQT 
 #UUQQPCUVJG[  GPVGTGFVJG
VGORNG   VJG[ RTC[GF VQ VJG
IQFU QP DGPV MPGGU   0Q
GTTQT 
 6JTGGŌHQWTVJUQHVJGOGP  JCU
IQPG  VQYCT  0QGTTQT 
 6JG EQPXGTUCVKQP   YG CTG
JCXKPIKUEQORNGVGN[  QWVQH
VJGOCKPVQRKE  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%*5.   &'1.&%
'ZCO++PF5KVVKPI
6(0Q32
 1PVJGCTTKXCNQHVJGOCKN  
VJGECTHKPCNN[  OCFGVJGUVCTV
 0QGTTQT 
 6JQUG UQTV QH RGQRNG  CTG
CNYC[UPKEG  VQ[QWQP[QWT
HCEG  0QGTTQT 
55%%*5.   6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PF5KVVKPI
 6JG[YKNN  NGCXGVJGQHHKEGCV
UKZ CPF   TGCEJ CV JQOG D[
UGXGP  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT++ %$'
'ZCO
 #NVJQWIJ 0KTCV[C[ KU XGT[
KPVGNNKIGPVCPFUKPEGTG  VQJKU
FGCNKPIJG  QHVGPVGNNUNKGU  
0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%).6KGT++'ZCO
-QNMCVC4GIKQP
 6JGQVJGTFC[O[UKUVGTVQNFOG
 VJCVUJGYKNNDGOQXKPI  
VQ JGT PGY CRCTVOGPV XGT[
UQQP  0QGTTQT 
 6QP[KUIKXKPIOGCNKHV  *GŏU
EQOKPI VQ   ECNN HQT OG CV
 6JGPGYNGEVWTGT  UGGOUVQ
DGXGT[RQRWNCTYKVJ  OQUV
QHVJGENCUU  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT++ %$'
'ZCO
 4CLUWTRTKUGFGXGT[QPG  YJGP
JG ETGCVGF CP WPDTGCMCDNG
TGEQTF   QH QPG CPF C JCNH
EGPVWTKGU  0QGTTQT 

 &QPQVYTKVGJKOQH  CU+HGGN
JGUVKNNJCUVJGHKTG  UOQWN
FGTKPIKPJKO  0QGTTQT 
 6JGRQQTOCPUCXGUVJGOQPG[
 DWVVJGPJGDGICPVQYQTT[
  VJCV VJKGXGU OKIJV VCMG KV
CYC[  0QGTTQT 
 *GCFXKEGFOG  VQLQKP  
VJGEQORWVGTEQWTUGNCVGTKPVJG
[GCT  0QGTTQT 
 5QOGQHQWTNCVGUVECPQP  VJCV
JCXGEQOGQWVQHVJGRTQFWEVKQP
  NKPG JCXG C XGT[ NQPI
TCPIG  0QGTTQT 
 *G EQWNFPŏV DWV JGNR   UJGF
VGCTUCVVJGRNKIJVQHVJGXKNNCIGTU
 TGPFGTGF JQOGNGUU D[ C
FGXCUVCVKPIE[ENQPG  0QGTTQT

 /QUV QH VJG OGODGTU CV VJG
OGGVKPIHGNV  VJCVVJGITQWR
CRRQKPVGFVQKPXGUVKICVGVJGECUG
 YGTGPQVEQORGVGPVVQFQVJG
LQDGHHKEKGPVN[  0QGTTQT 
 6JG OWUGWOŏU TGXQNXKPI FQQTU
 UVQRRGFVJGETQQMU  CU
VJG[LCOJCNHYC[TQWPF  0Q
GTTQT 
55%%).6KGT++ %$'
'ZCO
 +VYCUQPN[YJGPVJG[OGVVJCV
 VJG[HQWPFJGJCUCEJKNFKUJ
UKORNKEKV[   KP JKO   0Q
GTTQT 
 +PQYTGCNKUGVJCVRWDNKEURGCMKPI
  TGSWKTGU CU OWEJ EQWTCIG
  CPF EQPHKFGPEG CU VQ
FCPEG  0QGTTQT 
 6JG EJKNFTGP YJKEJ CTG
CUUGODNGF  KPVJGJCNNCTGVJG
QPGU   EJQUGP HQT VJG HKGNF
VTKR  0QGTTQT 
 +VKUVQEGTVKH[VJCVJGJCUYQP
 VJGGUUC[YTKVKPIEQORGVKVKQP
QTICPKUGF  D[VJG&GRCTVOGPV
QH#TVUCPF%WNVWTG  0QGTTQT
  DQVJ JKUVQT[ CU YGNN CU
 *G JCF PQ   CEEWUG HQT
CVVCEMKPI  VJCVQNFOCP  
0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT++ %$'
'ZCO
 )KXG[QWTCPUYGTU  KP[QWT
QYP YQTFU   CU HCT CU
RTCEVKECN  0QGTTQT 
 6KTGF+YCU+JCFVQ  MGGRQP
YQTMKPIVKNN  VJGYGGJQWTUQH
VJGOQTPKPI  0QGTTQT 
 6JGUWIIGUVKQPIKXGPD[JKO  
KUCUDCFKHPQVYQTUV  VJCP
VJGQPGUWIIGUVGFD[[QW  0Q
GTTQT 
COMMON ERRORS
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   CPFYGCTGOWEJUWTRTKUGF
55%%#2(U5+%+5(#5+&25+
'ZCO +UV5KVVKPI
 *GCTKPI VJGUG UVTCPIG PQKUG
CDQXG VJG VJQWIJV CV QPEG
QEEWTTGFVQOGVJCVVJKGXGUJCF
GPVGTGFVJGJQWUG
 0QGTTQT
 VJGVJQWIJVCVQPEGQEEWTTGF
VQOG
 VJCVVJKGXGUJCFGPVGTGFVJG
JQWUG
 *GCTKPIVJGUGUVTCPIGPQKUGU
CDQXG
 6JGNKQPUMKNNVJGCPKOCNUCPFGCV
JKUOGCV
 6JGNKQPU
 CPFGCVJKUOGCV
 MKNNVJGCPKOCNU
 0QGTTQT
 6JG VGCO YCU PQY KP VJG HKGNF
CPFCDQWVVQVCMGVJGKTRNCEG
 0QGTTQT
 6JGVGCOYCU
 CDQWVVQVCMGVJGKT
 PQYKPVJGHKGNFCPFRNCEG
 1WT DGNQXGF 2TKOG /KPKUVGT KU
MPQYPVQVJGRTQOKPGPVHKIWTGU
CNNQXGTVJGYQTNF
 VJGRTQOKPGPVHKIWTGUCNNQXGT
VJGYQTNF
 KUMPQYPVQ
 1WTDGNQXGF2TKOG/KPKUVGT
 0QGTTQT
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   6JG IQXGTPOGPV ITCPVGF TGNKGH
55%%#2(U5+%+5(#5+&25+
'ZCO++PF5KVVKPI
 2TQHGUUQT.CNVGCEJGUDQVJJKUVQT[
CU YGNN CU NKVGTCVWTG GCEJ
UGOGUVGT
 2TQHGUUQT.CNVGCEJGU
 0QGTTQT
 GCEJUGOGUVGT
NKVGTCVWTG
 6JG OGFKC RNC[ C XKVCN TQNG KP
RQRWNCTKUKPICDTCPF
 6JGOGFKCRNC[
 KPRQRWNCTKUKPICDTCPF
 0QGTTQT
 CXKVCNTQNG
 6JKUKUVJGUGEQPFEQOOWPKEC
VKQP YG JCXG UGPV CPF YG CTG
OWEJUWTRTKUGFCVTGEGKXKPIPQ
CPUYGT
 6JKUKUVJGUGEQPFEQOOWPK
ECVKQPYGJCXGUGPV
 CVTGEGKXKPIPQCPUYGT
5''Ō
 0QGTTQT
 5JGKUYGCNVJ[CPFECPCHHQTFCNN
VJGRNGCUWTGUQHNKHG
 CPFECPCHHQTF
 CNNVJGRNGCUWTGUQHNKHG
 0QGTTQT
 5JGKUYGCNVJ[
3WGUVKQP0Q  
55%%).6KGT+'ZCO
+UV5KVVKPI
 'XGT[QPGQHWUUJQWNFTGCNKUGVJCV
CP[CEVQHPGINKIGPEGYKNNECWUG
C ITGCV JCTO VQ QWT EQWPVT[ŏU
UGEWTKV[
 0QGTTQT
 'XGT[QPGQHWUUJQWNFTGCNKUG
VJCV
 CP[ CEV QH PGINKIGPEG YKNN
ECWUG
 CITGCVJCTOVQQWTEQWPVT[ŏU
UGEWTKV[
 +TGCNN[FQTGITGVPQVVQNGCTPVQ
RNC[ VJG XKQNKP YJGP + JCF UQ
OCP[QRRQTVWPVKGUVQNGCTPCPF
RTCEVKUGKPUEJQQN
 0QGTTQT
 +TGCNN[FQTGITGVPQVVQNGCTP
VQRNC[VJGXKQNKP
 YJGP + JCF UQ OCP[
QRRQTVWPKVKGU
 VQ NGCTP CPF RTCEVKUG KP
UEJQQN
RC[OGPVU QH 4U  GCEJ VQ
VJQUG YJQ KPLWTGF KP VJG HKTG
CEEKFGPV
 0QGTTQT
 6JGIQXGTPOGPVITCPVGF
 4GNKGHRC[OGPVUQH4U
GCEJ
 6QVJQUGYJQKPLWTGFKPVJG
HKTGCEEKFGPV
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%).6KGT+'ZCO
++PF5KVVKPI
 ;QW CTG TGSWKTGF VQ IKXG CP
GZRNCPCVKQP HQT [QWT EQPFWEV
YKVJKPVYQFC[UQHVJGTGEGKRVQH
VJKUNGVVGT
 0QGTTQT
 HQT[QWTEQPFWEV
 YKVJKPVYQFC[UQHVJGTGEGKRV
QHVJKUNGVVGT
 ;QW CTG TGSWKTGF VQ IKXG CP
GZRNCPCVKQP

 6JGTWKPUQHVJGURKNNYC[CTGC
XKVCNENWGVQVJGGRKEUVTWIINGVJCV
WPHQNFCUIGPGTCVKQPUQH-JOGT
GPIKPGGTU EQRGF YKVJ C YCVGT
U[UVGO VJCV ITGY EQORNGZ CPF
WPTWN[
 EQRGF YKVJ C YCVGT U[UVGO
VJCV ITGY EQORNGZ CPF
WPTWN[
 VQ VJG GRKE UVTWIING VJCV
WPHQNF CU IGPGTCVKQPU QH
-JOGTGPIKPGGTU
 6JGTWKPUQHVJGURKNNYC[CTG
CXKVCNENWG
 0QGTTQT
 6JGUWOCPFUWDUVCPEGQHVJKU
RQGOKUCUHQNNQYU
 QHVJKURQGO
 0QGTTQT
 6JGUWOCPFUWDUVCPEG
 KUCUHQNNQYU
 +YCVEJGFJQYVJGRKCPQKUVWUGF
JGTNGHVJCPF
 +YCVEJGFJQY
 VJGRKCPQKUV
 0QGTTQT
 WUGFJGTNGHVJCPF
3WGUVKQP0Q    *KUPGYLQD
55%%).6KGT+'ZCO
+UV5KVVKPI
 9JQFQ[QWVJKPM+OGV!
 9JQ
 0QGTTQT
 FQ[QWVJKPM
 +OGV!
 *G ECP DG C DCUMGVDCNN RNC[GT
UKPEGJGKUVCNNNKMGCOWNG
 *GECPDG
 JGKUVCNNNKMGCOWNG
 0QGTTQT
 CDCUMGVDCNNRNC[GTUKPEG
 /QVJGTU MGGR QP   VQ
GPEQWTCIKPIVJGKTEJKNFTGP  
VQUVWF[  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT++ %$'
'ZCO
 #DKTFKPVJGVTGGKUYQTVJVYQKP
VJGDWUJ
 #DKTFKPVJGVTGG
 VYQKPVJGDWUJ
 0QGTTQT
 KUYQTVJ
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   +V DGICP VQ TCKP CU UQQP CU YG
55%%).6KGT+'ZCO
++PF5KVVKPI
 9GJCXGHKPKUJGFQWTYQTMVJTGG
JQWTUCIQCPFJCXGDGGPYCKVKPI
HQT[QWUKPEGVJGP
COMMON ERRORS
 VJTGG JQWTU CIQ CPF JCXG
DGGPYCKVKPI
 9GJCXGHKPKUJGFQWTYQTM
 HQT[QWUKPEGVJGP
 0QGTTQT
 6JG 4WUUKCP CODCUUCFQTŏU
YJGTGCDQWVU KU PQV MPQYP VQ
CP[QPG
 0QGTTQT
 6JG4WUUKCPCODCUUCFQTŏU
 PQVMPQYPVQCP[QPG
 YJGTGCDQWVUKU
 #UVWF[KUIQKPIWPFGTYC[VQFG
VGTOKPGVJGGZCEVEQPEGPVTCVKQP
QHNGCFKPVJGYCVGTUWRRN[
 VQ FGVGTOKPG VJG GZCEV
EQPEGPVTCVKQP
 0QGTTQT
 QHNGCFKPVJGYCVGTUWRRN[
 #UVWF[KUIQKPIWPFGTYC[
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  FKUCUVGT
55%%#2(U5+%+5(#5+&GNJK
2QNKEG5+'ZCO
 *KU PGY LQD PGEGUUKVCVGF JKU
IGVVKPIWRCVUKZ
 0QGTTQT
 IGVVKPIWRCVUKZ
 PGEGUUKVCVGFJKU
 6JKUKU,QJPUDQQMQPVJGVCDNG
 0QGTTQT  ,QJPŏUDQQM
 QPVJGVCDNG  6JKUKU
 /QJCPYKUJGU  JGYKNNDG  
TKEJGT  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT++ %$'
'ZCO
 #P CPEKGPVU EQPUKFGTGF VJCV
MPQYNGFIGJCFKVUNKOKVU
 JCFKVUNKOKVU
 0QGTTQT
 VJCVMPQYNGFIG
 #PCPEKGPVUEQPUKFGTGF
 &GURKVG VJG URGGF KP YJKEJ JG
YCUFTKXKPIJGEQWNFPŏVTGCEJQP
VKOG
 &GURKVGVJGURGGF
 0QGTTQT
 KPYJKEJJGYCUFTKXKPI
 JGEQWNFPŏVTGCEJQPVKOG
 6JKUKUVJGIKTNYJQUGDTQVJGTKU
CFQEVQT
 KUCFQEVQT
 6JKUKUVJGIKTN
 0QGTTQT
 YJQUGDTQVJGT
5''Ō
 6JG EJKNFTGP CTG FTKXKPI OG VQ
FKUVTCEVKQPVQFC[
 0QGTTQT
 FKUVTCEVKQPVQFC[
 6JGEJKNFTGPCTG
 FTKXKPIOGVQ
 6JQWIJVUCDQWVVJGUNCWIJVGTGF
EJKNFTGP KU WRRGTOQUV QP O[
OKPF
 KUWRRGTOQUVQPO[OKPF
 UNCWIJVGTGFEJKNFTGP
 6JQWIJVUCDQWVVJG
 0QGTTQT
 6JG NWZWTKGU QH VJG TKEJGU CTG
OCKPVCKPGFD[FGRTKXKPIVJGRQQT
QHVJGKTFWGU
 6JGNWZWTKGUQHVJGTKEJGU
 VJGRQQTQHVJGKTFWGU
 CTGOCKPVCKPGFD[FGRTKXKPI
 0QGTTQT
 6JG[ DTQWIJV VQ VJGOUGNH VJKU
 0QGTTQT
 VQVJGOUGNH
 VJKUFKUCUVGT
 6JG[DTQWIJV
 'XGT[DQF[ YCPVU VQ GPLQ[
JCDKVWCNRGCEGKPOKPF
 RGCEGKPOKPF
 0QGTTQT
 'XGT[DQF[YCPVUVQ
 GPLQ[JCDKVWCN
 1TYGNN KU QPG QH VJQUG CWVJQTU
YJQ FQ JKU DGUV VQ KTTKVCVG VJG
TGCFGT
 1TYGNNKUQPGQHVJQUG
 0QGTTQT
 YJQFQJKUDGUV
 VQKTTKVCVGVJGTGCFGT
 *GYCUEQPHGTTGFVQJKUDGFD[
KNNPGUU
 D[KNNPGUU
 VQJKUDGF
 0QGTTQT
 *GYCUEQPHGTTGF
 6JGHWNNOQQPCRRGCTKPIKPVJG
UM[CPFKVUUKNXGT[NKIJVURTGCF
CETQUU
 6JGHWNNOQQPCRRGCTKPI
 UKNXGT[NKIJVURTGCFCETQUU
 0QGTTQT
 KPVJGUM[CPFKVU
UVGRRGFQWVQHVJGJQWUG
 QWVQHVJGJQWUG
 CUUQQPCUYGUVGRRGF
 0QGTTQT
 +VDGICPVQTCKP

 +VKUPQVIQQFVQDTGGFQXGTRCUV
HCKNWTG
 VQDTGGFQXGT
 +VKUPQVIQQF
 0QGTTQT
 RCUVHCKNWTG
 6JKPIU KP 0CVWTG FKG C
VGORQTCT[FGCVJUQPN[VQCRRGCT
CICKP
 QPN[VQCRRGCTCICKP
 FKGCVGORQTCT[FGCVJ
 6JKPIUKP0CVWTG
 0QGTTQT
 6JG2J&FGITGGYCUEQPHKFGQP
JKOKPVJGEQPXQECVKQP
 6JG2J&FGITGG
 JKOKPVJGEQPXQECVKQP
 YCUEQPHKFGQP
 0QGTTQT
3WGUVKQP0Q   3WGUVKQP0Q  
55%%).6KGT+4G'ZCO
 #HVGTJGYCUECWIJVEJGCVKPIJG
YCUFKUSWCNKHKGFVQCRRGCTCVVJG
GZCOKPCVKQP
 #HVGTJGYCUECWIJVEJGCVKPI
 JGYCUFKUSWCNKHKGF
 VQCRRGCTCVVJGGZCOKPCVKQP
 0QGTTQT
 5JGUVQRRGFUKPIKPICUUQQPCU
VJGVGNGRJQPGTKPIUHTQOCETQUU
VJGJCNN
 5JGUVQRRGFUKPIKPI
 CUUQQPCUVJGVGNGRJQPG
 TKPIUHTQOCETQUUVJGJCNN
 0QGTTQT
 6JGQNFEWTVCKPUYGTGVQTPCPF
VJG[HNCRRGFKPVJGNKIJVDTGG\G
 6JGQNFEWTVCKPUYGTGVQTP
 CPFVJG[HNCRRGF
 KPVJGNKIJVDTGG\G
 0QGTTQT
 +FQPQVMPQYYJQ[QWEQPUKFGT
VQDGVJGDGUVFCPEGT
 +FQPQVMPQY
 YJQ[QWEQPUKFGT
 VQDGVJGDGUVFCPEGT
 0QGTTQT
 5QJQCTUGJGYCUVJCVJGEQWNF
PQVOCMGVJGURGGEJ
 5QJQCTUGJGYCU
 VJCVJGEQWNFPQVOCMG
 VJGURGGEJ
 0QGTTQT
COMMON ERRORS
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   6JGCTVKENGUWIIGUVUVJCVYJGPC
55%%QPUVCDNG )&
'ZCO+UV5KVVKPI
 6JGMKVEJGPPGGFRCKPVKPIDCFN[
CPF+OWUVIGVKVFQPG
 PGGFRCKPVKPIDCFN[
 6JGMKVEJGP
 0QGTTQT
 CPF+OWUVIGVKVFQPG
 +H+YKNNRNC[O[DGUV+ECPYKP
CP[FC[CICKPUVCP[DQF[
 CICKPUVCP[DQF[
 +ECPYKPCP[FC[
 0QGTTQT
 +H+YKNNRNC[O[DGUV
 *GHKPFUHCWNVCVGXGT[VJKPI+FQ
 0QGTTQT
 CVGXGT[VJKPI
 +FQ
 *GHKPFUHCWNV
55%%QPUVCDNG )&
'ZCO++PF5KVVKPI
 #PKFGCYCUYQTVJPQVJKPIKHKV
JCUPQEJCORKQP
 0QGTTQT
 KHKVJCUPQEJCORKQP
 #PKFGC
 KUYQTVJPQVJKPI
 6JGECORDGUKFGQWTUJCUDGGP
DWKNVKPD[,QJPŏUDTQVJGT
 0QGTTQT
 D[,QJPŏUDTQVJGT
 6JGECORDGUKFGQWTU
 YCUDWKNVKP
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   0QGTTQT
55%%).6KGT++'ZCO
 6JGTGDGCNQPISWGWGHQTGPVT[
KPVQVJGGZJKDKVKQPITQWPF
 HQTGPVT[KPVQ
 0QGTTQT
 6JGTGDGCNQPISWGWG
 VJGGZJKDKVKQPITQWPF
 7PVKN[QWCTGKPVJGJCDKVQHRWVVKPI
QHH VJKPIU [QW ECPPQV GPUWTG
[QWTUGNHQHCIQQFHWVWTG
 0QGTTQT
 VJGJCDKVQHRWVVKPIQHHVJKPIU
 [QWECPPQVGPUWTG[QWTUGNHQH
CIQQFHWVWTG
 7PVKN[QWCTGKP
 .GVWUXKGVQQPGCPQVJGTKPFQKPI
IQQF
 VQQPGCPQVJGT
 .GVWUXKG
 KPFQKPIIQQF
 0QGTTQT
5''Ō
RGTUQPKUWPFGTWPWUWCNUVTGUU
[QWUJQWNFDGGURGEKCNN[ECTGHWN
VQGCVCYGNNDCNCPEGFFKGV
 6JGCTVKENGUWIIGUVUVJCVYJGP
C RGTUQP KU WPFGT WPWUWCN
UVTGUU
 [QW UJQWNF DG GURGEKCNN[
ECTGHWN
 VQGCVCYGNNDCNCPEGFFKGV
 0QGTTQT
 6JG TGUWNVU QH VJG UWTXG[ YGTG
HCKTN[FKUCRRQKPVKPI
 QHVJGUWTXG[YGTG
 6JGTGUWNVU
 HCKTN[FKUCRRQKPVKPI
 0QGTTQT
 5QOGOGODGTUQHVJGEQOOKVVGG
YGTG QRRQUGF VQ WUG VJG ENWD
OGODGTUŏ OQPG[ VQ TGFGEQTCVG
VJGOGGVKPIJCNN
 VJGENWDOGODGTUŏOQPG[VQ
TGFGEQTCVGVJGOGGVKPIJCNN
 0QGTTQT
 5QOG OGODGTU QH VJG
EQOOKVVGG
 YGTGQRRQUGFVQWUG
 9GTGEGKXGFOWEJJGNRHTQOVJG
PGKIJDQWTU
 9GTGEGKXGF
 OWEJJGNR
 0QGTTQT
 HTQOVJGPGKIJDQWTU
 *G NQQMGF WRQP OG G[G VQ G[G
HQT C HGY OQOGPVU DGHQTG JG
URQMG
 DGHQTGJGURQMG
 G[GVQG[GHQTCHGYOQOGPVU
 *GNQQMGFWRQPOG
 + YCU EQPXKPEGF VJCV VJG QPN[
VJKPI+YCPVGFVQFQGXGTKUVQ
YTKVGPQXGNU
 +YCUEQPXKPEGFVJCV
 0QGTTQT
 VJGQPN[VJKPI+YCPVGFVQFQ
 GXGTKUVQYTKVGPQXGNU
 6JKUDQQMKUFKHHGTGPVVJCPVJCV
 KUFKHHGTGPV  6JKUDQQM
 0QGTTQT   VJCPVJCV
 4KEJGUCTGWPEGTVCKPVJKPIUCPF
VJG HCOG VJCV RQYGT IKXG QT KU
YQP D[ HQWN OGCPU KU CU
UJQTVNKXGFCUVJGFGYFTQR
 KUCUUJQTVNKXGFCUVJGFGYFTQR
 VJCVRQYGTIKXGQTKUYQPD[
HQWNOGCPU
 4KEJGUCTGWPEGTVCKPVJKPIU
CPFVJGHCOG
 0QGTTQT

 6JGFQEVQTCUMGFJKURCVKGPVVQ
TGIWNCTN[VCMGJKUOGFKEKPG
 CUMGFJKURCVKGPV
 VQTGIWNCTN[VCMGJKUOGFKEKPG
 0QGTTQT
 6JGFQEVQT
 &KF[QWJGCTOCP[PGYUCDQWV
VJGRQNKVKECNUKVWCVKQPYJKNG[QW
YGTGKPVJCVEQWPVT[!
 CDQWVVJGRQNKVKECNUKVWCVKQP
YJKNG [QW YGTG KP VJCV
EQWPVT[!
 OCP[PGYU
 &KF[QWJGCT
 0QGTTQT
 +OGCPVVQTGRCKTVJGTCFKQDWV
JCFPŏVVKOGVQFQKVVQFC[
 0QGTTQT
 VQFQKVVQFC[
 +OGCPVVQTGRCKTVJGTCFKQ
 DWVJCFPŏVVKOG
 6JG JGCX[YGKIJV HKIJVGT YCU
MPQEMKPIQWVKPQPGRWPEJ
 6JGJGCX[YGKIJVHKIJVGT
 KPQPGRWPEJ
 YCUMPQEMKPIQWV
 0QGTTQT
 6JCPMU VQ CP KPUKIJV CPF
RGTUKUVGPEG QH VJG NQECN FQEVQT
JWPFTGFUQHXKEVKOUJCXGDGGP
CDNGVQTGUWOGPQTOCNNKHG
 0QGTTQT
 CPF RGTUKUVGPEG QH VJG NQECN
FQEVQT
 JWPFTGFU QH XKEVKOU JCXG
DGGPCDNGVQTGUWOGPQTOCN
NKHG
 6JCPMUVQCPKPUKIJV
 +PVYGPV[YTGEMUHKXGNKXGUYGTG
HQTVWPCVGN[NQUV
 +PVYGPV[YTGEMU
 HKXGNKXGUYGTG
 0QGTTQT
 HQTVWPCVGN[NQUV
 &Q[QWVJKPM[QWEQWNFNGPFOG
IQQFRCKTQHINQXGUVQYGCTVQVJG
YGFFKPI!
 &Q[QWVJKPM[QWEQWNFNGPF
OG
 VQYGCTVQVJGYGFFKPI!
 IQQFRCKTQHINQXGU
 0QGTTQT
COMMON ERRORS
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   6JGRTQOKUGYCUDTQMGPD[JKO
55%%*5.   .&%&'12#5#
'ZCO++PF5KVVKPI
 9JGPVJGYQTMGTUVJTGCVGPGFVQ
IQ QP C UVTKMG VJG OKNN QYPGT
FGENCTGFCNC[QHHQPJKUOKNN
 FGENCTGFCNC[QHHQPJKUOKNN
 9JGP VJG YQTMGTU
VJTGCVGPGFVQ
 IQQPCUVTKMGVJGOKNNQYPGT
 0QGTTQT
 +QFKPGFGHKEKGPE[KUCPGCU[CPF
KPGZRGPUKXGPWVTKGPVFKUQTFGTVQ
RTGXGPV
 +QFKPGFGHKEKGPE[
 KUCPGCU[CPFKPGZRGPUKXG
 PWVTKGPVFKUQTFGTVQRTGXGPV
 0QGTTQT
 9JQGXGTCUUWOGUJKUUVCVGOGPV
VTWGKUHQQNKUJ
 JKUUVCVGOGPVVTWG
 0QGTTQT
 9JQGXGTCUUWOGU
 KUHQQNKUJ
 6JG RGQRNG ICVJGTGF CV VJG
HWPGTCNVQRC[TGURGEV
 0QGTTQT
 6JGRGQRNGICVJGTGF
 CVVJGHWPGTCN
 VQRC[TGURGEV
 /[YKHGJCXKPIHKPKUJJGTYQTM
  TWUJGF VQ OGGV OG   CV
VJGGXGPV  0QGTTQT 
55%%*5.   .&%&'12#5#
'ZCO +UV5KVVKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   JCXG
55%%*5.   .&%&'12#5#
'ZCO ++PF5KVVKPI
 +COPQVHCOKNKCTYKVJ  CNNVJG
KORQTVCPVRNCEGUKPVJKUVQYP  
CNVJQWIJ+JCFDGGPNKXKPIJGTG
HQTVYQ[GCTU  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT++ %$'
'ZCO
 /CMGYJCV[QWYTKVG  CPFUC[
OQTG   CDUQTDGF CPF
GPITQUUKPI  0QGTTQT 
 6JG[ ECOG JGTG KP   VJG
GXGPKPICPFDGIKPOCMKPI  
HWTVJGT CTTCPIGOGPVU   0Q
GTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%*5.   .&%&'1
2#5#'ZCO
+UV5KVVKPI
 5JG OCFG VJG EJKNF VQ UVWF[
JCTF
 UVWF[JCTF  0QGTTQT
 5JGOCFG  VJGEJKNF
5''Ō
 YCUDTQMGP
 D[JKO
 6JGRTQOKUG
 0QGTTQT
 4CMGUJ HQWPFU VJG PGYURCRGT
XGT[FWNN
 XGT[FWNN
 4CMGUJHQWPFU
 0QGTTQT
 VJGPGYURCRGT
 6JGFQQTUJQWNFDGMGGRENQUGF
 MGGRENQUGF  0QGTTQT
 UJQWNFDG  6JGFQQT
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%*5.   .&%&'1
2#5#'ZCO
++PF5KVVKPI
 5EKGPVKUVPQYJQRGVJCVENQPKPI
ECPUWEEGUUHWNN[DGEQPFWEVGF
KPJWOCPDGKPIUKPVJGPGCTHWVWTG
 0QGTTQT
 ECPUWEEGUUHWNN[DGEQPFWEVGF
KP
 JWOCP DGKPIU KP VJG PGCT
HWVWTG
 5EKGPVKUVPQYJQRGVJCVENQPKPI
 6JG[ JCF VQ RWV QH VJG ICTFGP
RCTV[DGECWUGQHVJGJGCX[TCKP
 6JG[JCFVQ
 RWVQHVJGICTFGPRCTV[
 0QGTTQT
 DGECWUGQH VJGJGCX[TCKP
 9JCV FGNKEKQWU HNCXQWT VJGUG
OCPIQGUJCXG
 0QGTTQT
 HNCXQWTVJGUGOCPIQGU
 9JCVFGNKEKQWU
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%*5.   .&%&'1
2#5#'ZCO
+UV5KVVKPI
 9GKP+PFKCECPNQQMHQTYCTFVQ
C EQOHQTVCDNG CPF UGVVNG NKHG KP
VJGVYGPV[HKTUVEGPVWT[
 VQCEQOHQTVCDNGCPFUGVVNG
 NKHGKPVJGVYGPV[HKTUVEGPVWT[
 0QGTTQT
 9GKP+PFKCECPNQQMHQTYCTF
 +V KU RCKPHWN VQ UCY VJCV UQOG
[QWPIUVGTU CTG MKNNKPI VKOG
YKVJQWVFQKPICP[VJKPIWUGHWN
 UQOG[QWPIUVGTUCTG
 MKNNKPI VKOG YKVJQWV FQKPI
CP[VJKPIWUGHWN
 0QGTTQT
 +VKURCKPHWNVQUCYVJCV

 # JQPGUV RGTUQP KU WRTKIJV KP
URGGEJVJQWIJVCPFFGGF
 KUWRTKIJV
 KPURGGEJVJQWIJVCPFFGGF
 0QGTTQT
 #JQPGUVRGTUQP
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%   5VGPQITCRJGT)TCFG
Ŏ%ŏŎ&ŏ'ZCO
 6JG EJKNFTGP NGHV   VJG
RNC[ITQWPF   QPG CHVGT QPG
 0QGTTQT 
 6JGHKIJVHQTNKDGTCVKQP  DTKPIU
QWVVJGDGUVCPF  CPQDNGUV
SWCNKV[KPOCPMKPF  0QGTTQT
  0QGTTQT
 6JGDCD[YCU  ENKPIKPIYKVJ
JGT  OQVJGTKPHGCT  0Q
GTTQT 
 0QVOWEJ  RGQRNGTGCNK\G  
JKUUKPEGTKV[  0QGTTQT 
 6JGIQXGTPOGPV  OWUVRTQXKFG
HCEKNKVKGUHQTVJG  WRDTKPIKPI
QHYQOGP  0QGTTQT 
 'XGT[FC[ YG JGCT CDQWV  
UGPKQTEKVK\GPUDGKPITQDDGF  
CPFGXGPMKNNKPEQNFDNQQF  
0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT++ %$'
'ZCO
 4CXK5JCPMCTŏURGTHQTOCPEGYCU
IKXGP  CUVCPFKPIQXCVKQPD[VJG
 RGQRNGYJQJCUEQOGVQJGCT
JKO  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT++ %$'
'ZCO
 2GQRNGCTGYCPVKPI  VQUGGVJG
JQOGVGCO  YKPVJGICOG  
0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT++ %$'
'ZCO
 *GYCUGNGEVGF  CUEJCKTOCP
 QHVJGEQNNGIG  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT++ %$'
'ZCO
 %CPFKFCVGU RTGUGPV KP VJG
GZCOKPCVKQPJCNN  UJQWNFOCMG
WUG  YKVJUWEJQRRQTVWPKVKGU
 0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT++ %$'
'ZCO
 *GUCKFVJCVKVYCUVJGHKTUVVKOG
  VJCV UWEJ C VTKEM   KU
FKUEQXGTGF  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT++ %$'
'ZCO
 +UCYJKU  WPDGNKGXCDN[TGCNN[
SWKVG  FGNKIJVHWNEQVVCIG  
0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT++ %$'
'ZCO
COMMON ERRORS
 + YCU UJQEMGF   VQ UGG JQY
OWEJO[ITCPFOQVJGTJCFCIGF
 UKPEGVJGNCUVVKOGYGXKUKVGF
JGT  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT++ %$'
'ZCO
 /[JGCTV  KUUQHWNN  HQT
YQTFU  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT++ %$'
'ZCO
3WGUVKQP0Q   GTTQT 
55%%#2(5 %21 5+%+5(#5+&GNJK
2QNKEG5+'ZCO+UVUKVVKPI
 6JTGG[GCTUJCXGGNCRUGFUKPEG+
JCFIQPGVQXKUKVO[CWPVKPVJG
EKV[
 XKUKVO[CWPVKPVJGEKV[
 UKPEG+JCFIQPGVQ
 6JTGG[GCTUJCXGGNCRUGF
 + TGCEJGF VYQ JQWTU DGHQTG JG
JCFECOG
 VYQJQWTUDGHQTG
 0QGTTQT
 JGJCFECOG
 +TGCEJGF
 *GPGGFUPQVJCXGUJQWVGFCVOG
VJCVYC[
 0QGTTQT
 PQVJCXGUJQWVGF
 *GPGGFU
 CVOGVJCVYC[
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  'ZCO
55%%#2(U %21 5+#5+&GNJK2QNKEG
5+'ZCO++PFUKVVKPI
 $GHQTG YG TGVWTPGF HTQO
UYKOOKPIKPVJGTKXGTPGCTVJG
ECOR UQOGQPG JCF UVQNG QWT
ENQVJGUCPFYGJCFVQYCNMDCEM
YKVJQWTVQYGNUCTQWPFWU
 0QGTTQT
 CPFYGJCFVQYCNMDCEMYKVJ
QWTVQYGNUCTQWPFWU
 $GHQTG YG TGVWTPGF HTQO
UYKOOKPIKPVJGTKXGTPGCTVJG
ECOR
 UQOGQPG JCF UVQNG QWT
ENQVJGU
 *G YGPV VQ VJG FQEVQT DGECWUG
JGJCFPQVDGGPHGGNKPIYGNNUKPEG
UGXGTCNYGGMU
 *GYGPVVQVJGFQEVQT
 UKPEGUGXGTCNYGGMU
 DGECWUG JG JCF PQV DGGP
HGGNKPIYGNN
 0QGTTQT
 .QPINKHGKUIQQFKHQPGDGJCRR[
CPFJCUHTKGPFU
 CPFJCUHTKGPFU
 KHQPGDGJCRR[
 0QGTTQT
 .QPINKHGKUIQQF
5''Ō
 6JGUEKUUQTUYJKEJ  CTGQP
VJGVCDNG  DGNQPIUVQ4CFJC
 0QGTTQT 
55%%215+#5+1PNKPG
'ZCO+UVUKVVKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q  
55%%215+#5+1PNKPG
'ZCO+UVUKVVKPI
 +VKUPQV  UWEJCRTGVV[RNCEG
 VJCV+JCFGZRGEVGF  0Q
55%%).6KGT++ %$'
'ZCO
 6JGVGCEJGTUYJQ+YQTMGFYKVJ
YGTG XGT[ KPUGPUKVKXG VQYCTFU
EJKNFTGPŏUPGGFU
 6JG VGCEJGTU YJQ + YQTMGF
YKVJ
 YGTGXGT[KPUGPUKVKXG
 VQYCTFUEJKNFTGPŏUPGGFU
 0QGTTQT
 6JG/CPCIGOGPV%QOOKVVGG  
YCUFKXKFGF  KPVJGKTQRKPKQP
 0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT++ %$'
'ZCO
 5RGGEJYCUIKXGP  VQOCPVQ
 EQPUGCNJKUVJQWIJVU  0Q
GTTQT 
55%%).6KGT++ %$'
3WGUVKQP0Q  
55%%215+#5+1PNKPG'ZCO
++PFUKVVKPI
 +UJCMGJKUJCPFYJGPJGCTTKXGF
CPFYJGPJGNGHV
 +UJCMGJKUJCPF
 YJGPJGCTTKXGF
 CPFYJGPJGNGHV
 0QGTTQT
 6JG QNF ITG[ JQTUG VJCV YCU
UVCPFKPIDGUKFGVJGDCTPJCFC
UCFNQQMKPKVUG[GUYJGPKVUCY
VJGUJQVIWPVJCVVJGHCTOGTYCU
ECTT[KPI
 6JGQNFITG[JQTUGVJCVYCU
UVCPFKPI
 0QGTTQT
 JCF C UCF NQQM KP KVU G[GU
YJGP
 UJQVIWPVJCVVJGHCTOGTYCU
ECTT[KPI
 6JG [QWPI EJKNF UKPIGF C XGT[
UYGGVUQPIHQTVJGCWFKGPEG
 6JG[QWPIEJKNF
 UKPIGF
 CXGT[UYGGVUQPI
 HQTVJGCWFKGPEG

 0QYJGTG KU VJG TGUWNVKPI
EQPHWUKQPOQTGGXKFGPVGZEGRVKP
ECORCKIP URGGEJGU OCFG D[
FKHHGTGPVECORCKIPGTUQHVJGUCOG
RCTV[
 0QYJGTG KU VJG TGUWNVKPI
EQPHWUKQP
 OQTGGXKFGPV
 GZEGRVKPECORCKIPURGGEJGU
 OCFGD[FKHHGTGPVECORCKIPGTU
QHVJGUCOGRCTV[
3WGUVKQP0Q  
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO+UVUKVVKPI
 9JKNG+YCUFTKXKPIJQOG  +
JGCTFUQOGUJQEMKPIPGYU  CV
VJGTCFKQ  0QGTTQT 
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI5VCHH
'ZCO +UV5KVVKPI
 +ŏFNKMGCDKMGKPEQOOWVKPIVQ
YQTM
 +ŏFNKMG
 CDKMG
 KPEQOOWVKPIVQYQTM
 0QGTTQT
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO+UVUKVVKPI
 /[JWUDCPFYCUYQTMUQ+YGPV
UJQRRKPI
 /[JWUDCPF
 YCUYQTM
 +YGPVUJQRRKPI
 0QGTTQT
 6JGOQQPCTGHWNNCPFVJGUVCTU
CTGQWV
 6JGOQQPCTGHWNN
 CPFVJGUVCTU
 CTGQWV
 0QGTTQT
3WGUVKQP0Q  
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PF5KVVKPI
 5JG GZGTEKUGF FKUETGVKQP KP
KPXGUVKICVKPI YJGVJGT JGT
JWUDCPF GNQRGF YKVJ JKU GZ
IKTNHTKGPF
 FKUETGVKQPKP
 KPXGUVKICVKPIYJGVJGT
 GNQRGFYKVJ
 0QGTTQT
 6JG NCY[GT FGFWEGF HTQO VJG
GZKUVKPI GXKFGPEGU VJCV VJG
CEEWUGF YCU KPXQNXGF KP VJG
JGKPQWUETKOG
 KPVJGJGKPQWUETKOG
 FGFWEGFHTQOVJG
 CEEWUGFYCUKPXQNXGF
 0QGTTQT
COMMON ERRORS
 0GKVJGT VJG EJKRU YJKEJ YGTG
EJGCRGTPQTVJGRK\\CKPVGTGUVGF
VJGMKF
 0QGTTQT
 YGTGEJGCRGT
 PQTVJGRK\\C
 VJGEJKRUYJKEJ
 6JGVTCXGNNGTUYGTGRCEKHKGFYJGP
VQJGCTVJCVVJGRNCPGJCFNCPFGF
QPVJGTWPYC[OWEJDGHQTGVJG
QHHKEKCNCPPQWPEGOGPV
 NCPFGFQPVJGTWPYC[
 OWEJDGHQTGVJG
 YGTGRCEKHKGFYJGP
 0QGTTQT
 5KPEGO[OQVJGTYCUCPIT[UQ+
FKFPQVWVVGTCYQTF
 YCUCPIT[UQ
 WVVGTCYQTF
 UKPEGO[OQVJGT
 0QGTTQT
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  GTTQT 
55%   5VGPQITCRJGT)TCFG
%  & 'ZCO
 9KUGOGPHQNNQYPQDGN  KFGCU
YJGTGCU HQQNU   FKUTGICTF
VJGO  0QGTTQT 
 6JGPCXGNQHHKEGTU  UWEEGUU
HWNN[HQWIJVVJGRKTCVGU  YJQ
JCF NQQVGF CPF RNWPFGTGF HQT
OCP[[GCTU  0QGTTQT 
 *GCEVGFPQV  CURGTO[CFXKEG
 DWVUQOGDQF[GNUG  0Q
GTTQT 
 6JGEJCKTUKPVJG  TQQOCTGKP
C  UVCVGFKUCTTC[  0QGTTQT 
 #UJQMC VJG )TGCV YCU  
TGICTFGF QPG QH VJG ITGCVGUV
GORGTQTU  VJGYQTNFJCUGXGT
RTQFWEGF  0QGTTQT 
 9KNN[QWRNGCUG  IKXGOGNKVVNG
OKNM   HQT O[ ECV !   0Q
GTTQT 
 6JGNKIJVDWNDU  QPVJGJCNN
 PGGFVQDGEJCPIGF  0Q
GTTQT 
 #TGEGPVUWTXG[KPFKECVGU  VJCV
VJGPWODGTQHFTWICFFKEVU  
ITGYFC[D[FC[  0QGTTQT 
 +YCPVVQGZEJCPIG  O[/CTWVK
 HTQOC5CPVTQ  0QGTTQT 
 6JGTG YGTG GZVGPUKXG   NCYP
KPHTQPV  QHVJGDWPICNQY  
0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  VJGGZCOKPCVKQP  KUPŏVKV!  
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +UVUKVVKPI
 'XGT[QPG QH WU JCU VQ DG  
XGT[XKIKNCPVVQUCHGIWCTF  QWT
JCTFN[YQPNKDGTV[  0QGTTQT 
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI5VCHH
'ZCO +UV5KVVKPI
5''Ō
 'UUC[YTKVKPIKUCPCTV  VJCV
TGSWKTGUOCP[RNCPPKPI  QPVJG
RCTVQHVJGYTKVGT  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q  
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
 +WUGF  CRCKTQHVTQWUGTU  
HQTCYGGM  0QGTTQT 
 *GJCUOCFGC  OKUVCMGQH
 YJKEJ+COEGTVCKP  0Q
GTTQT 
 )QQFJGCXGPU  *QYYCUUJG
 ITQYP  0QGTTQT 
 6JGYGCVJGT  QHVJGPGYRNCEG
  FKF PQV UWKV 4CXK   0Q
GTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
 'CEJEJKNF  YCUIKXGPC  
TGF DGCWVKHWN DCNNQQP   0Q
 5JG JCU JCF VJG DGUV OGFKECN
HCEKNKVKGUCXCKNCDNG  DWVUJGYKNN
PQVDGEWTGF  WPNGUUUJGFQGU
PQVJCXGCUVTQPIFGUKTGVQNKXG
 0QGTTQT 
 #UKHCYCTGQHO[EQPFKVKQP  
VJG KPHWTKCVGF DKTF UWFFGPN[
FQWDNGFDCEMQPKVUEQWTUG  
CPF EJCTIGF UVTCKIJV CHVGT OG
 0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
 *GJCFCNTGCF[UGPVOGOGUUCIG
  VJCV JKU CTTKXCN   YCU
UEJGFWNGFHQT6JWTUFC[  0Q
GTTQT 
 5EKGPEGCPFVGEJPQNQI[CPF  
VJGKTHCNNQWVUFQPQV  EQORNGVG
JWOCPEWNVWTG  0QGTTQT 
 6JG CPIT[ DKTF HNCR   JGT
YKPIUHNKGUCUJQTV  FKUVCPEG
CPFTGVWTPU  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +UVUKVVKPI
 ;GUVGTFC[+OGVCOCP  YJQ
YCUDNKPF  YKVJVJGTKIJVG[G
 0QGTTQT 
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI5VCHH
'ZCO +UV5KVVKPI
 ;QWJCXGRTGRCTGFYGNN  HQT
0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
 *GTGKUUQOGVJKPIRTGVV[  VJCV
[QWECP  YGCTQPVJGRCTV[
 0QGTTQT 

 *GYCUHQTCNN  UGNNKPIVJGECT
 CPFDW[KPICDKE[ENG  0Q
GTTQT 
 .QQMCVYJCV  +COFQKPI  
CPFFQNKMG+FQ  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  55%%).6KGT+ %$'
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +UVUKVVKPI
 #NVJQWIJ+JCXGPGXGTUGGPVJG
IKTNDGHQTG  +TGEQIPK\GFJGT
CV QPEG   HTQO JGT
RJQVQITCRJ  0QGTTQT 
 6JGTG YCU C   EQORCTKUQP
DGVYGGP  [QWCPFJG  0Q
GTTQT 
 *GHNQYGFKPVQCTCIG  CVVJG
XGT[  UKIJVQHVJCVOCP  
0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  'ZCO  5GEQPF5KVVKPI
 5QQPGT JCF JG EQOG   JKU
EQNNGCIWGU   QTICPKUGF C IGV
VQIGVJGT  0QGTTQT 
 +GPLQ[GFFWTKPI  O[VGPWTG
 KP5JKONC  0QGTTQT 
 6JG)QXGTPOGPVQHHGTGFJKO  
ENGTKECNLQD  DWVJGVWTPGFKV
QXGT  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  UVQTKGU   VJCV PGGFGF HWTVJGT
 #RGTKQFQHUKZ[GCTU  JCXG
GNCRUGF  UKPEG+NCUVUCYJGT
 0QGTTQT 
55%5GEVKQP1HHKEGT #WFKV
'ZCO  
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +UVUKVVKPI
 (QTUGXGTCN[GCTUPQY  O[
PGYURCRGT CIGPV JCU DGGP
URGNNKPI  O[PCOGKPEQTTGEV
N[  0QGTTQT 
55%6CZ#UUKUVCPV +PEQOG6CZ
%GPVTCN'ZEKUG 'ZCO  
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +UVUKVVKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
 +VVQQMJGTCNQPIVKOG  VQIGV
QHH  VJG FGCVJ QH JGT
JWUDCPF  0QGTTQT 
55%5GEVKQP1HHKEGT #WFKV
'ZCO  
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +UVUKVVKPI
 +VKUDGUV  VQDGUKNGPV  
VJCPVQURGCMKPCPIGT  0Q
GTTQT 
55%5GEVKQP1HHKEGT #WFKV
'ZCO  
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +UVUKVVKPI
COMMON ERRORS
 *KU HCVJGT KU FKUIWUVGF  
CICKPUVJKOHQTJKU  CFFKEVKQP
VQFTKPM  0QGTTQT 
55%5GEVKQP1HHKEGT %QOOGTEKCN#WFKV
'ZCO  5GEQPF5KVVKPI 
'ZCO +UVUKVVKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  55%%).6KGT+ %$'
 1PDGKPIECNNGF  CNNQHWU
 GPVGTGFKPVQVJGTQQO  
0QGTTQT 
55%5GEVKQP1HHKEGT %QOOGTEKCN#WFKV
'ZCO  5GEQPF5KVVKPI 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
 +YCKVGFHQT[QW  DWV[QW
PGXGT  VWTPGF WR  0Q
GTTQT 
55%5GEVKQP1HHKEGT %QOOGTEKCN#WFKV
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
 *GNGCTPV  VJGCNRJCDGVU  
CVVJGCIGQHHQWT  0QGTTQT 
55%6CZ#UUKUVCPV +PEQOG6CZ
%GPVTCN'ZEKUG 'ZCO 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
 $GUKFGYTKVKPIKUO[JQDD[  
+JCFKFGCUHQTCEQWRNGQHUJQTV
VJQWIJV  0QGTTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
 *GTGEQOOGPFGF  O[ECUG
 YKVJVJGUWRGTXKUQT  0Q
GTTQT 
55%6CZ#UUKUVCPV +PEQOG6CZ
%GPVTCN'ZEKUG 'ZCO  
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
 *GTMPQYNGFIGKP'PINKUJ  
IKXGUJGTITGCVCFXCPVCIG  
QXGTOG  0QGTTQT 
55%6CZ#UUKUVCPV +PEQOG6CZ
%GPVTCN'ZEKUG 'ZCO  
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  VJGUJKR  VJG[JCXGVQVTCXGN
 *G YCU  XGT[ MKPF GPQWIJ
 VQKPXKVGOG  0QGTTQT  
55%6CZ#UUKUVCPV +PEQOG6CZ
%GPVTCN'ZEKUG 'ZCO  
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
 2QNKEGTGRQTVUENCKOVJCV  
UWDUVCPVKCN UGK\WTG QH EQECKPG
JCXGDGGPOCFG  KPVJGNCUV
VYQOQPVJU  0QGTTQT  
55%6CZ#UUKUVCPV +PEQOG6CZ
%GPVTCN'ZEKUG 'ZCO  
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
5''Ō
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
 6JG RCVJ VQ    VJG HCOQWU
EJWTEJ RCUUGU    VJTQWIJ C
HQTGUV  0QGTTQT  
55%*KIJGT5GEQPFCT[.GXGN
&CVC'PVT[1RGTCVQT.&%
'ZCO 
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
 #HKTUV'WTQRGCPUCKNQT  YJQ
ECOGVQ+PFKC  YCU8CUEQFC
)COC   0QGTTQT  
55%*KIJGT5GEQPFCT[.GXGN
&CVC'PVT[1RGTCVQT.&%
'ZCO  ++PF5KVVKPI 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TFUKVVKPI
 6JGVTGMKUFKHHKEWNV  DWVKVKU
HCTYQTVJ  VJGGPFGCXQWT  
0QGTTQT 
55%*KIJGT5GEQPFCT[.GXGN
&CVC'PVT[1RGTCVQT.&%
'ZCO  ++PF5KVVKPI 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +UVUKVVKPI
 +H[QWRGTOKVOGVQURGCMVJG
VTWVJ  +UJCNNUVCVGYKVJQWV
JGUKVCVKQP   VJCV [QW JCXG
FQPGCOKUVCMG  0QGTTQT 
 + UWEEGGFGF RGTUWCFKPI JKO
 VQEQOGYKVJOG  QPN[
CHVGTJQWTUQHCTIWOGPV  0Q
GTTQT 
 8GTOKP   FQGU OWEJ JCTO
 VQETQRU  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PFUKVVKPI
 +H VJG HCTOGT IQV C YCUJKPI
OCEJKPG  JKUYKHGECP  
FQVJGNCWPFT[SWKEMN[  0Q
GTTQT 
 6JG[JCFQHVGPJGCTF  CDQWV
QP  0QGTTQT 
 *GŏF PQ UQQPGT   UGGP QPG
EQPVKPGPV   YJGP JG UCY
CPQVJGT  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +UVUKVVKPI
 %CP+JCXG  CNQCHQHDTGCF
 CPFCLCOLCT!  0QGTTQT

 0QYVJCV+CODCEMCVYQTM  
+ JCXG DGIKPPKPI   VQ HGGN
OWEJDGVVGT  0QGTTQT 

 +YKNNVT[VQDGQPVKOG  DWV
FQPŏV YQTT[ YJGP  + CO
NCVG  0QGTTQT 
55%%*5.   6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PF5KVVKPI
 +VYCUDGKPIJCTFVQDGNKGXG  
VJCVO[DTQVJGTEQWNFDG  
KPXQNXGF YKVJ CP[VJKPI UQ
UKPKUVGT  0QGTTQT 
55%%*5.   6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TF5KVVKPI
 + CUMGF VYQ RGTUQPU   VJG
YC[ VQ VJG UEJQQN   DWV
PGKVJGT QH VJGO MPGY KV  
0QGTTQT 
55%%*5.   6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PF5KVVKPI
 5CKTCVKUQPGQHVJGNCVGUV  KP
VJGNKUVQHEQPVGORQTCT[/CTCVJK
OQXKGU  YJKEJCRRGCTGFKP
TGEGPVVKOGU  0QGTTQT 
55%%*5.   6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TF5KVVKPI
 +CODGVVGT  CFCRVGFVQVJG
 ENKOCVGVJCP[QW  0Q
GTTQT 
55%%*5.   6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TF5KVVKPI
 $GKPICYGNNMPQYUEKGPVKUV  
JGYCUKPXKVGFVQFGNKXGT  C
NGEVWTGQPCTVKHKEKCNKPVGNNKIGPEG
 0QGTTQT 
55%%*5.   6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PF5KVVKPI
 *CFCP[DQF[  GXGTVQNF[QW
 VJCV[QW TGDGCWVKHWN!  0Q
GTTQT 
55%%*5.   6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TF5KVVKPI
 )QWRVJGDGCEJCPFYCVEJHQT
VQWTKUVU  UQ[QWEQWNFYCTP
CP[QPG  DGHQTG VJG[ IGV VQ
VJGYCVGT  0QGTTQT 
55%%*5.   6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TF5KVVKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   0QGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TF5KVVKPI
 0QVQPN[YGUGGP  VJG6CNK
VGORNG DWV   CNUQ VJG
6JKTWPGNNKVGORNG  0QGTTQT 
 6JGWPKSWGUGNNKPIRTQRQUKVKQP
QH  QWTRTQFWEVUCTGVJCV  
VJG[ CTG WPDTGCMCDNG  0Q
GTTQT 
 5JGUCKFCPWODGTQHNKGU  
CPFNGHVYKVJQWV  EQORNGVKPI
JGTYQTM  0QGTTQT 
55%%*5.   6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TF5KVVKPI
COMMON ERRORS
 *KU TGRWVCVKQP HQT   DGKPI
TQWIJQP  UVWFGPVUYCUYGNN
GCTPGF  0QGTTQT 
55%%*5.   6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PF5KVVKPI
 6QO5CY[GTKUQPG  QHVJG
DGUV MKF UVQTKGU   VJCV YCU
GXGTYTKVVGP  0QGTTQT 
55%%*5.   6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PF5KVVKPI
 0QDGIICTYJQEQOGU  VQQWT
FQQTU   IQGU DCEM GORV[
JCPFGF  0QGTTQT 
55%%*5.   6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PF5KVVKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   NCVGTVJKUCHVGTPQQP
55%/65 /CVTKE.GXGN
'ZCO +UV5KVVKPI
 *GKUPQVYJCV[QWYQWNFECNN
CPJQPGUVOCPFQGUPŏVJG!
 *GKUPQVYJCV
 [QWYQWNFECNNCPJQPGUVOCP
 FQGUPŏVJG!
 0QGTTQT
 *CXG[QWDGGPFQKPIYJCVJCU
DGGPCUMUQH[QW!
 DGGPFQKPI
 YJCVJCUDGGPCUMUQH[QW!
 0QGTTQT
 *CXG[QW
 -KPFN[UWDOKV[QWTFQEWOGPVU
VQVJGENGTM
 -KPFN[UWDOKV
 VQVJGENGTM
 01GTTQT
 [QWTFQEWOGPVU
 .QXG HQT QWTU GPXKTQPOGPV KU
GPQWIJVQRTQVGEVPCVWTG
 QWTUGPXKTQPOGPV
 KUGPQWIJVQRTQVGEVPCVWTG
 0QGTTQT
 .QXGHQT
 *G JCU PQV DGGP CVVGPFKPI
'PINKUJENCUUGUHQTQPGYGGM
 HQTQPGYGGM
 *GJCUPQVDGGP
 'PINKUJENCUUGUCVVGPFKPI
 +COVQQOWEJRNGCUGFVQMPQY
VJCV[QWJCXGVQRRGFVJGNKUV
 VQMPQYVJCV
 0QGTTQT
 +COVQQOWEJRNGCUGF
 [QWJCXGVQRRGFVJGNKUV
 +VKUCOQUVDGCWVKHWNRCKPVKPIKP
VJGICNNGT[
 KPVJGICNNGT[
 0QGTTQT
 +VKUCOQUV
 DGCWVKHWNRCKPVKPI
5''Ō
 9G TGLQKEGF CV JKU DGKPI
RTQOQVGF
 CVJKU
 0QGTTQT
 9GTGLQKEGF
 DGKPIRTQOQVGF
 6JKU URQPIG KU PQV CDNG VQ
CDUQTDKPIYCVGT
 CDUQTDKPIYCVGT
 PQVCDNGVQ
 0QGTTQT
 6JKUURQPIGKU
 + CO VJKPMKPI + YKNN IQ VQ VJG
OCTMGVNCVGTVJKUCHVGTPQQP
 +YKNNIQVQVJGOCTMGV
 0QGTTQT
 +COVJKPMKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%/65 /CVTKE.GXGN
'ZCO ++PF5KVVKPI
 +H[QWUVCPFYKVJOGKPJQWTQH
PGGF+YKNNPGXGTHQTIGV[QW
 0QGTTQT
 YKVJOGKPJQWTQHPGGF
 +H[QWUVCPF
 +YKNNPGXGTHQTIGV[QW
 +VKUDGVVGTVQUVC[CVJQOGVJCP
IQVQOCTMGVYJGPKVKUTCKPKPI
 +VKUDGVVGTVQUVC[CVJQOG
 VJCPIQVQOCTMGV
 YJGPKVKUTCKPKPI
 0QGTTQT
 1WT VGCO RNC[GF C HQQVDCNN
OCVEJ
 CHQQVDCNNOCVEJ
 0QGTTQT
 1WTVGCO
 RNC[GF
 -KPFN[RNGCUGFKTGEVVJGVQWTKUVU
VQVJGOWUGWO
 0QGTTQT
 -KPFN[RNGCUG
 VQVJGOWUGWO
 FKTGEVVJGVQWTKUVU
 5JG JQRGU VQ DGEQOG CP
GPIKPGGTCHVGTUJGYKNNEQORNGVG
JGTGFWECVKQP
 5JGJQRGUVQDGEQOG
 YKNNEQORNGVGJGTGFWECVKQP
 0QGTTQT
 CPGPIKPGGTCHVGTUJG
 6JGVJKGHJCFJCTFN[RWVVJGECUJ
KP JKU RQEMGV VJGP VJG QYPGT
YQMGWR
 0QGTTQT
 VJGPVJGQYPGTYQMGWR
 6JGVJKGHJCFJCTFN[
 RWVVJGECUJKPJKURQEMGV

 #NNVJGIKTNUUVWFGPVUCTGCFXKUGF
VQCVVGPFVJGOGGVKPIRQUKVKXGN[
 CTGCFXKUGFVQ
 #NNVJGIKTNUUVWFGPVU
 CVVGPFVJGOGGVKPIRQUKVKXGN[
 0QGTTQT
 %QWNF [QW RNGCUG OCKPVCKP
UKNGPEGHQTCYJKNG!
 %QWNF[QW
 HQTCYJKNG!
 0QGTTQT
 RNGCUGOCKPVCKPUKNGPEG
 #VNCUVJGOCTTKGFYKVJCRQQT
IKTN
 YKVJCRQQTIKTN
 #VNCUV
 JGOCTTKGF
 0QGTTQT
 $GPICN VKIGTU CTG PQY CNOQUV
GZVKPEVGF
 CNOQUVGZVKPEVGF
 CTGPQY
 0QGTTQT
 $GPICNVKIGTU
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  'TTQT 
55%%#2(U#5+&25+1PNKPG
'ZCO +UV5KVVKPI
 5GXGTCNXKUKVQTUCTG  GZRGEVGF
VQ XKUKV VJG   VTCFG HCKT VJKU
YGGMGPF  0Q'TTQT 
 1WTRTQHGUUQTVCWIJVWUVJCV  
QPG UJQWNF TGURGEV VJG  
TGNKIKQPUQHQVJGTUCUOWEJCU
JKUQYP  0Q'TTQT 
 0QUQQPGTJCFUJGCTTKXGVJCV
JGT   HTKGPFU CTTCPIGF C
TGEGRVKQPKPJGT  JQPQWTKP
VJGDGUVTGUQTVKPVJGVQYP  
0Q'TTQT 
 6GNNOG  YJCVCNN[QWMPQY
CDQWV KV   DGHQTG + VCMG C
FGEKUKQPKPVJGOCVVGT  0Q
'TTQT 
 &WTKPI+PFKCŏUUVTWIINGHQT  
HTGGFQOOCP[DTKNNKCPVUVWFGPVU
 ICXG WR VJGKT UVWFKGU D[
$JCICV 5KPIJŏU ECNN   0Q
'TTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%#2(U#5+&25+
'ZCO +UV5KVVKPI
 %CP[QWKOCIKPG  VJCVUJG
JCUVJKTV[  HKXGRCKTQHUJQGU
 0Q'TTQT 
 /T)WRVCYKVJJKUYKHG  CPF
[QWPIGT DTQVJGT   YGTG
RTGUGPVCVVJGUVCVKQP  0Q
'TTQT 
COMMON ERRORS
 4CLPKKURNCPPKPIVQUGVVNG  
KP/WODCKCUUQQPCU  UJG
TGVKTGUKP#WIWUVVJGPGZV[GCT
 0Q'TTQT 
 + YCU DQTP   QP VJ ,WN[
  KP#NNCJCDCF  0Q
'TTQT 
 0QVQPN[YGUCY  VJG2TGUK
FGPVDWVCNUQ  VJG%JKGH/KP
KUVGTQH&GNJK  0Q'TTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō    QPVQQOWEJFGDV  0Q
55%%#2(U#5+&25+1PNKPG
'ZCO +UV5KVVKPI
 6JTGGUWOOQPUJCXGDGGP  
KUUWGFD[VJGFKUVTKEVEQWTV  
DWVJGJCUPQVVWTPGFWR[GV
 0Q'TTQT 
 *GTCWPVFKFPŏV  IKXGOG  
C OKPWVG QH RGCEG   0Q
'TTQT 
 #C[WUJKJCUEQOG  JGTGVQ
FQCOCUVGT  FGITGGKP5QEKCN
9QTM  0Q'TTQT 
 6JGTGKUPQOQPG[KP  VJG
DCPM KP 4CLGUJŏU CPF  
4GGPCŏULQKPVCEEQWPV  0Q
 6JKU OCUVGT DQQM EQPENWFGU
YKVJRCIGU  VJCVEQPVCKPNKUVU
QHCNN  /$#EQNNGIGUCETQUU
+PFKC  0Q'TTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   6JGUGMKPFQHENQVJGU  CTG
55%%#2(U#5+&25+1PNKPG
'ZCO +UV5KVVKPI
 /T/WMGUJ$JCVPCICTQWT  
EQNNGCIWGJGYKNNCVVGPF  VJG
OGGVKPIQPQWTDGJCNH  0Q
'TTQT 
 #UUQQPCU+YKNNTGCEJ  &GN
JK+YKNNUGPF[QW  VJGDQQMU
[QWJCXGCUMGFHQT  0Q'T
TQT 
 #U+UGGKVJGCRRGCTU  VQ
DG WPTGCUQPCDNG CPZKQWU  
CDQWVRNGCUKPIJKUYKHG  0Q
'TTQT 
 +HKPKUJGFO[CUUKIPOGPVDGHQTG
YG   TGCEJGF JKU YGFFKPI
YKVJITGCV  FKHHKEWNV[DGECWUG
QHJGCX[VTCHHKE  0Q'TTQT 
 9GYGTGNKXKPI  KP%CPCFC
HQT  CTQWPFGKIJV[GCTU  
0Q'TTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  55%%).6KGT+ %$'
55%%#2(U#5+&25+
'ZCO +UV5KVVKPI
 /CVJGOCVKEUCPF%JGOKUVT[CTG
 OQTG GCUKGT VJCP  
2J[UKEU CPF $KQNQI[   0Q
'TTQT 
5''Ō
 ,CKRWTKU  HWTVJGTHTQO2CVPC
 VJCP%JCPFKICTJ  0Q
'TTQT 
 4CJWNYCU  VJGTKEJGUVQH  
VJGVYQRGTUQPU  0Q'TTQT 
 4KVKMC ICXG JGT HTKGPF   PQ
OQPG[PQTUJGFKFJGNRJGT  
KPCP[YC[  0Q'TTQT 
 .QYKPVGTGUVTCVGUCTGVGORVKPI
  OCP[ EWUVQOGTU VQ VCMG
'TTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%#2(U#5+&25+
'ZCO +UV5KVVKPI
 6JTGG NCMJU QH RGQRNG  
CVVGPFGFVJGYQTMUJQR  JGNF
KP 4CONGGNC ITQWPF   0Q
'TTQT 
 #[GUJCKUCOQPIVJGHGYRGQ
RNG  KPVJGQHHKEGYJKEJFKF
PQV  DNKPFN[HQNNQYVJGRCVJ
QHQVJGT  0Q'TTQT 
 +YQWNF  TCVJGTVQ  FKG
VJCPDGI  0Q'TTQT 
 #PMKVECPPQV  UWEEGGFDG
ECWUG  JGNCDQWTUJCTF  
0Q'TTQT 
 6JGVGCEJGT  GZRNCKPGFGX
GT[VJKPI  XGT[ENGCTN[  
0Q'TTQT 
TCVJGTGZRGPUKXG  HQTOGVQ
DW[  0Q'TTQT 
55%%*5.   6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TF5KVVKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +UV5KVVKPI
 /[GNFGTUQPFGCNUYKVJ  URCTG
RCTVU CPF OCPCIGU  JKU
DTGCFCPFDWVVGT  0Q'TTQT 
 5PGJCYCUCEEWUGFHQTOWTFGT
QH JGT JWUDCPF   DWV VJG
EQWTVHQWPFJGT  PQVIWKNV[
CPFCESWKVVGFJGT  0Q'TTQT 
 /[DTQVJGTHKPFUKVFKHHKEWNV  
VQ RCUU CYC[ VJG VKOG   CV
QWT ITCPFRCTGPVŏU JQWUG  
0Q'TTQT 
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TF5KVVKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
'ZCO +++TF5KVVKPI
 .KVVNG MPQYNGFIG QH RNC[KPI
XQNNG[DCNN   VJCV UJG
RQUUGUUGF RTQXGF VQ DG  
JGNRHWNCVVJGVKOGQHKPCWIWTCN
OCVEJ  0Q'TTQT 

 +JCFPQVEQORNGVGFO['PINKUJ
JQOGYQTM  UQ+VJQWIJV+YCU
FQPGYKVJYJGPVJG  VGCEJGT
CUMGFOGVQJCPFKVKP  0Q
'TTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  'ZCO ++PF5KVVKPI
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PF5KVVKPI
 4KVKMC FGEKFGF VQ IGV WR GCTN[
 VQYGCTCPKEGFTGUU  CPF
XKUKVJGTCWPV  0Q'TTQT 
 6JG UVWFGPV CUMGF OG KH  +
MPGY VJCV -CNKFCU YCU VJG
ITGCVGT  VJCPCP[QVJGTRQGV
 0Q'TTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  CPF  YGYCPVVQMGGR[QWKP
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TF5KVVKPI
 +YCUVCMGPYKVJUWTRTKUG  
YJGP + UCY   VJG DGCWVKHWN
6CL/CJCN  0Q'TTQT 
 +HKPKUJGFO[JQWUGJQNFEJQTGU
  DGHQTG JG TGCEJGF   VQ
O[RNCEGCHVGTUQNQPI  0Q
'TTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%*5.   6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PF5KVVKPI
 +PURKVG QH VJG FQEVQTŏU UVGTP
YCTPKPI  .CVKMCEQPVKPWGF
VCMKPI  UWICTUKPJGTOKNM
 0Q'TTQT 
 /[UGNHCPF4QUJPK  YKNNVCMG
ECTGQH  VJGGXGPVQP5WP
FC[  0Q'TTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  [QWTGPFWTCPEGNGXGN  D[TWP
55%%).6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PF5KVVKPI
 #TGPQV[QWTHCVJGT  CPF[QWT
GNFGTDTQVJGT  QWVQHVQYP!
 0Q'TTQT 
 1WT QHHKEG DWKNFKPI EQORTKUGU
 UGXGPHNQQTUCPFCTGUVCW
TCPVCVVJGVQRKPCP  CTGCQH
CDQWVGKIJVJWPFTGFUSOGVTGU
 0Q'TTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%*5.   6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO ++PF5KVVKPI
 + VQQM VJG UJQTVGUV   YC[
VJTQWIJVJG  NKVVNGRCTMENQUG
VJGRCNCEG  0Q'TTQT 
 #UKVECOGVQCUVQR  VJGEQP
FWEVQTECNNGF  QXGTKPCNQWF
XQKEG  0Q'TTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   7PNGUU)GGVCCRQNQIKUGU  UJG
55%%).   6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO +++TF5KVVKPI
 (TGGFQOHKIJVGTUNCDQWTGF  
VQ VJG IQQF QH  VJG RQQT
GPUNCXGF OCUUGU  0Q'TTQT 
COMMON ERRORS
 (CVJGTYCUWRUGV  YJGPJG
HQWPF VJCV  [QW CTG PQV
VJGTG  0Q'TTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q   QHVJGQUJKPCTCENWD  UKPEG
55%5VGPQITCRJGT)TCFG %  &
 9JCVCEQOHQTVVQUGGVJCV[QW
 JCXGQTICPK\KPICPFRNCPPKPI
 GXGT[VJKPI HQT WU  0Q
'TTQT 
 2NGCUGPQVGVJCV[QWYKNNDGGNK
IKDNGHQT  VJGXQWEJGTQPN[KH
[QW  JCFTGEGKXGFVJKUGOCKN
 0Q'TTQT 
 9GVCMGUGEWTKV[XGT[UGTKQWUN[
VJGNQQRQP  KORQTVCPVCE
VKQPU KP QWT CEEQWPV   0Q
'TTQT 
 +H [QW YQWNF UVKNN CEEGRVKPI
RQUVURNGCUG  NGVOGMPQY
UQVJCV+ECPRWVVQIGVJGT  C
FTCHVHQT[QWTCRRTQXCN  0Q
'TTQT 
 +ECPIKXG[QWVJGWPKSWGCPF
 SWCNKV[EQPVGPVVJCVYKNNFGH
KPKVGN[   NGCF XCNWG VQ [QWT
TGCFGTUVQQ  0Q'TTQT 
 +JCXGYGPVVJTQWIJVJGYTKVG
WRUIWKFGNKPG  VQQDWVUVKNN
YCPVVQENGCTQPOCKN  EQO
OWPKECVKQPHQTVQRKEEQPHKTOC
VKQP  0Q'TTQT 
 +H[QWCTGCTWPPGTCPFDKIIGT
VJCP[GCTU  [QWECPVGUV
PKPIHQTVJG*CNH/CTCVJQP  
0Q'TTQT 
 9GMPQYKVKUCPGZVTCGCTN[UVCTV
VQ  [QWTFC[DWVYGCTGEGT
VCKP  [QWVQQYQWNFNKMGVQ
EQPVTKDWVGVQYCTFUVJKU  0Q
'TTQT 
 #HVGTVJGŎ2QQLCŏKPVJGVGORNG
 IQVQXGTRGQRNGUVCTV  
EQOKPIQWVVQIGVVJGKTUNKRRGTU
 0Q'TTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   ;QW ECP EQPVTQN VJGO   D[
55%5VGPQITCRJGT)TCFG %  &
'ZCO +UV5KVVKPI
 6JG PWODGT QH IWGUVU  
KPXKVGFVQVJGRCTV[  CTGHKXG
JWPFTGF  0QGTTQT 
 'KVJGT #PMKV   QT ,[QVK  
JCXGFQPGVJKU  0QGTTQT 
UJQWNFPQVDG  CNNQYGFVQIQ
VQRKEPKE  0QGTTQT 
 +OGVVJGIGPVNGOCP  VQFC[
GXGPKPIQPO[  YC[DCEM
JQOG  0QGTTQT 
5''Ō
 +H+YCUJG  +YQWNFPŏV  
CEEGRVVJGQHHGT  0QGTTQT 
 0GGVCUGTXGFCU2TGUKFGPV  
VGP[GCTU  0QGTTQT 
 6JGEQORCP[KUWUKPI  KP
HNWGPEGVQRGTUWCFGRGQRNG  
VQDW[KVUYCVGTRWTKHKGTU  
0QGTTQT 
 /[ OQVJGT JCU   TGVWTPGF
DCEM VQ   &GNJK FC[ DGHQTG
[GUVGTFC[  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%5VGPQITCRJGT)TCFG %  &
'ZCO +UV5KVVKPI
 +YQTMGF  CUCXGTDCNVTCKPGT
 HQTGKIJVOQPVJU  0Q
GTTQT  
 'XGT[UVWFGPVJCXG  VQUWD
OKVVJGCUUKIPOGPV  D[VJKU
CHVGTPQQP  0QGTTQT  
 /TU)WRVCKPXKVGF  CNNJGT
FCWIJVGTKPNCYU   VQ VJG
ITCPFRCTV[NCUV5WPFC[  
0QGTTQT  
 1WTUQEKCNUEKGPEGVGCEJGTVQNF
  VQ UVWF[ VJG OCR QH VJG
YQTNF   HQT C VGUV   0Q
GTTQT  
 /[UKUVGTKPNCY  YJQNKXGU
KP%JGPPCK  JCXGEQOGVQ
UVC[YKVJWU  0QGTTQT 
 /[HTKGPF5CJKD  KUQPGQH
VJGDGUVHQQVDCNNRNC[GT  KP
VJGEQWPVT[  0QGTTQT  
 9JGPUJGNGHVVJG  JQWUGCV
QŏENQEMJGT  FCWIJVGTYCU
UVKNNCVJQOG  0QGTTQT  
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%/65'ZCO
 ++PF5KVVKPI
 1WT URGEKCNKUV UEJQQN KU  
JQOG VQ EJKNFTGP YKVJ  
FKHHGTGPV KPVGNNGEVWCN CDKNKVKGU
 0Q'TTQT 
UGVVKPICOCZKOWONKOKV  HQT
GCEJ QPG DKNN   0Q
'TTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%/65'ZCO
+++TF5KVVKPI
 5JGKUWPHQTVWPCVGGPQWIJVQ  
NQUGHGYHTKGPFUUJGOCFG  
FWTKPIJGTUVC[KP%JGPPCK  
0Q'TTQT 
 +V YCU D[ C OKUVCMG   VJCV
#PMKV ECWIJV   #TEJCPCŏU
JCPF  0Q'TTQT 

3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   6JGRNCEGYGTG 2 $WFFJCYCU
55%/65'ZCO
+++TF5KVVKPI
 'XGT[QPG CVVGPFGF VJG  
UGOKPCTGZEGRV  4COCPCPF
+  0Q'TTQT 
 1PG  OC[JGNR  QPGUGNH
 0Q'TTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  OCFGCO[UVKEUKIPCDQXGKV  
55%%#2(U#5+&25+
'ZCO ++PF5KVVKPI
 /CFJWTKCPF+JCXGFQPGO[  
YQTMRCVKGPVN[CPFFKNKIGPVN[  
LWUV HQT QWT UCHG CPF UGEWTG
HWVWTG  0Q'TTQT 
 5WPKVCKUHGGNKPINKVVNGWPEQOHQTV
CDNGVQFC[  DGECWUGUJGKUKNN
UQ UJG ECP RGTHQTO   JGT
YQTMCHVGTJCXKPIUQOGTGUVHQT
CYJKNG  0Q'TTQT 
 9GOWUV  FGPQWPEGLWUVKEG
 CPF QRRTGUUKQP  0Q
'TTQT 
 +FQPŏVVJKPM0GJCKUCYKUGTCU
 5QPCNK UQ UJG KU PQV  
EQORGVGPVHQTVJKULQD  0Q
'TTQT 
 +PVJG/CVJGOCVKEUENCUU+UKV
PGZVVQ  4CLYJQKUVJGECR
VCKPQHVJGDCUMGVDCNN  VGCO
CPFWPFQWDVGFN[VJGDGUVDCU
MGVDCNNRNC[GTKP&GNJK  0Q
'TTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  TQQO  0QGTTQT 
55%%#2(U#5+&25+'ZCO
2CRGT+ ++PF5KVVKPI
 *GEQOOCPFGFOG  CUKHJG
YCU  O[JWUDCPF  0Q
'TTQT 
 6JG'PINKUJKUCXGT[  RQRW
NCTNCPIWCIG  COQPIUVUQWVJ
+PFKCPU  0Q'TTQT 
 6JKUEQPVCKPGTKUHWNNYKVJYCVGT
 UQ+ECPŏVECTT[KVHQTC  
NQPIFKUVCPEGCVQPGIQ  0Q
'TTQT 
*CFUJGPQVMPQYP  CDQWVKV
UJG UJQWNF   JCXG UVC[GF
NQPIGT  0Q'TTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%).6KGT+%$'
'ZCO ++PF5KVVKPI
 6JG6CVCITQWRQYPU  OCP[
KPFWUVTKGU VJCV CTG URTGCF  
CETQUUVJGINQDG  0Q'TTQT 
 5JGJCUPQVDGGP  VQVJGTGU
VCWTCPV  OWEJNCVG  0Q
'TTQT 
COMMON ERRORS
55%%).6KGT+%$' ETGOCVGF 3 JCUTGEGPVN[DGGP
'ZCO +++TF5KVVKPI FKUEQXGTGF 4 0QGTTQT 5
 *GYCUUWEJC  YQPFGTHWN  2  3
RGTUQP  KPVQUQOCP[YC[U  4  5
 0Q'TTQT   -KPI RGPIWKPU 2  CTG CEVKXG
 6JGOCIKEKCPRNCEGFVJGDCNN   VJTQWIJQWV 3 VJGNQPIUWO
WPFGTPGCVJQHJKUJCVCPF   OGTFC[U 4 0QGTTQT 5
 2  3
0Q'TTQT   4  5
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   6JG -GRNGT 5RCEG 6GNGUEQRG
55%%).6KGT+%$' 2 NCWPEJGFQPYCUFG
'ZCO +++TF5KVVKPI UKIPGF 3 VQ HKPF RNCPGVU
 #VVJKUOQOGPVVJCV  VGTTKDNG CTQWPFQVJGTUVCTU 4 0QGT
FQQTDWTUVPQKUKN[QRGPCPF   TQT 5
DCPIGF HQT VJG YCNN  0Q  2  3
'TTQT   4  5
 9JKNGCPGNGEVTQP  ECTTKGUC  #RTKPEGYGTG 2 KPUGCTEJQH
PGICVKXGGNGEVTKECN  EJCTIGC C5WHKOCUVGT 3 VQJGNRJKO
PGWVTQPKUPGWVTCN  0Q'T KPJKUO[UVKECNLQWTPG[ 4 0Q
GTTQT 5
TQT 
 2  3
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
 4  5
55%5VGPQITCRJGT)TCFG %  &
 'CTVJŏUFGUGTVU 2 KUCNCPFQH
'ZCO +UV5KVVKPI
GZVTGOGU 3 EQPUVCPVN[RWUJ
 +JCXGYTKVVGP  CNGVVGTHQT
KPINKHGVQVJGNKOKV 4 0QGT
VJG KUUWG   QH URQTVU TQT 5
GSWKROGPVU  0QGTTQT   2  3
 /CP[RGQRNG  JCXGNQUVVJGKT  4  5
NKXGU  KPUGC  0QGTTQT 
 9JGTGXGT[QWNKXG 2 VJGTGKU
 /T4Q[ŏU  G[GUYKFGPGF   UWTGN[ UQOG EQWPVT[UKFG QT
KPUWTRTKUG  0QGTTQT  EQCUVNKPG 3 PQVVQQHCTCYC[
 6JG[YQPFGTGF  JQYOCP[ VJCV[QWCTGRTQWFQH 4 0Q
YKPFQYU   YGTG KP VJGTG GTTQT 5
 2  3
 4  5
 6JGTG YGTG   EWTVCKPU QXGT
 VJGETCEMGFINCUU  0Q  +H [QW FGUETKDG UQOGQPG CU C
GTTQT  OCXGTKEM 2 [QWOGCPVJCVJG
KUWPEQPXGPVKQPCNCPFKPFGRGP
 6JGFGEQTCVKQP  QPVJGYCNN
FGPV 3 CPFFQPQVVJKPMQT
 YGTGCJQTUGRCKPVKPI  
0QGTTQT  DGJCXGKPVJGUCOGYC[CUQVJ
GTRGQRNG 4 0QGTTQT 5
 + JCXG   EJGEMGF VJKU  
 2  3
OQPVJECNGPFCT  0QGTTQT 
 4  5
 6JG4QOCP%JWTEJQH%CVJQNKEU
 #PEKGPVLGYGNNGT[QTFGEQTCVKQP
 KUQPGQHVJG  RTGEKQWU
2  JCU C PGY OGCPKPI 3 
KPUVKVWVKQPU  0QGTTQT 
YKVJVJGFKUEQXGT[DQPGQTPC
 6JGRNCPG  JCU  UWPMVJG OGPVU 4 0QGTTQT 5
UJKR  0QGTTQT   2  3
 *G NGCPU   HQTYCTF VQ    4  5
UJWVVJGFQQT  0QGTTQT   %CP[QWVGNNOG 2 VJGPCOG
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +PGCEJ QHVJGRGTUQP 3 YJQOYTQVG
QH VJG HQNNQYKPI SWGUVKQPU VJG IKXGP VJGDQQM! 4 0QGTTQT 5
UGPVGPEGJCUHQWTRCTVUOCTMGF23  2  3
4CPF5%JQQUGVJGRCTVQHUGPVGPEG  4  5
YKVJVJGGTTQTCPFUGNGEVCU[QWTCP  /GPYJQJCUTKUGP 2 D[VJGKT
UYGT+HVJGTGKUPQ GTTQTUGNGEVŎ0Q QYPGZGTVKQPU 3 CTGCNYC[U
GTTQT 5 ŏCU[QWTCPUYGT TGURGEVGF 4 0QGTTQT 5
55%%#2(U#5+&25+  2  3
'ZCO2CRGT++  4  5
5''Ō
 COMMON ERRORS
 9G JCXG KUUWGF 2  C QTFGT 3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   *GUCKFVJCVJGVJQWIJVQHHRQN
UGGMKPIKOOGFKCVG 3 RTKPVKPI 55%%).6KGT++ %$' KVKEU TKIJV YJGP   JG YCU
QHTGXKUGFRTKEGVCI 4 0QGT 'ZCO UVWF[KPI+PVGTOGFKCVGCPFVJCV
TQT 5  /CP[HKTOUHCKNDGECWUGYJGP  JGJCFPQHGCTQHRQNKVKEU
 2  3 VJG[DGIKP  GZRQTVKPIVJG[  0QGTTQT 
 4  5 JCXGPQVTGUGCTEJVJG  VCT  9JKNGRTQXKUKQPUQPGSWCNKV[CPF
 5WTGUJJCXGPGXGT 2 GPEQWT IGVOCTMGVUQTJCXGPQVRNCPPGF PQPFKUETKOKPCVKQP  YQWNF
CIGFPQT 3 EQPFQPGFXKQNGPEG GPQWIJ  0QGTTQT  RTQOQVGGSWCNQRRQTVWPKV[  
4 0QGTTQT 5  2CTVQHYJCVCOCPNGCTPUYKNN KP VJG RTQEGUU TGUGTXCVKQP CV
OGCUWTCDNG   CU URGEKHKE
 2  3 LQDUUJQWNFPQVDGFGPKGF  
MPQYNGFIGCPFUMKNNUYJKNG  
 4  5 0QGTTQT 
CPQVJGTRCTVKPXQNXGUEJCPIGU
 6JGEQPUGSWGPEGQH 2 JKUECTG  0QGTTQT   )QXGTPOGPV JCU TGRQTVGFN[
NGUUPGUUYCU 3 VJCVVJGICOG  *GGZRNCKPGFVJCVVJGRKNNCTUQH OCFG KVU FKURNGCUWTG MPQYP
YCUNQUV 4 0QGTTQT 5 VTKDCNKUO  VJCVJWOCPUTGN[   RCTVKEWNCTN[ QP VJG URGGF
 2  3 QPHQTUGEWTKV[YQWNFCNYC[U   CPFUVGCNVJYKVJYJKEJ  VJG
 4  5 EQWPVGTCP[UKIPKHKECPVEWNVWTG PGIQVKCVKQPUCTGEQORNGVGF  
QTUQEKCNEJCPIG  0QGTTQT  0QGTTQT 
 5EKGPVKUVUKPVGPFGF 2 VQTGKP
 6JGTGKUCDCTTKGTCOQPIVJGGII  6JKUYKNNGZRNCKPUVJGFGEKUKQP
VTQFWEG CPF EQPUGTXG ITG[
JGCFCPF  VJGJQKRQNNQKCPF VCMGP  VQKORQUGCDNQEMCFG
YQNXGU 3 KPVJGKTQTKIKPCNJCD
KVYQWNFDGNC\[  KFGCNKUOVQ QPVJGEQWPVT[KP  VJGOKFUV
KVCVU 4 0QGTTQT 5
KIPQTGKV  0QGTTQT  QHCETKUKU  0QGTTQT 
 2  3  %TGFKVYJGPWUGFTGURQPUKDN[  *GDWKNVVJGVJGCVTGCUCVTKDWVG
 4  5 ECPCEJKGXGCITGCVPWODGT   VQ JKU TQQVKPIU   CPF VJG
 $JCTCVCPCV[COYKNNCNUQ 2 HGC QHRQUKVKXGVJKPIUKPQWTNKXGU
VJQWIJVQHKVQWVNCUVKPIJKO  
VWTGKPVJGVYQYGGM 3 9QTNF UWEJCU  HKPCPEKPICPFRC[
YQWNFUWTGN[JCXGIKXGPJKOVJG
/WUKE(GUVKXCN 4 0QGTTQT 5 KPIQHQWTFTGCOJ[DTKFQTEQN
ITGCVGUVLQ[  0QGTTQT 
 2  3 NGIGVWKVKQPHGGU  0QGTTQT 
 #UYKVJRGQRNGUQOGOQPMG[U  #UUGXGTCNUVWFKGUUJQYUQXGT
 4  5  VJG[GCTUVJGCPPWCNFCVC
CTG NC\[   NKMG VJQUG YJQ
 6JGDGJCXKQWTQHTGUKFGPVURK UNGGRCNNFC[KPVJG\QQ  CPF KU WUGHWN KP   TGXKGYKPI
FGTU 2 VQYCTFURKTCVGURKFGTU UQOGYGTGKPFWUVTKQWU  0Q VTGPFUQHGZVTGOGGXGPVU  
CPFVJGKTQYPRTG[ 3 CTGSWKVG GTTQT  0QGTTQT 
FKHHGTGPV 4 0QGTTQT 5  6JG RQUVOCP VTCXGNNGF D[ VJG  6JGOQUVGHHGEVKXGOGCUWTGVQ
 2  3 E[ENGQHVGPYCFKPIVJTQWIJ   MGGR  QWTTQCFUUCHGKUGP
 4  5 UYCORUQTRCUUGFVJTQWIJLWP HQTEGOGPVQHTWNGU  YKVJ\GTQ
 6JGIQXGTPOGPVPGGFVQCFQRV INGU  KPQTFGTVQTGCEJVJGXKN VQNGTCPEGVQCP[XKQNCVGTWNG  
2  C OWNVK[GCT GZRGPFKVWTG NCIGU  0QGTTQT  0QGTTQT 
QWVNQQM 3 YJKNGRTGRCTKPIVJG  0QOCVVGTYJCV#UJQMCFKFKP
 5GTXKEGRTQXKFGTUECPPQVUVCPF
DWFIGV 4 0QGTTQT 5 JKUGCTNKGT  [GCTUKPVJGGPF
KPVJGYC[QHC  EQPUWOGTŏU
KPIJGRTQXGFVQDGWPEQOOQP
 2  3 CEEGUUVQEQPVGPVKVUJQWNFJCXG
N[  XKTVWQWUCPFYKUG  
 4  5 0QGTTQT  DGKPIRTQXKFGF  YKVJQWVCP[
 6KEMNGKU 2 QPGQHVJGDTQCF  /QFGTP OGFKEKPGU JCU UEQTGF JKPFTCPEG  0QGTTQT 
GUVCPFFGGRGUV 3 UWDLGEVKP UKIPKHKECPVXKEVQTKGU  CICKPUV 3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
UEKGPEG 4 0QGTTQT 5 DQVJKPHGEVKQPCPFVTCWOC   55%%).6KGT++ %$'
 2  3 VJGOCLQTECWUGUQHKNNJGCNVJCPF 'ZCO
 4  5 FGCVJ  0QGTTQT   *GWUGFVQUKVUFC[CPFPKIJV
 +HNKHGGZKUVGFQP/CTUKVKUOQUV  WPFGTCVTGGKPHTQPVQHC
 6JG UEKGPVKUVU HQWPF VJCV 2 
NKMGN[VQDGKP  VJGHQTOQH VGORNG   VJCV KU JQY JG
NGQRCTFUVGPFVQJQKUVRTG[ 3 
DCEVGTKCDWTKGFFGGRKP  VJG GCTPGF VJG PCOG   0Q GT
VJCVCTGDGVYGGPJCNHCPFQPG
RNCPGVŏURGTOCHTQUVQTNKEJGPU TQT 
CPFCJCNHVKOGUKVŏUQYPYGKIJV
 0QGTTQT   6JGTG CTG OCP[ KPPGT XQKEGU
4 0QGTTQT 5  %CP+PFKCOCMGKVVQCNGCFGT
 2  3 VJCVURGCM  VQWUKPUKFG[QWT
UJKRRQUKVKQP  QTYKNNKVDG
JGCFCPFDGNKGXGVJCV  VJG[
 4  5 TGVCKPGF VJG ŎHCUV VTCKPIQKPI
UJQWNFPQVDGVTWUVGF  0Q
 6JTQWIJQWVVJGJKUVQT[ 2 JW UNQYŏ  KOCIGKVCNYC[UJCF!
 0QGTTQT  GTTQT 
OCPUJCUGZKUVGFUKFGD[UKFG
 6JGRTKGUVENCUUVQQMWRQPKV  9KVJ)QF UDNGUUKPIUCPFJCTF
3 YKVJDCEVGTKCCPFXKTWUGU
UGNHVJGOQPQRQN[  QHUETKR YQTM  +ENGCTGFOCP[JWT
4 0QGTTQT 5
VWTCNMPQYNGFIGCPFKPVGTRTGVC FNGUKPNKHGCPFFKF  TGCUQP
 2  3
VKQP  QHVJGUCOGVQKVUQYP CDNGYKVJDQVJRTQHGUUKQPCNCPF
 4  5 RGTUQPCNN[  0QGTTQT 
CFXCPVCIG  0QGTTQT 

5''Ō

 +H [QW JCXG ETGCVKXG UVTGCM
YJKEJ[QWJCXGPGXGT  RWT
UWGFQTKPVGTGUVGFKPCPGYHKGNF
  ICVJGT [QWT GPGTI[ CPF
OQXGVQYCTFUKV  0QGTTQT
  6JG&GNJK2QNKEGQTICPK\GCOGIC
 6JGQPN[VJKPIVJCVGPFWTGUCPF
ECPUWUVCKP  CPKPHCPVVKNNVJG
UVCIGKVTGEGKXGUKOOWPKV[  
EQOGUHTQOVJGEQPUWORVKQPQH
OQVJGTUOKNM  0QGTTQT 
 6JGKPVGTPCNCPFGZVGTPCNGPXK
TQPOGPVYG  GZRGTKGPEGKP
QWTVJQWIJVUHGGNKPIUCPFVJG
 YQTNFCTQWPFWUCNUQJCU
CPCHHGEV  0QGTTQT 
 4CUC[CPC UCTGVJGDNGPFUQHVQP
KE JGTDU OGVCNU HTWKVU  
IWOUCPFJCXGURGEKHKEOGVJ
QFUQHRTQFWEVKQP  YJKEJKP
ENWFGFVJGVKOGQHICVJGTKPI  
0QGTTQT 
 +PTGNCVKQPUJKRUVQQUJGUGGOU
VQQJCXGUWDUKUVGF  QPPQVJ
KPIDWVVJGGORVKPGUUQHJGT  
JGCTVVQVJGOCUVGTQHJGTNKHG
 0QGTTQT 
 1WTVJQWIJVJCXGCFKTGEVKO
RCEVQPQWTDQF[  CPFJGPEG
VJG[ ETWEKCNN[ CHHGEV QWT  
GOQVKQPCNCPFRJ[UKECNYGNNDG
KPIVQQ  0QGTTQT 
 9JGP[QWFTKPMVJGUYGGVEQ
EQPWVYCVGT  KVKUCOGVC
RJQTHQTGZRGTKGPEGLQ[YKVJKP
 HTGGQHGIQCPFQVJGTJCU
UNGU  0QGTTQT 
 /WEJ DGNKGXG VJCV KH [QW CTG
OQFGTP[QW  UJQWNFPQVDG
TGNKIKQWU CPF XKEG XGTUC  
ECPŏVURKTKVWCNKV[CPFOQFGTPKV[
EQGZKUV!  0QGTTQT 
 9J[KUKVVJCVVJG[ECPFGXGNQR
QPN[ C   EGTVCKP CURGEV QH
VJGTG NKHG CPF PQV TGCNK\G  
VJGKTHWNNRQVGPVKCN!  0QGT
TQT 
 +HVJGUWPCPFOQQPYGTGDCN
CPEGFYJKEJOGCPU  KHJGCV
CPFEQNFCTGKPGSWKNKDTKWOVJG
 RGTUQPKUJGCNVJ[  0Q
GTTQT 
 'CTVJECPDGEQPUKFGTGFCECIG
QT RTKUQP   DGECWUG QWT
EJQKEGUCTGNKOKVGFVQ  QWT
CXCKNCDNGCYCTGPGUUCPFTGUVTKEV
GF  0QGTTQT 
 +H C IWTW KU C MKPF QH JKTGF
VGCEJGT   PQPG QH JKU TQNGU
JKVU VJG OCTM   QH YJCV KU
KPVGPFGF  0QGTTQT 
COMMON ERRORS
 6JGITQYVJKP+PFKCKUCOC\KPI
 VJGITQYVJHTQOOKNNKQP
EQPPGEVKQPU  KPVQ
OKNNKQPEQPPGEVKQPUPQYKUXGT[
KORTGUUGF  0QGTTQT 
 HWPEVKQPCVVJG6JC[CICTCL
5VCFKWO  VQRTQOQVGŎUGNHFG
HGPEGVTCKPKPIŏHQTYQOGPCPF
IKTNU  0QGTTQT 
 #NNVJG[PGGFVQFQKUHGGFVJGKT
EQPVCEV  FGVCKNU HGGF VJG
+/'+PWODGTVQTGEGKXKPI  
CP162QPVJGKTOQDKNG  0Q
GTTQT 
 5QVJGPGZVVKOG[QWCTGGCVKPI
UWUJK  [QW GZCEVN[ MPQY
YJCVVQFQYKVJ  VJCVGZVTC
YCUCDKVJCVJCXGEQOGCNQPI
 0QGTTQT 
 6JKU KU VJG HKTUV ECT HQT QWT
PGKIJDQWTJQQF/T5JCTOCYJQ
 JCUCJCTFVKOGDCNCPEKPI
JKUYKHG  CPFMKFUQPJKUQNF
UEQQVGT  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%*5.   6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO
 &WG VQ VJG   UPQY VJG  
OCTMUYCUWPTGEQIPKUCDNG  
0QGTTQT 
 #EEGRVCPEGKUPQVCDQWVCNNQY
KPIGXGT[VJKPIVQQEEWTQTVQIQ
QP  KVKUPGKVJGTTGNCVGFVQ
RCUUKXKV[CPFYGCMPGUU  PQT
KUKVCDQWVEQPHKTOCVKQPQTOG
FKQETKV[  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   0GJCKUCXGT[IQQFHCUJKQP  
55%%*5.   6KGT+ %$'
'ZCO
 5JGRKEMGF  QPVJG  VTCKN
UQQPCHVGT  0QGTTQT 
 +PVGTPGV5GTXKEG2TQXKFGTU +52U
UJQWNFRTQXKFGWU  YKVJQRGP
PGVYQTMUCPFUJQWNFPQVDNQEM
QTFKUETKOKPCVGHQT  CP[CR
RNKECVKQP QT EQPVGPV VJCV TKFGU
QXGTVJQUGPGVYQTMU  0QGT
TQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   9JGP VJG RTQHGUUQTU CTG QP
55%%#2(U#5+&GNJK2QNKEG5+1PNKPG
'ZCO 5JKHV++ 
 *GEQOOCPFGFOG  CUKHJG
YCU  O[JWUDCPF  0Q
'TTQT 
 6JG'PINKUJKUCXGT[  RQRW
NCTNCPIWCIG  COQPIUVUQWVJ
+PFKCPU  0Q'TTQT 
 6JKUEQPVCKPGTKUHWNNYKVJYCVGT
 UQ+ECPŏVECTT[KVHQTC  
NQPIFKUVCPEGCVQPGIQ  0Q
'TTQT 
5''Ō
 +H[QWYKNNHKPKUJ[QWTJQOGYQTM
+  YKNNIKXG[QW  CPKEG
ETGCO  0Q'TTQT 
*CFUJGPQVMPQYP  CDQWVKV
UJG UJQWNF   JCXG UVC[GF
NQPIGT  0Q'TTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%#2(U#5+&GNJK2QNKEG5+1PNKPG
'ZCO 5JKHV++ 
 0QVQPN[JGTJWUDCPF  DWV
GXGPJGTHCVJGT  CNUQHKPFJGT
UGNHKUJ  0Q'TTQT 
 6JG9GUV+PFKGUVGCOJCF  
PQV YQP CP[ OCVEJ   NCUV
[GCT  0Q'TTQT 
 +H[QWKPHQTOOGQH-CPKMCŏU  
CTTKXCNVKOG+UJCNNIQVQ  CV
VGPFJGTCVVJGCKTRQTV  0Q
'TTQT 
 *CTFN[JCFJGEQOGQWVQHVJG
 EKPGOCJCNNVJGPVJGDQOD
GZRNQFGF  CPFUJCVVGTGFVJG
JCNNEQORNGVGN[  0Q'TTQT 
 $GECWUGEQRRGTRTKEGUCTGIQ
KPIFQYP  FGOCPFHQTCNVGT
PCVKXG  RTQFWEVUVQEQRRGT
CTGNGUUGPKPI  0Q'TTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%#2(U#5+&GNJK2QNKEG5+'ZCO
2CRGT+ 5JKHV++ 
 6JG %'1 JCU FGEKFGF VQ XKUKV
CNNVJG  FGRCTVOGPVUQHVJG
QHHKEGVQOQTTQY  GXGPKPIVQ
TGXKGYQHVJGUKVWCVKQP  0Q
'TTQT 
FGUKIPGTDWVJGTFGUKIPUCTGPQV
 GCUKN[CEEGUUKDNGYKVJVJG
RWDNKE  0Q'TTQT 
 &T#2,#DFWN-CNCOŏUNKHGYCU
C  UCICQHFGFKECVKQPKPVJG
  ECWUG QH GFWECVKQPCN TG
HQTOUKP+PFKC  0Q'TTQT 
 #UJKUJYCUNKUVGPKPI  VQC
TCFKQYJGP  5WPKVCCTTKXGF
 0Q'TTQT 
UVTKMG  CPFCPQVKEGVQVJKU
GHHGEVKURCUVGFQPVJGWPKXGTUK
V[ICVG  VJGTGKUPQUGPUGVQ
IQVJGTG  0Q'TTQT
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%#2(U#5+&GNJK2QNKEG5+1PNKPG
'ZCO 5JKHV++ 
 4QUJPKCNYC[UYCPV  VQIGV
VJGDGUVQHHCEKNKVKGU  YJGVJ
GT UJG FGUGTXGU KV QT PQV  
0Q'TTQT 

 4QJCPUOQVJGTCFXKUGF  JKO
PQVVQFTKXGVJG  ECTNCVGN[CV
PKIJV  0Q'TTQT 
 +KPUKUVGFDWVPGKVJGT2TCXGGP
QTJKU  HTKGPF$JCTCVKUTGCF[
 VQYQTMQPCJQNKFC[  
0Q'TTQT 
 2TCDJCVKUKORTGUUGFD[JKU  
[QWPIGT DTQVJGT DGECWUG JG KU
ENGXGTGT  CPFCOWUKPIVJCP
JGKU  0Q'TTQT 
 +P QTFGT VQ TGCEJ JKU QHHKEG QP
VKOG  4QJCPJCULQIIGFVYQ
OKNGUCFC[  WPVKNJGDQWIJV
JKUDKMG  0Q'TTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%#2(U#5+&GNJK2QNKEG5+'ZCO
5JKHV++ 
 +H+YCUJG  +YQWNFPŏV  
CEEGRV VJKU IKHV   0Q 'TTQT

 4KVGUJ EQWNF UWEEGGF   KP
ECVEJKPIVJG(TKUDGGDGHQTG  
KV TGCEJGU VJG DQWPFCT[ NKPG
 0Q'TTQT 
 #UJWVQUJKUQPGQHVJGRNC[GTU
 YJQJCUDGGPUGNGEVGF  
HQTVJG6OCVEJ  0Q'T
TQT 
 /CFJWTKFKFPQVTGRN[  YJGP
+ CUMGF JGT   YJ[ YCU UJG
YGGRKPI  0Q'TTQT 
 4QUJPKUC[UVJCVUJGRTGHGTU  
CYJKVGUJKTVVJCPEQNQWTGFQPG
 KPHQTOCNOGGVKPIU  0Q
'TTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   &JCTCORCNYKNNDGTGOCKPKPLCKN
55%%#2(U#5+&GNJK2QNKEG5+1PNKPG
'ZCO 5JKHV+ 
 &T 4KVW YCU GZRNCKP VJG  
DGPGHKVU QH FQKPI [QIC CV  
NGCUVHQWTVKOGUCYGGM  0Q
'TTQT 
 #HVGT[GCTUQHKPFGRGPFGPEG
OCP[  UQEKQGEQPQOKERTQD
NGOUKUUVKNN  TGOCKPKPIVQDG
UQNXGFKP+PFKC  0QGTTQT 
 )WTICQPKUHWNNQHVCNNDWKNFKPIU
YJKEJKU  CVQPEGKVUUVTGPIVJ
CU YGNN CU YGCMPGUU   FG
RGPFKPIWRQPJQYQPGNQQMUCV
KV  0Q'TTQT 
 7PNGUU[QWFQPQV  IKXGWR
DCFJCDKVU  [QWYKNNUWHHGT
 0Q'TTQT 
 8GIGVCDNGUCUYGNNCUHTWKVU  
JCXGHCNNGPEQPUKFGTCDN[  KP
RTKEGU KP TGEGPV FC[U   0Q
'TTQT 
COMMON ERRORS
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%#2HU#5+&GNJK2QNKEG5+'ZCO
5JKHV+++ 
 4QJCPCPF+CO  DGUVHTKGPFU
CPF  YGQHVGPOGGVGCEJQVJ
GT  0Q'TTQT 
 *CTFN[JCFJGNGHV  VJGUVC
FKWOVJCPKVDGICP  VQTCKP
JGCXKN[  0Q'TTQT 
 1WTEQORCP[PQVQPN[OCPWHCE
VWTGU  RNCUVKEEQPVCKPGTUDWV
 CNUQUVGGNEQPVCKPGTU  0Q
'TTQT 
 *GTUQPJCUFQPGCPF  KUUVKNN
FQKPIGZEGNNGPV  YQTMHQTJKU
DWUKPGUU  0Q'TTQT 
 #NVJQWIJ4CJWNTCPXGT[  HCUV
N[ JG EQWNF PQV  ECVEJ VJG
OQXKPIDWU  0Q'TTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  VNGUKIPQHUNQYKPI  0QGT
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI5VCHH'ZCO
 5JKHVV+++ 
 6JGVQREQWTVCNUQCITGGVQJGCT
CUGRCTCVG  2+.YJKEJJCU
TCKUGFVJGKUUWGQHNCEMQH  
UCHGV[ OGCUWTGU KP RTKXCVG
UEJQQNUCETQUUVJGEQWPVT[  
0Q'TTQT 
 6JG[JCXGENCKOGFVQ  JCXG
FGHCEG  YGDUKVGU DGNQPIKPI
 VQXCTKQWUEQWPVTKGU  0Q
'TTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   2
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI5VCHH'ZCO
5JKHV+++ 
 DGECWUGQHVJGQVJGTECUGU
 RGPFKPICICKPUVJKO  0Q
'TTQT 
 9JGP JG YCU CTTGUVGF D[ VJG
RQNKEG  KP0QXGODGT
JKUHQNNQYGTUIQQP  CTCO
RCIGHQTVYQYGGMU  0Q'T
TQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI5VCHH'ZCO
5JKHV+++ 
 6JGCPIT[OQDYGPVQPCPTCO
RCIG  VQTEJGFTKEMUJCYU
DTQMG INCUUGU QH XGJKENGU
RCTMGFPGCT  VJGCTGCCPF
FCOCIGF RQNKEG XGJKENGU  
0Q'TTQT 
 6JGRQNKEGEWVQHHRQYGTUWR
RN[  VQUVTGGVNKIJVUHQTMGGR
VJGETQYF  CYC[HTQOVJG
RQNKEGUVCVKQP  0Q'TTQT 
5''Ō

55%/WNVK6CUMKPI5VCHH'ZCO
5JKHV+++ 
 9GIWCTCPVGGVJCV[QWYKNN  
PGXGT IGV C DQZ YJQ [QW  
JCXGCNTGCF[TGEGKXGF  0Q
GTTQT 
 6JGQNFGTDQ[HTQOCRQQTHCO
KN[FGXCUVCVGU  D[VJG)TGCV
&GRTGUUKQPDTGFCPFUQNF  
JCOUVGTUHQTURCTGEJCPIG  
0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI5VCHH'ZCO
5JKHV+++ 
 (TQO)GTOCP[VQ8GPG\WGNCVQ
5QWVJ#HTKECGSWKV[OCTMGVU  
KP DQVJ OCVWTG CPF GOGTIKPI
OCTMGVU JCU   OQXGF WR
UJCTRN[VJKU[GCTCPFUJQYNKV
TQT 
 +V UVCTVGF QWV NGPFKPI UOCNN
UWOU VQ RQQT   GPVTGRTG
PGWTU KP VJG EQWPVT[ VQ JGNR
VJGO  ITQYHTQOCUWDUKU
VGPEGNKXKPIVQCNKXGNKJQQFU  
0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%#2(U#5+&GNJK2QNKEG5+'ZCO
2CRGT++ 
 6JGRNCEGYGTG 2 $WFFJCYCU
ETGOCVGF 3 JCUTGEGPVN[DGGP
FKUEQXGTGF 4 0QGTTQT 5
 3
 4  5
 -KPI RGPIWKPU 2  CTG CEVKXG
VJTQWIJQWV 3 VJGNQPIUWO
OGTFC[U 4 0QGTTQT 5
 2  3
 4  5
 6JG -GRNGT 5RCEG 6GNGUEQRG
2 NCWPEJGFQPYCUFG
UKIPGF 3 VQ HKPF RNCPGVU
CTQWPFQVJGTUVCTU 4 0QGT
TQT 5
 2  3
 4  5
 #RTKPEGYGTG 2 KPUGCTEJQH
C5WHKOCUVGT 3 VQJGNRJKO
KPJKUO[UVKECNLQWTPG[ 4 0Q
GTTQT 5
 2  3
 4  5
 'CTVJŏUFGUGTVU 2 KUCNCPFQH
GZVTGOGU 3 EQPUVCPVN[RWUJ
KPINKHGVQVJGNKOKV 4 0QGT
TQT 5
 2  3
 4  5
 COMMON ERRORS
 9JGTGXGT[QWNKXG 2 VJGTGKU  6JGDGJCXKQWTQHTGUKFGPVURK  )TCVKVWFGKUQPGQHVJGOQTGGU
UWTGN[ UQOG EQWPVT[UKFG QT FGTU 2 VQYCTFURKTCVGURKFGTU UGPVKCNXKTVWGUHQTTGCN  KP
EQCUVNKPG 3 PQVVQQHCTCYC[ CPFVJGKTQYPRTG[ 3 CTGSWKVG PGTRTQURGTKV[CPFJCRRKPGUU
VJCV[QWCTGRTQWFQH 4 0Q FKHHGTGPV 4 0QGTTQT 5 DGECWUGKV  ECPEQPPGEVWU
GTTQT 5  2  3 VQVJG&KXKPG  0QGTTQT 
 2  3  4  5  6JG CTQOC QH VJG KPXKIQTCVG
 4  5  6JGIQXGTPOGPVPGGFVQCFQRV OQTPKPIEWRQHVGCEQOGU  
 +H [QW FGUETKDG UQOGQPG CU C 2  C OWNVK[GCT GZRGPFKVWTG YCHVKPI WR VJG UVCKTYC[ CPF
OCXGTKEM 2 [QWOGCPVJCVJG QWVNQQM 3 YJKNGRTGRCTKPIVJG UQQP+CO  UKRRKPIKVUNQYN[
KUWPEQPXGPVKQPCNCPFKPFGRGP DWFIGV 4 0QGTTQT 5 CPFTGXGTGPVKCNN[YKVJQWVTWUJ
FGPV 3 CPFFQPQVVJKPMQT  2  3 KPI  0QGTTQT 
DGJCXGKPVJGUCOGYC[CUQVJ  4  5  #HHKTOCVKQPUHKTGVJGYKNNVQHQ
GTRGQRNG 4 0QGTTQT 5 EWUCPFRGTUGXGTCPEGVQYCTFU
 6KEMNGKU 2 QPGQHVJGDTQCF
 2  3  IQCNTGCNKUCVKQPCPFGPCDNG
GUVCPFFGGRGUV 3 UWDLGEVKP
RQUKVKXG  VJQWIJVUVQRGTOG
 4  5 UEKGPEG 4 0QGTTQT 5
CVG QPG\U UWD EQPUEKQWUPGUU
 #PEKGPVLGYGNNGT[QTFGEQTCVKQP  2  3  0QGTTQT 
2  JCU C PGY OGCPKPI 3   4  5  6JG DKIIGUV RTQDNGO HCEGF D[
YKVJVJGFKUEQXGT[DQPGQTPC  6JG UEKGPVKUVU HQWPF VJCV 2   CNNFGXGNQRKPIEQWPVTKGUKU
OGPVU 4 0QGTTQT 5 NGQRCTFUVGPFVQJQKUVRTG[ 3  VJG  NCEMQHVTCKPKPIOCPRQY
 2  3 VJCVCTGDGVYGGPJCNHCPFQPG GT  0QGTTQT 
 4  5 CPFCJCNHVKOGUKVŏUQYPYGKIJV  6JGOQTGQDXKQWUHGCVWTG  
 %CP[QWVGNNOG 2 VJGPCOG 4 0QGTTQT 5 QHVJGOQFGTPYQTNFKUVJGGPQT
QHVJGRGTUQP 3 YJQOYTQVG  2  3 OQWU  FGXGNQROGPVQH5EK
VJGDQQM! 4 0QGTTQT 5  4  5 GPEG CPF 6GEJPQNQI[   0Q
 2  3  6JTQWIJQWVVJGJKUVQT[ 2 JW GTTQT 
 4  5 OCPUJCUGZKUVGFUKFGD[UKFG  %TKVKEU QH VGNGXKUKQP QHVGP  
3 YKVJDCEVGTKCCPFXKTWUGU HQEWU QP VJG RTGXCNGPV QH  
 /GPYJQJCUTKUGP 2 D[VJGKT
4 0QGTTQT 5 XKQNGPEGKPVQFC[ŏURTQITCOOGU
QYPGZGTVKQPU 3 CTGCNYC[U
 2  3  0QGTTQT 
TGURGEVGF 4 0QGTTQT 5
 4  5  1WT UEJQQN CFOKPKUVTCVKQP
 2  3
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  UJQWNFUGTKQWUN[EQPUKFGT  
 4  5 IKXGPUVWFGPVUOQTGTGURQPUK
55%%).6KGT++%$''ZCO
 9G JCXG KUUWGF 2  C QTFGT DKNKV[CPFGORQYGTKPI  VJG
UGGMKPIKOOGFKCVG 3 RTKPVKPI  )QQFTQNGOQFGNUKPENCUUTQQOU
UVWFGPV EQWPEKN VQ RNC[ OQTG
QHTGXKUGFRTKEGVCI 4 0QGT CPFKPEQOOWPKVKGUCTGVJGOQUV VJCP C U[ODQNKE TQNG   0Q
TQT 5 KORQTVCPV  RCTVQHIGVVKPIGF GTTQT 
WECVGCUVJGCEVKQPUCPFFGEK
 2  3  1WTUEJQQNŏUHCEWNV[CPFCFOKP
UKQPU  QHTQNGOQFGNUKORCEV
 4  5 KUVTCVKQPUJQWNFPQV  UCETK
VJGDGJCXKQWTQHQVJGTU  0Q HKEGJKIJUVCPFCTFUCPFTGIWNC
 5WTGUJJCXGPGXGT 2 GPEQWT GTTQT 
CIGFPQT 3 EQPFQPGFXKQNGPEG VKQPUKPQTFGT  VQOCMGUVW
 ,WFCKUOUC[UURKTKVWCNKV[KUC FGPVU VGORQTCTKN[ JCRR[  
4 0QGTTQT 5 RTQEGUUQHRGTUQPCN  VTCPU 0QGTTQT 
 2  3 HQTOCVKQPKPXQNXKPIXCNWGUCPF  6TGPFCPCN[UVUGZRGTVUURGEKCN
 4  5 DGNKGHUVJCV  RTQXKFGURWT K\GU  KPRTGFKEVKPIYJCVYKNN
 6JGEQPUGSWGPEGQH 2 JKUECTG RQUGCPFIWKFCPEGHQTQWTNKX  DGKPCPFYJCVYKNNDGQWV
NGUUPGUUYCU 3 VJCVVJGICOG KPI  0QGTTQT   0QGTTQT 
YCUNQUV 4 0QGTTQT 5  +PCPKORGTHGEVYQTNFYKVJPQV  1PGQHVJGJC\CTFQHUYKOOKPI
 2  3 UQRGTHGEV RGQRNG CPF KPUVKVW  KPVJGQEGCPKUCPWPGZRGEV
 4  5 VKQPU[QWJCXGVQRNC[  [QWT GF  GPEQWPVGTYKVJCLGNN[
 5EKGPVKUVUKPVGPFGF 2 VQTGKP TQNGVJGDGUV[QWECPVCMGCU HKUJ  0QGTTQT 
VTQFWEG CPF EQPUGTXG ITG[ OCP[CU[QWECPCNQPIYKVJ[QW  /CP[QHWUJCXGUVTKXKPIVQRTQ
YQNXGU 3 KPVJGKTQTKIKPCNJCD  YKVJGORCVJ[CPFCDKVQH FWEG  CDNGPFQHCNNEWNVWTGU
KVCVU 4 0QGTTQT 5 NQXKPIFGVCEJOGPV  0QGT VJCV UGGO   VQFC[ VQ DG KP
TQT  ENCUJYKVJQPGCPQVJGT  0Q
 2  3
 'CTVJŏU TGUQWTEGU JCXG VQ DG GTTQT 
 4  5
RTQVGEVGFCPFUWUVCKPCPFYG  9JGP VJG DWUKPGUU KU TCP
 $JCTCVCPCV[COYKNNCNUQ 2 HGC PGGFVQ  UJCTGQWTTGUQWTE UOQQVJN[  FKTGEVQTUCTGOQTG
VWTGKPVJGVYQYGGM 3 9QTNF GUCETQUUURGEKGUCUYGCNNCTG VJCPJCRR[VQRKEMCPGZRGTK
/WUKE(GUVKXCN 4 0QGTTQT 5  KPVGTEQPPGEVGFCUQPGIK GPEGFKPUKFGT  YJQYKNNEQP
 2  3 CPVNKXKPIQTICPKUO  0QGT VKPWG CNQPI VJG RTGUGPV RCVJ
 4  5 TQT   0QGTTQT 

5''Ō

 5EKGPVKUVUUJQYVJCVVJGTGKUC
EWTKQWU  TGNCVKQPUJKRCOQPI
C NKQP\U NKHG URCP CPF   VJG
RCVVGTPQHURQVUQPGCEJUKFGQH
KVUHCEG  0QGTTQT 
 -CTPCVCMCTGEGKXGUOQUVQHKVU
CPPWCNTCKPHCNNFWTKPIVJGOQP
UQQP  YJGTGCU6COKN0CFW
FQGUPQVIGVOWEJVJGP  CPF
KVJCUVQYCKVUVKNNVJGCFXGPVQH
PQTVJGCUVOQPUQQP  0QGT
TQT 
 'FWECVKQPKUCKPUVTWOGPVYJKEJ
  KORCTVU MPQYNGFIG CPF
VJGTGHQTG  KPFKTGEVN[EQPVTQNU
RQYGT  0QGTTQT 
 2TQITGUUKPNKHGFGRGPFU  C
IQQF FGCN WPFGT ETQUUKPI  
QPGVJTGUJQNFCHVGTCPQVJGT  
0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%*5.   6KGT%$''ZCO
5JKHV+++ 
 5JGYCU  SWKVGCOWUKPI  
CVVJCVUVQT[  0QGTTQT 
 /QPG[DKNNUEQWNFQPN[DGKPVTQ
FWEGFKPVJG.QM5CDJC  CPF
WRQPDGKPIRCUUGFCTGUGPVVQ
VJG 4CL[C 5CDJC   YJGTG
VJG[ECPDGFGNKDGTCVGFWRQPHQT
WRVQFC[U  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  VJTQWIJ VJG NCY QH CVVTCEVKQP
55%%*5.'ZCO   6KGT+%$'
5JKHV+ 
 /[DGUVYKUJGU  CTGCNYC[U
 YKVJ[QW  0QGTTQT 
 6JKU [GCT YG YGTG XKUKVGF D[
VJGFKTGEVQTQH#WUVTKCP%WNVWT
CN(QTWO  DCUGFQP&GNJK
CPFVQIGVJGTYGCNNYCPVGF  
VQKPKVKCVGCPCTVHGUVKXCNKP5QWVJ
+PFKC  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  PQYDGEQOGQWTRTKOCT[KPUVTW
55%%*5.   6KGT+%$''ZCO
5JKHV+ 
 2JQVQU[PVJGUKUKU  RQUUKDNG
 DGECWUGQHUWP  0QGT
TQT 
 'XGT[ GHHGEV YG UGG JGCT QT
URGCM KP QWT QWVUKFG   QT
RJ[UKECN YQTNF JCU C URGEKHKE
ECWUGVJCV  JCXGKVUQTKIKP
KP VJG KPPGT QT OGPVCN YQTNF
 0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%*5.   6KGT%$''ZCO
+++5JKHV 
 6QYJQ  FKF[QW  URGCM
NCUVPKIJV!  0QGTTQT 
COMMON ERRORS
 6JGGCTNKGUVETGFKDNGGXKFGPEGQH
EQHHGGFTKPMKPIQTMPQYNGFIGQH
VJGEQHHGGVTGG  CRRGCTUKP
VJGOKFFNGQHVJGHKHVGGPVJEGP
VWT[  CUGXKFGPVHTQOVJGCE
EQWPVUQH#JOGFCN)JCHHCTKP
;GOGP  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  VTCPUKGPV NKMG C FGYFTQR  
55%%*5.   6KGT+%$''ZCO
5JKHV+ 
 5JGTGCEJGFVQ  UVCVKQPDCTG
N[  QPVKOG  0QGTTQT 
 6JGIQCNQHRGTUQPCNFGXGNQROGPV
KUVQNGCTPCPFCRRN[VJCV  
YJKEJGPCDNGWUVQCVVCKPGOQ
VKQPCNYGNNDGKPIWPFGTUVCPFKPI
CPF   GHHGEVKXGPGUU CPF VQ
UJCTGVJKUMPQYNGFIGYKVJQVJ
GTU  0QGTTQT 
55%%*5.   6KGT+%$'
'ZCO 5JKHV+ 
 *GTDGJCXKQWT  CTQWPFJKO
 YCUCNKVVNGQFFN[  0Q
GTTQT 
 6JG OQTG GPGTI[ YG IKXG VQ C
RCTVKEWNCT VJQWIJV   VJG
ITGCVGT KU KVU RQYGT VQ CVVTCEV
KVUEQTTGURQPFKPIEKTEWOUVCPEG
KPVQ   VJGKT RJ[UKECN YQTNF
 0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  RTKOCTKN[ WUGF CU DWKNFKPI
55%%*5.   6+'4+
%$''ZCO 5JKHV+ 
 5JGKUYCNMKPI  KPVJGRCTM
 UKPEGOQTPKPI  0QGT
TQT 
 6JG OQDKNG RJQPG YJKEJ YCU
RTKOCTKN[WUGFVQEQOOWPKECVG
YKVJVJGQWVUKFGYQTNF  JCU
OGPV  QHDGKPIYTCRRGFWR
KP QWT QYP UGNH   0Q GTTQT
 CUJVGORNGDWVVJCV  KUPŏVC
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%*5.   6+'4+%$'
'ZCO 5JKHV+ 
 *GHCNNQXGTVJG  NGFIGCHVGT
 FTKPMKPIJGCXKN[NCUVPKIJV
 0QGTTQT 
 6JG/CNFKXGUJCUDGGPDWHHGV
GF D[ QPG RQNKVKECN ETKUKU CHVGT
CPQVJGT  UKPEG0CUJGGFVJG
HKTUVFGOQETCVKECNN[GNGEVGF2TGU
KFGPV  YCUHQTEKDN[VQSWKVKP
  0QGTTQT 
5''Ō
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%*5.   6+'4+%$'
'ZCO 5JKHV+++ 
 *GYCUPQV  ITCVGHWNHQT  
4CJWNHQTJGNRKPIJKUECWUG  
0QGTTQT 
 1P VJG QPG JCPF NKHG UGGOU
CPFQPVJGQVJGTJCPFKVKURGT
OCPGPV  YKVJVJGRQVGPVKCN
HQTGVGTPCNEQPVKPWKV[  0Q
GTTQT  
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%*5.   6+'4+%$'
'ZCO 5JKHV+ 
 /[ OQVJGT   VQNF OG  
FQPŏVGCVVJGLWPMHQQF  0Q
GTTQT 
 'CTN[OCTTKCIGUQPN[PQVNGCFU
VQ JKIJRQRWNCVKQP   CPF
VJYCTV VJG RTQITGUU QH QWT
[QWPIRQRWNCVKQP  VJG[GP
VCKNCPGPQTOQWUCOQWPVQHVTQW
DNGVQ[QWPIOQVJGTU  0Q
GTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%*5.   6KGT+%$'
'ZCO 5JKHV+ 
 *GEQQMGFVJG  FKPPGTCPF
 VJCPRWVVJGTCFKQQP  
0QGTTQT 
 2TQVGKPUCTGRTQXKFGTUQHGPGT
I[KPCPGOGTIGPE[  CPFCTG
DNQEMKPI  HQTITQYVJCPFTG
RCKTQHOCP[DQF[VKUUWGU  
0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%*5.   6KGT+%$'
'ZCO 5JKHV+++ 
 /CTMYQPCNN  VJGCYCTFHQT
VJGECVGIQTKGU  KPYJKEJJG
YCUPQOKPCVGF  0QGTTQT 
 ;QWŏNNURGPFOQUVQH[QWTVKOG
ICRKPI  KPCYGCVVJG-CKN
QPN[IGOVJCV'NNQTCJCUVQQH
HGT  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%*5.   6KGT+%$'
'ZCO 5JKHV+ 
 9JCVJCRRGP  CV[QWT  
EQNNGIGVQFC[!  0QGTTQT 
 5QOGIKTNUCTGVCMKPIRTKQTRGT
OKUUKQPVQ  URQTVCNQQUGN[
VKGFRNCKVQPVJGFC[U  VJG[
JCFYCUJGFVJGKTJCKT  0Q
GTTQT 

3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   6JGKPLWUVKEGHTQOVJGUGPVGPEG
55%%*5.   6KGT+%$'
'ZCO 5JKHV+++ 
 6JGHGYOQOGPV  QHFGNKD
GTCVKQP  ICXGJGTVJGUQNW
VKQP  0QGTTQT 
 &GNJKJCFDGGPECRVWTGFTCP
UCEMGFCPFTGDWKNVUGXGTCN  
VKOGU CPF OQFGTP &GNJK KU C
ENWUVGTQHCPWODGT  QHEKV
KGUURTGCFCETQUUVJGOGVTQRQN
KVCPTGIKQP  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō   6JG6CL/CJCNECPDG  ECNNGF
55%%*5.   6KGT+%$'
'ZCO 5JKHV+ 
 #NNVJCVYGCFOKTGFCPFCFQTGF
  DGHQTG CU ITGCV CPF OCI
PKHKEGPV  CTGQDNKVGTCVGFQT
XCPKUJGF  0QGTTQT 
 #P QPNKPG UJQR GXQMG VJG
CPCNQI[QHDW[KPIRTQFWEVUQT
UGTXKEGU  CVCTGIWNCTTGVCKN
QTUJQRRKPIEGPVTGVJKURTQEGUU
  KU ECNNGF DWUKPGUUVQ
EQPUWOGT $%  GŌEQOOGTEG
 0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  TQT 
55%%*5.   6KGT+%$'
'ZCO 5JKHV+++ 
 1HCNNVJGHQTVU  VJCV+ŏXGXKU
KVKP+PFKC  &CWNCVCDCF(QTV
KU O[ HCXQWTKVG   0Q 'TTQT
 3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
 6JG$GPEJYKNNCNUQJCXGVQUC[
 YJGVJGTVJGNCYUCTGTGCNN[
CVEQPUQPCPEGYKVJ  VJGDC
UKEVGPGVUQHVJG#EV  
0Q'TTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  Ŏ%NGCP%KVKGU+PVGTPCVKQPCN  
55%%*5.   6KGT+%$'
'ZCO 5JKHV+ 
 +NQQMWR  CHVGTVJGDNCUV  
QHNKIJVGPXGNQRGFVJGRCTM  
0QGTTQT 
 #EEQTFKPI VQ VJG %QRGTPKECP
RTKPEKRNGVJG'CTVJFQGUPQV 
QEEWR[CWPKSWGRQUKVKQPKP
VJG7PKXGTUGYJKNG  KORNKGU
NKHG QP QVJGT RNCPGVU ECP DG C
RQUUKDKNKV[  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  0QGTTQT 
55%%*5.   6KGT+%$'
'ZCO 5JKHV+++ 
COMMON ERRORS
RTQPQWPEGF   CDQXG VJCV
ITGCVUEKGPVKUVKU  PQYGXK
FGPVVQWUCNN  0QGTTQT 
 5YCOK8KXGMCPCPFCFKGFXGT[
[QWPIKPJKUGCTN[VJKTVKGU  
DWV VJG RJGPQOGPCN CEJKGXG
OGPVUJGKUETGFKVYKVJ  CTG
HQTIGPGTCVKQPUVQTGOGODGT  
0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%*5.   6KGT+%$'
'ZCO 5JKHV+ 
LGYGN  QHVJGPCVKQP  0Q
GTTQT 
 0KXGFKVCŏU NQXG HQT GXGT[VJKPI
+PFKCP  YCUGNQSWGPVN[FGO
QPUVTCVGFKPJGTUGTXGQHVGCVQ
.CF[/KPVQ  YJQYCUQPC
XKUKVVQVJG&CMUJKPGUJYCTVGO
RNG  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō  VKPWGFKPVJG'CTN[/KFFNG#IGU
55%%*5.   6KGT+%$'
'ZCO 5JKHV+++ 
 5JG JCU C   MKPF G[GU  
YKVJCDGCWVKHWNHCEG  0QGT
 'ZRGTVUJCXGRTGFKEVVJCV  
YKVJKP VGP [GCTU GVJCPQN YKNN
GOGTIG  CUVJGRTKOCT[CW
VQOCVKEHWGNKPVJGYQTNF  
0QGTTQT 
55%%*5.   6KGT+%$'
'ZCO 5JKHV+ 
 /[HKTUV  VCUMKU  VQIQ
HQTUJQRRKPI  0QGTTQT 
 +P  &GNJK YQP VJG HKTUV
2CTVPGTQHVJG;GCTŏCYCTFCVKVU
őDQNFGHHQTVUVQEWTD  CKTRQN
NWVKQPCPFUWRRQTVCNVGTPCVKXG
HWGNKPKVKCVKXGUΠ 0QGTTQT 
 + FQPŏV VJKPM + UJCNN   IGV
VJTQWIJCNN  VJKUYQTMVJKU
CHVGTPQQP  0QGTTQT 
55%%*5.   6KGT+%$'
'ZCO 5JKHV+++ 
 *GJCUUGGP  UQOGDCFFC[U
 DWVPQYJGKUYGNNQH  
55%%*5.   6KGT+%$'
'ZCO 5JKHV+++ 
5''Ō
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%*5.   6KGT+%$'
'ZCO 5JKHV+++ 
 +P RGTUQPKHKECVKQP KPCPKOCVG
QDLGEVU   CPF CDUVTCEV PQ
VKQPUCTGURQMGPQH  CUNKHG
CPFKPVGNNKIGPV  0QGTTQT 
 #YQQFRGEMGTJCOOGTKPICYC[
CVCVTGGGZRGTKGPEGU  HQTE
GUKPVQVKOGUVJCVQH  
'CTVJ U ITCXKV[ QT  ) U
 0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%*5.   6KGT+%$'
'ZCO 5JKHV+++ 
 'XQNWVKQPCT[ RTQEGUUGU IKXG
TKUGVQDKQFKXGTUKV[KPGXGT[  
NGXGNQHDKQNQIKECNQTICPKUCVKQP
KPENWFKPIVJGNGXGNQH  URG
EKGUKPFKXKFWCNQTICPKUOUCPF
OQNGEWNGU  0QGTTQT 
 2QRWNCVKQPFGENKPGEQWPVGTWT
DCPKUCVKQPKPXCUKQPCPF  
OQXGOGPVQHRGQRNGYJKEJJCF
DGIWPKP.CVG  #PVKSWKV[EQP
 0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō 
55%%*5.   6KGT+%$'
'ZCO 5JKHV+++ 
 6JG-CONGUJYCTTGUGTXQKTKPVJG
UCPEVWCT[   KU C DGUV RNCEG
 VQUGGVJGOCTUJETQEQFKNG
 0QGTTQT 
 6JGRGQRNGQH1TNGCPUYJKNG  
VJG[HKTUVUCYJGTKPVJGKT  
EKV[VJQWIJVUJGYCUCPCPIGN
 0QGTTQT 
55%%*5.   6KGT+%$'
'ZCO 5JKHV+++ 
 +YCPV[QWVQ  YTKVGCPGU
UC[  YJKEJYKNNDGKPENWFG
KPVJGLQWTPCN  0QGTTQT 
 (QTRGCEGCPFJCRRKPGUUKPVJG
YQTNF  YGPGGFVQTGOKPF
QWTUGNXGU  QHQWTRJKNQUQRJ[
CPFEWNVWTCN  0QGTTQT 
3WGUVKQP 0Q Ō  
+FGPVKH[VJGUGIOGPVKPVJGUGPVGPEG
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
SSC Stenographer Grade ‘C’ and ‘D’ Exam
Held on : 07.02.2019 (Shift-II)
 6JGUVCHHQHVJGFCKT[YCUHKTO
VJCVVJGTGYCUPQURCEGKPUKFG
HQTOQTGECVVNGCUVJGTGYCUCN
TGCF[  UVTC[ CPKOCNU KP
UKFG
 VJGTGYCUCNTGCF[
 HQTOQTGECVVNG
 YCUHKTO
 VJGTGYCUPQURCEG
 COMMON ERRORS
 ;GUVGTFC[VJGHCTOGTUKP*CVJ  # PWODGT QH RQKPVU QH TGUGO  6JG.KHGE[ENGJ[RQVJGUKUJQNFU
TCUTQWPFGFWRCDQWVCDCP DNCPEGDGVYGGPVJG#WUVTCNKCP VJCVKPFKXKFWCNUUGGMVQUOQQVJ
FQPKPIEQYUCPFDWNNUCPFVQQM CPF&TCXKFKCPNCPIWCIGUKUFKU EQPUWORVKQPQXGTVJGEQWTUGQH
VJGOVQCFCKT[KPCVTWEM EQXGTGFFGURKVGVJGHCEVVJCVVJG CNKHGVKOGDQTTQYKPIKPVKOGU
 TQWPFGFWR JQOGUQHVJGVYQTCEGUCTGUQ QHNQYKPEQOGCPFUCXKPIFWT
 CDQWVCDCPFQPKPIEQYU HCTCRCTV KPIRGTKQFQHJKIJKPEQOG
 VJGHCTOGTU  FGURKVGVJGHCEV  KPVKOGU
 VQQMVJGOVQCFCKT[  RGTKQFQH
 RQKPVUQHTGUGODNCPEG
 *KUEJCPEGUQHYKPPKPIDQVJVJG  QXGTVJGEQWTUG
 UQHCTCRCTV
TCEGUUGGOUUNKIJVVQOG  VQUOQQVJ
 KUFKUEQXGTGF
 QHYKPPKPI  .WRKPKUQPGQHVJGNGCUVKORQT
 *KUEJCPEGU 3WGUVKQP 0Q Ō   VCPVRGTUQPKPVJGQRRQUKVKQPCPF
 UGGOUUNKIJV +FGPVKH[VJGUGIOGPVKPVJGUGPVGPEG ECPPGXGTJQRGVQDGEQOGCOKP
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT KUVGT
 DQVJVJGTCEGU
 1WTPGKIJDQWTUYKVEJQPJKU68
SSC Stenographer Grade ‘C’ and ‘D’ Exam  DGEQOG
GCTN[KPVJGOQTPKPICVHWNNXQN Held on : 08.02.2019 (Shift-II)  KPVJGQRRQUKVKQP
WOG  'XGTUKPEG/CT[YQPVJGGNGE  ECPPGXGT
 JKU68 VKQPUJGJCUDGGPDGJCXKPICU  NGCUVKORQTVCPVRGTUQP
 GCTN[KPVJGOQTPKPI KHUJGYCUCSWGGP  &YCTH ICNCZKGU JCXG VQ JQNF
 UYKVEJQP  UKPEG ENWGUVJCVEQWNFJGNRWUVQWP
 CVHWNNXQNWOG  VJGGNGEVKQP FGTUVCPF DGVVGT VJG PCVWTG QH
 ;QWEQWNFHKPFQWTJQWUGGCUK FCTMOCVVGT
 JCUDGGPDGJCXKPI
N[FKFPŏV[QW!  FCTMOCVVGT
 YCU
 FKFPŏV[QW  VQWPFGTUVCPFDGVVGT
 /CP[CIKTNYGTGKPHNWGPEGFD[  JCXGVQJQNF
 GCUKN[
VJGKPURKTCVKQPCNNGEVWTGIKXGPD[  EQWNFJGNRWU
 QWTJQWUG
VJG0QDGNNCWTGCVG
 ;QWEQWNFHKPF 3WGUVKQP 0Q Ō  
 0QDGNNCWTGCVG (TQOVJGIKXGPQRVKQPUKFGPVKH[VJG
 6JG[YGPVHQTC$JKNXKNNCIGHQT
CFC[XKUKV  YGTGKPHNWGPEGF UGIOGPVKPVJGUGPVGPEGYJKEJEQP
 CFC[XKUKV  KPURKTCVKQPCNNGEVWTG VCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
%QPUVCDNG )&%#2(U0+#55(
 HQT  /CP[CIKTN
4KHNGOCPF )& #UUCO4KHNGU
 HQTC$JKNXKNNCIG  $CIJFCFTGOCKPUCRTQHQWPFN[ ':#/  5JKHV+
 6JG[YGPV FCOCIGFRNCEGCPFHQTCNNKVU
- ;QWCTGKPXKVGVQDWKNFCDGVVGT
 *GICXGLQDUVQUGXGTCNWPGO PGYPGUU&TGCO%KV[GEJQOCP[
EQOOWPKV[D[RNCPVKPICUGGF
RNQ[GFOGPKPCTGOQVGXKNNCIG QHVJGEKV[ UEQPVKPWKPIKUUWGU
YJQKUDCVVNKPIRQXGTV[ QHRGCEGYKVJKPCPFCVTGGQWV
 EQPVKPWKPIKUUWGU UKFG
 *GICXGLQDU
 CRTQHQWPFN[FCOCIGF  ;QWCTGKPXKVGVQ
 KPCTGOQVGXKNNCIG
 PGYPGUU  DWKNFCDGVVGTEQOOWPKV[
 VQUGXGTCNWPGORNQ[GF
 YJQKUDCVVNKPIRQXGTV[  GEJQ  D[RNCPVKPICUGGFQHRGCEG
 9GJCFSWKVGKPVGTGUVKPIVCNMQP  5EKGPVKUVU JCXG FKUEQXGTGF C  YKVJKPCPFCVTGGQWVUKFG
VTGMMKPICVQWTEQNNGIG[GUVGT PGYVTGGHTQIURGEKGUYKVJCP
 +P+PFKCVJGXCTKQWURTCEVKEGU
FC[ GZVTCQTFKPCT[GPNCTIGFENCYNKMG
UVTWEVWTGNQECVGFCVVJGDCUGQH CPFPQTOUHTQODCPMŏUVTCPU
 SWKVGKPVGTGUVKPIVCNM
CEVKQPUCTGNCKFFQYPD[VJG4$+
 QPVTGMMKPI VJGVJWODVJCVNKXGQPCTGOQVG
QPN[
 9GJCF VCDNGVQROQWPVCKPKPVJG#PFGU
 D[VJG4$+QPN[
 CVQWTEQNNGIG  NQECVGFCV
 CTGNCKFFQYP
 6JG DTKFIG TGRCKTGF [GUVGTFC[  JCXGFKUEQXGTGF  VJGXCTKQWURTCEVKEGU
UQVJGVTCHHKEYCUFGNC[GF  YKVJCPGZVTCQTFKPCT[  PQTOUHTQODCPMŏUVTCPUCE
 6JGDTKFIGTGRCKTGF  NKXG QP C TGOQVG VCDNG VQR VKQPU
 YCUFGNC[GF OQWPVCKP - 9JKNGYGYQWNFNKMGCNN+PFKCP
 [GUVGTFC[
 6JGVGCEJGTJCFJCTFN[NGHVVJG EJKNFTGPVQIQVQUEJQQNYGPGGF
 UQVJGVTCHHKE TQQOVJCPVJGRWRKNUUVCTVGFGP
 9GQHVGPYGPVHQTDQCVKPIYJGP VQRQPFGTYJ[VJG[FQGUPQV
LQ[KPI
YGNKXGKP0CKPKVCN  YGPGGFVQRQPFGT
 VJCP  9JKNGYGYQWNFNKMG
 HQTDQCVKPI
 9GQHVGP  UVCTVGFGPLQ[KPI  +PFKCP EJKNFTGP VQ IQ VQ
 YJGPYG  6JGVGCEJGT UEJQQN
 NKXGKP0CKPKVCN  JCFJCTFN[NGHV  YJ[VJG[FQGUPQV

5''Ō

3WGUVKQP 0Q Ō   3WGUVKQP 0Q Ō   3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
(TQOVJGIKXGPQRVKQPUKFGPVKH[VJG
UGIOGPVKPVJGUGPVGPEGYJKEJEQP
VCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%QPUVCDNG )& ':#/
  5JKHV+
 +VOCMGUWUTGCNKUGJQYWPUWKV
CDNGQWTGFWECVKQPU[UVGOCTG
DGECWUGKVECPPQVJGNRWUFGCN
YKVJNKHG UOQUVDCUKEKUUWGU
 GFWECVKQPU[UVGOCTG
 KVECPPQVJGNRWU
 NKHGŏUOQUVDCUKEKUUWGU
 +VOCMGUWUTGCNKUG
 %QORWVGTUGXGT[YJGTGWUGTCP
FQOPWODGTUCUMG[UVQNQEMGF
QT WPNQEM GPET[RVGF KPHQTOC
VKQP
 GPET[RVGFKPHQTOCVKQP
 %QORWVGTUGXGT[YJGTG
 WUGTCPFQOPWODGTUCU
 MG[UVQNQEMGFQTWPNQEM
 9KVJVJGJGNRQHUMKNNDCUGFGF
WECVKQPQHHGTKPEQNNGIGUOCP[
UVWFGPVUYKNNDGEQOGGNKIKDNGHQT
XCTKQWULQDU
 9KVJVJGJGNRQH
 GNKIKDNGHQTXCTKQWULQDU
 OCP[UVWFGPVUYKNNDGEQOG
 UMKNNDCUGFGFWECVKQPQHHGT
KP
3WGUVKQP 0Q Ō    CFXKEGU
(TQOVJGIKXGPQRVKQPUKFGPVKH[VJG
UGIOGPVKPVJGUGPVGPEGYJKEJEQP
VCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%#2(U0+#55(%QPUVCDNG )&
#UUCO4KHNGU4KHNGOCP )&
':#/  5JKHV+
 +PHQTOCVKQPUWKVCDNGHQTEQOOW
PKECVKQPKPVGTRTGVCVKQPQTRTQ
EGUUKPI D[ C EQORWVGT CTG
ECNNGFCU&CVC
 UWKVCDNGHQTEQOOWPKECVKQP
 +PHQTOCVKQP
 KPVGTRTGVCVKQPQTRTQEGUUKPI
 CTGECNNGFCU&CVC
 /QUVOCLQTJQNKFC[UJCUUQOG
EQPPGEVKQPVQVJGEJCPIGQHUGC
UQPUGXGT[YJGTG
 /QUVOCLQTJQNKFC[U
 VQVJGEJCPIGQH
 JCUUQOGEQPPGEVKQP
 UGCUQPUGXGT[YJGTG
 #LC[UC[UJGWPFGTUVQQF(TGPEJ
DWVECPPQVURGCMKVCUHNWGPVN[
CUJKURCTGPVUCPFITCPFRCTGPVU
FQ
 DWVECPPQVURGCM
 JGWPFGTUVQQF(TGPEJ
 RCTGPVUCPFITCPFRCTGPVUFQ
 CUHNWGPVN[CU
COMMON ERRORS
+FGPVKH[VJGUGIOGPVKPVJGUGPVGPEG VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%5+KP&GNJK2QNKEG%#2(U 55%%).6+'4%$'
#5+ %+5( ':#/ 5JKHV+ ':#/ 5JKHV+
 +P VJKU PQXGN + ECOG CETQUU  9GJCFVQFGENKPGUGXGTCNQT
UQOGYQTFUYJKEJOGCPKPI+FQ FGTUKPECUGVJCVVJGRTQFWE
PQVMPQY VKQPYCUJGNFWRFWGVQNCDQWT
 ECOGCETQUU UVTKMG
 YJKEJOGCPKPI  KPECUGVJCV
 +PVJKUPQXGN  VJGRTQFWEVKQPYCUJGNFWR
 FQPQVMPQY  FWGVQNCDQWTUVTKMG
 9GJCFVQFGENKPG
 6QO[RQKPVQHXKGYJGUJQWNF
 %[ENQPG+FCKMKNNGFCVNGCUV
PQVJCXGDGJCXGFKPUWEJCOCP
RGQRNG KP <KODCDYG CPF
PGT
/Q\CODKSWG CNVJQWIJ KV VQTG
 UJQWNFPQVJCXG
CETQUU5QWVJGTP#HTKEC
 DGJCXGF
 %[ENQPG+FCKMKNNGF
 6QO[RQKPVQHXKGY
 KVVQTGCETQUU
 KPUWEJCOCPPGT  CNVJQWIJ
 6JG QNF OCP ENKODGF UGXGP  CVNGCUVRGQRNG
HNQQTU YKVJ JCTFN[ PQ GHHQTV CV 3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
CNN VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
 ENKODGF YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
 CVCNN 55%%).6+'4%$'
 6JGQNFOCP ':#/ 5JKHV+
 %[ENQPGNFKCKUTGICTFGFCUQPG
 JCTFN[PQGHHQTV
QHVJGYQTUVVTQRKECNE[ENQPGQP
 +VJCPMGFJKOHQTJKUCFXKEGU
TGEQTFVQCHHGEV#HTKECCPFVJG
 JKO
5QWVJGTP *GOKURJGTG CU C
 +VJCPMGF YJQNG
 %[ENQPGNFCKKUTGICTFGF
 HQTJKU  VJGYQTUVVTQRKECNE[ENQPG
 9J[ UJG YCU CPIT[ YKVJ JGT  CUCYJQNG
UQP!  VQCHHGEV#HTKEC
 UJGYCU  CPIT[YKVJ  'XGT[GORNQ[GGQHVJGEQORC
 JGTUQP  9J[ P[ YGTG IKXGP C VYQ DGFTQQO
3WGUVKQP 0Q Ō   HNCVCU&KYCNKDQPWU
+FGPVKH[VJGUGIOGPVKPVJGUGPVGPEG  CU&KYCNKDQPWU
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT  CVYQDGFTQQOHNCV
55%5+KP&GNJK2QNKEG%#2(U  'XGT[GORNQ[GG
#5+ %+5( ':#/ 5JKHV+  YGTGIKXGP
'KVJGT#XKMCQT0KMWPLCTGIQKPI 3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VQYKPVJGRTK\GKPVJGJCPFYTKV VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
KPIEQORGVKVKQP YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
 'KVJGT#XKMC  QT0KMWPL 55%%).6KGT+ %$' 'ZCO
 KPVJG  CTGIQKPIVQ  5JKHV++
 5JGKUCNYC[UHKPFKPIHCWNVYKVJ  5JGIQVVYQSWKEMRTQOQVKQPU
VJGHQQF+EQQM KPQTFGTVJCVUJGJCUIQQFEQO
OWPKECVKQPUMKNNU
 +EQQM
 VYQSWKEMRTQOQVKQPU
 HCWNVYKVJ
 UJGJCUIQQFEQOOWPKECV
 VJGHQQF
KQPUMKNNU
 KUCNYC[UHKPFKPI  KPQTFGTVJCV
 6JGXKNNCIGYKVJCNNKVUJQWUGU  UJGIQV
YGTGHNQQFGFD[VJGTKXGT
 &WG VQ VJG %[ENQPG +FCK XCUV
 D[VJGTKXGT CTGCUQHNCPFJCXGDGGPHNQQF
 YGTGHNQQFGF GFTQCFUFGUVTQ[GFCPFEQO
 KVUJQWUGU OWPKECVKQPUFKUTWRVKPIKP<KO
 YKVJCNN DCDYGCPF/QUCODKSWG
5''Ō

 XCUVCTGCUQHNCPFJCXGDGGP
HNQQFGF
 CPF EQOOWPKECVKQPU FKU
TWRVKPI
 &WGVQVJG%[ENQPG+FCK
 TQCFUFGUVTQ[GF
 5JG NQUV C DKI QTFGT HTQO C
MPQYPUJQYTQQOKPECUGQHJGT
QYPECTGNGUUPGUU
 KPECUGQH
 JGTQYPECTGNGUUPGUU
 5JGNQUVCDKIQTFGT
 HTQOCMPQYPUJQYTQQO
 6QTTGPVKCN TCKPU CPF YKPFU QH
WRVQ  MO RGT JQWT UYGRV
CYC[TQCFUJQOGUCPFDTKFIGU
CPFMPQEMKPIFQYPRQYGTCPF
EQOOWPKECVKQPNKPGU
 MPQEMKPIFQYP
 JQOGUCPFDTKFIGU
 UYGRVCYC[TQCFU
 YKPFUQHWRVQ
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%).6KGT+ %$' 'ZCO
 5JKHV++
 +MPQYVJGEQDDNGTYJKEJOGPFU
VJGUJQGUQWVUKFGVJGICVGQHQWT
EQNQP[
 +MPQYVJGEQDDNGT
 VJGUJQGU
 YJKEJOGPFU
 QWVUKFGVJGICVG
 6JGUVTGGVCTVKUV5CVKUJ/WPLCN
JCUDGGPRCKPVKPIVJKUYCNNUKPEG
VJGRCUVQPGYGGM
 JCUDGGPRCKPVKPI
 VJGUVTGGVCTVKUV
 VJKUYCNN
 UKPEGVJGRCUVQPGYGGM
 6JGTKXGT;COWPCJCUOCP[PQP
PCVKXGURGEKGUNKMGIQNFHKUJVJCV
KUCHHGEVKPIKVUGEQU[UVGO
 KVUGEQU[UVGO
 6JGTKXGT;COWPC
 VJCVKUCHHGEVKPI
 JCUOCP[PQPPCVKXGURGEKGU
 9GYKNNTGUVHQTUQOGVKOGYJGP
YGYKNNTGCEJVJGVQR
 9GYKNNTGUV
 YJGPYGYKNN
 TGCEJVJGVQR
 HQTUQOGVKOG
COMMON ERRORS
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%).6KGT+ %$' 'ZCO
 5JKHV+
 5JGHQTIQVNQEMVJGFQQTYJGP
UJGYGPVQWVKPCJWTT[
 KPCJWTT[
 5JGHQTIQVNQEM
 VJGFQQTYJGP
 UJGYGPVQWV
 .QFK%QNQP[KP&GNJKKUXGT[FKH
HGTGPVHTQOQVJGTRNCEGUKPVJG
EKV[VJCVKUETQYFGFCPFPQKU[
 KUXGT[FKHHGTGPV
 HTQOQVJGTRNCEGU
 KPVJGEKV[
 VJCVKUETQYFGFCPFPQKU[
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%).6KGT+ %$' 'ZCO
 5JKHV++
 6JG,CRCPGUGCTVKUV;QJ0CICQ
YCU DWU[ URNCUJKPI VJG YCNN
HTQOEQNQWTU
 URNCUJKPIVJGYCNN
 YCUDWU[
 HTQOEQNQWTU
 6JG,CRCPGUGCTVKUV
 6JG&QQP8CNNG[YKVJCNNKVUNKIJVU
NQQMDGCWVKHWNCVPKIJVHTQOVJG
VQRQHVJGOQWPVCKP
 NQQMDGCWVKHWN
 HTQOVJGVQR
 CVPKIJV
 YKVJCNNKVUNKIJVU
 'CEJQHVJGIKTNUJCXGIKXGPCP
KORTGUUKXGFCPEGRGTHQTOCPEG
 JCXGIKXGP
 'CEJQHVJGIKTNU
 CPKORTGUUKXG
 FCPEGRGTHQTOCPEG
 +H UQ OCP[ ECVEJGU JCF PQV
DGKPIFTQRRGFYGYQWNFJCXG
YQPVJGOCVEJ
 +HUQOCP[ECVEJGU
 JCFPQVDGKPIFTQRRGF
 YQPVJGOCVEJ
 YGYQWNFJCXG
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%).6KGT+ %$' 'ZCO
 5JKHV+
 /QUV FKURWVGU ECP DG UQNXGF
COKECDN[ WPNGUU QPG CTG PQV
TKIKF
5''Ō
 /QUVFKURWVGU
 ECPDGUQNXGFCOKECDN[
 WPNGUUQPGCTG
 PQVTKIKF
 +P VJG PQTVJGTP UWDWTDU QH
$GPICNWTWJQOGVQVJGDWNMQH
VJGKPHQTOCVKQPVGEJPQNQI[KP
FWUVT[VJGYCVGTETKUKUKUGXGP
YQTUV
 JQOGVQVJGDWNMQH
 KUGXGPYQTUV
 VJGYCVGTETKUKU
 +PVJGPQTVJGTPUWDWTDU
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%).6KGT+ %$' 'ZCO
 5JKHV++
 0QUQQPGTFKFJGUGGVJGVKIGT
YJGPJGTCPCUHCUVCUJGEQWNF
 PQUQQPGTFKF
 JGUGGVJGVKIGT
 YJGPJGTCP
 CUHCUVCUJGEQWNF
55%%).6KGT+ %$' 'ZCO
 5JKHV++
 6JG OCVEJ KU CDQWV VQ DGIKP
UKPEGVJGECRVCKPCUYGNNCUVJG
VGCOCTGQPVJGHKGNF
 CTGQPVJGHKGNF
 6JGOCVEJKUCDQWVVQDGIKP
 UKPEGVJGECRVCKP
 CUYGNNCUVJGVGCO
55%%).6KGT+ %$' 'ZCO
 5JKHV++
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%).6KGT+ %$' 'ZCO
 5JKHV+++
 5WRTK[CCUMGF-KTCPVJCVYJGTG
JCFJGTOQVJGTIQPGYJGPVJG
TGUWNVU QH VJG EQPVGUV YGTG
DGKPIFGENCTGF
 VJCVYJGTGJCFJGTOQVJGT
IQPG
 5WRTK[CCUMGF-KTCP
 YGTGDGKPIFGENCTGF
 YJGP VJG TGUWNVU QH VJG
EQPVGUV
 1PVJGYC[JGYCUDKVGFQPJKU
VQGD[CRQKUQPQWUUPCMG
 1PVJGYC[
 JGYCUDKVGF
 QPJKUVQG
 D[CRQKUQPQWUUPCMG

3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%).6KGT+ %$' 'ZCO
 5JKHV+
 6JGTGKUPŏVOCP[TKEGNGHVKPVJG
JQWUGUQYGOWUVTGRNGPKUJQWT
UVQEMUQQP
 QWTUVQEMUQQP
 UQYGOWUVTGRNGPKUJ
 6JGTGKUPŏVOCP[TKEG
 NGHVKPVJGJQWUG
 6GP MKNQOGVTGU CTG C NQPI
FKUVCPEGVQEQXGTQPHQQVHQTC
EJKNF
 6GPMKNQOGVTGUCTG
 VQEQXGTQPHQQV
 CNQPIFKUVCPEG
 HQTCEJKNF
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%).6KGT+ %$' 'ZCO
 5JKHV++
 6JGNGPIVJQHCOCNGUYCNNQYŏU
VCKNTGXGCNJKUCVVTCEVKXGPGUUHQT
CHGOCNGUYCNNQY
 6JGNGPIVJQH
 COCNGUYCNNQYŏUVCKNTGXGCN
 CHGOCNGUYCNNQY
 JKUCVVTCEVKXGPGUUHQT
 /[HCVJGTFKUUWCFGFOGVQVT[
HQT C LQD CU JG YCPVGF OG VQ
RWTUWGJKIJGTUVWFKGU
 CUJGYCPVGFOG
 /[HCVJGTFKUUWCFGFOG
 VQRWTUWGJKIJGTUVWFKGU
 VQVT[HQTCLQD
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%).6KGT+ %$' 'ZCO
 5JKHV+++
 6JGEJKNFCNQPIYKVJJKURCTGPVU
YGTGYCKVKPIHQTVJGRTQITCOOG
VQDGIKP
 CNQPIYKVJJKURCTGPVU
 YGTGYCKVKPIHQTVJG
 6JGEJKNF
 RTQITCOOGVQDGIKP
 *G KU OQTG UOCTVGT VJCP JKU
DTQVJGT VJQWIJ JG FQGU PQV
GCTPOWEJOQPG[
 VJCPJKUDTQVJGT
 *GKUOQTGUOCTVGT
 OWEJOQPG[
 VJQWIJJGFQGUPQVGCTP
COMMON ERRORS
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%).6KGT+ %$' 'ZCO
 5JKHV+
 0QVEQORN[KPID[CP[QHVJGNCYU
ECP NCPF [QW KPVQ UGTKQWU
VTQWDNG
 KPVQUGTKQWUVTQWDNG
 CP[QHVJGNCYU
 ECPNCPF[QW
 0QVEQORN[KPID[
 4CLC4CXK8CTOCYCUQPGQHVJG
HKTUVCTVKUVYJQVTKGFVQETGCVGC
UV[NGVJCVYCUDQVJOQFGTPCPF
VTCFKVKQPCN
 4CLC4CXK8CTOCYCU
 DQVJOQFGTPCPFVTCFKVKQP
CN
 VQETGCVGCUV[NGVJCVYCU
 QPGQHVJGHKTUVCTVKUV
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%).6KGT+ %$' 'ZCO
 5JKHV++
 6JGTGFWEVKQPKPVJGEQUVQHGF
WECVKQP FWG VQ CP KPETGCUG KP
UWDUKFKGU QHHGT D[ VJG IQXGTP
OGPVKUCNUQUGGPCUCTGCUQPVQ
IGVOQTGGFWECVGF
 6JGTGFWEVKQPKPVJGEQUVQH
GFWECVKQP
 KUCNUQUGGPCUCTGCUQP
 QHHGTD[VJGIQXGTPOGPV
 FWGVQCPKPETGCUGKPUWDUK
FKGU
 ő7PNGUU [QW FKF PQV FQ [QWT
JQOGYQTM [QW YKNN DG RWPK
UJGFŒUCKFVJGVGCEJGT
 UCKFVJGVGCEJGT
 FQ[QWTJQOGYQTM
 [QWYKNNDGRWPKUJGF
 7PNGUU[QWFKFPQV
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%).6KGT+ %$' 'ZCO
 5JKHV+++
 6JGTGKUOCP[OQFGUQHVTCXGN
VQIQVQ#ITCDWV+RTGHGTTQCF
VTCXGN
 RTGHGTTQCFVTCXGN
 #ITCDWV+
 VQIQVQ
 6JGTGKUOCP[OQFGU
 *CXKPI LWUV VCMKPI C JGCX[
NWPEJ UJG YCU PQV TGCF[ VQ
JCXGCP[HTWKV
5''Ō
 VQJCXGCP[HTWKV
 VCMKPICJGCX[
 JCXKPILWUV
 UJGYCUPQVTGCF[
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%).6KGT+ %$' 'ZCO
 5JKHV+
 6JGEQUVQHHTWKVUCPFXGIGVCDNGU
JCXG TKUGP CDPQTOCNN[ VJKU
OQPVJ
 CDPQTOCNN[
 6JGEQUVQH
 JCXGTKUGP
 VJKUOQPVJ
 %QYUCTGCOQPIUVVJGIGPVNGUV
QH CPKOCNU PQPG UJQYU OQTG
RCUUKQPCVGVGPFGTPGUUVQYCTFU
VJGKT[QWPI
 PQPGUJQYUOQTG
 VQYCTFUVJGKT[QWPI
 VJGIGPVNGUVQHCPKOCNU
 %QYUCTGCOQPIUV
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%).6KGT+ %$' 'ZCO
 5JKHV++
 #NVJQWIJVJGTGCTGOQTGVJCPC
JWPFTGFMPQYPGNGOGPVUVJG[
TCTGN[QEEWTCVCRWTGUVCVG
 OQTGVJCPCJWPFTGF
 #NVJQWIJVJGTGCTG
 CVCRWTGUVCVG
 VJG[TCTGN[QEEWT
 ;QWOC[NGHVVJGENCUUYJGP[QW
JCXGEQORNGVGFVJGVGUV
 VJGENCUU
 YJGP[QWJCXG
 EQORNGVGFVJGVGUV
 [QWOC[NGHV
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%).6KGT+ %$' 'ZCO
 5JKHV+++
 'PVGTKPIVJGJCNNVJGUJQYJCF
UVCTVGF
 JCFUVCTVGF
 VJGUJQY
 'PVGTKPI
 VJGJCNN
 ő+FQPGCNQVQHYQTMVQFC[ŒUJG
UCKF
 CNQVQH  UJGUCKF
 +FQPG  YQTMVQFC[
 COMMON ERRORS
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P  6JG DKTVJ QH C IKTN DTKPI ITGCV  *GNKMGUVQRWVCNNVJGICTDCIG
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV LQ[VQ0GJCŏUHCOKN[ KPVQCDNCEMUOCNNDCI
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT  6JGDKTVJ  KPVQC
55%%).6KGT+ %$' 'ZCO  QHCIKTN  CNNVJGICTDCIG
 5JKHV+++  VQ0GJCŏUHCOKN[  *GNKMGVQRWV
 (TKEVKQPTGFWEGVJGGHHKEKGPE[  DTKPIITGCVLQ[  DNCEMUOCNNDCI
QHOCEJKPGUUQVJGKTXCNWGCNUQ  *KIJ NGXGN UGEWTKV[ CTTCPIG
 6JKUUWOOGT+ŏXGOGVFQYPC
IGVUTGFWEGF OGPVUYGTGOCFGHQTVJGHQTVJ
NQVQHKPVGTGUVKPIRGQRNG
 VJGGHHKEKGPE[QHOCEJKPGU  KPVGTGUVKPIRGQRNG EQOKPI XKUKV VQ C ,CRCPGUG
 UQVJGKTXCNWG 2TKOG/KPKUVGT
 +ŏXGOGVFQYP
 (TKEVKQPTGFWEG  5GEWTKV[CTTCPIGOGPVU
 CNQVQH
 CNUQIGVUTGFWEGF  YGTGOCFG
 6JKUUWOOGT
 HQTVJGHQTVJEQOKPI
 +COUWTGVJCVPGKVJGT,WJKPQT  + YQPŏV DG JGTG PGZV YGGM CU  XKUKVVQC
,C[C CTG TGURQPUKDNG HQT +ŏOIQKPIVQ/WODCKVQCEQP
DTGCMKPIVJGXCUG  + JCF C JCTF VKOG RC[KPI VJG
HGTGPEG FTKXGTCU+JCFQPN[JWPFTGFU
 +COUWTGVJCV  +YQPŏV TWRGGPQVG
 HQTDTGCMKPIVJGXCUG  DGJGTG  RC[KPIVJGFTKXGT
 PGKVJGT,WJKPQTLC[C  VQCEQPHGTGPEG  QPN[JWPFTGFUTWRGGPQVG
 CTGTGURQPUKDNG  CU+ŏOIQKPI  +JCFCJCTFVKOG
3WGUVKQP 0Q Ō    +COTGCNN[DQTGFQHVJKUOQXKG  CU+JCF
+FGPVKH[VJGUGIOGPVKPVJGUGPVGPEG 9JGPYCUKVGPF!  +JCFVQIQVQVJGFQEVQTDGECWUG
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT  KVGPF! +YCUPQVDGCTVJGRCKPKPO[
55%%).6KGT++ %$' 'ZCO  +COTGCNN[DQTGF VQQVJ
  JCFVQIQ
 QHVJKUOQXKG
 KPO[VQQVJ
 9J[UJQWNFCNYC[UYGJCXGVQ  9JGPYCU
 VQVJGFQEVQT
YCKVHQTJGTVQLQKPWU!  +ŏO IQKPI VQ VJG CKTRQTV VQ TG
 YCUPQVDGCT
 HQTJGTVQLQKPJGT EGKXGUO[HTKGPF
 6QYTKVGCRQGO+PGGFCRGPC
 YJ[UJQWNF  O[HTKGPF FKCT[CPFCNUQVJGSWKGVRNCEG
 CNYC[UYG  VQVJGCKTRQTV  CFKCT[
 JCXGVQYCKV  VQTGEGKXGU  VQYTKVG
 +ŏOIQKPI  CPFCNUQVJG
 5JGKUCITGCVEQQMJCUJGTQYP
DNQIQP;QW6WDGCPFYCUHQN  &QGU CP 'PINKUJ GZCOKPCVKQP  +PGGF
DGIKPCV1ŏENQEM!  +FQPŏVNKMGOQXKGUYJQJCUCP
NQYGFD[QPGNCMJXKGYGTU
 1ŏENQEM! WPJCRR[GPFKPI
 5JGKU  YJQJCU
 'PINKUJGZCOKPCVKQP
 CITGCVEQQM  +FQPŏV
 DGIKPCV
 JCUJGTQYPDNQI  NKMGOQXKGU
 &QGUCP
 YCUHQNNQYGF  CPWPJCRR[GPFKPI
 +WUGVQIQKPIHQTCOQTPKPIYCNM
 6JG2TKOG/KPKUVGTJQNFKPIKUVJG  +VVCMGUOGQPGJQWTVQIGVVQ
YJGP+YCUNKXKPIKP&GJTCFWP
KORQTVCPVOGGVKPIVQTGXKGYVJG YQTM KP VJG OQTPKPI KP YGGM
 NKXKPIKP&GJTCFWP FC[
UGEWTKV[ CPF UCHGV[ QH FQEVQTU  HQTCOQTPKPIYCNM  KPYGGMFC[
YQTMKPIKPIQXGTPOGPVJQURK
 YJGP+YCU  KPVJGOQTPKPI
VCNU
 WUGVQIQKPI  VCMGUOG
 QHFQEVQTU
 9JCVUJCNNYGFQQPQWTUGNXGU  VQIGVVQYQTM
 YQTMKPIKP VJKUGXGPKPI! 3WGUVKQP 0Q Ō  
 VQTGXKGY  VJKUGXGPKPI +FGPVKH[VJGUGIOGPVKPVJGUGPVGPEG
 JQNFKPIKUVJG  QPQWTUGNXGU YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
 9JCVUJCNN 55%%).6KGT++ %$' 'ZCO
 .CUVGXGPKPIO[HTKGPFVGNNUOG

VJGHWPP[LQMGVJCV+JCXGGXGT  YGFQ
JGCTF  0Q QPG KPHQTO OG VJCV [QW
 +PUVGCFQHUVWF[KPIKPJQOG+
YQWNFDGCDUGPV
 VJCV+JCXG YGPVVQO[HTKGPFŏUJQWUG
 0QQPGKPHQTOOG
 GXGTJGCTF  KPJQOG
 YQWNFDGCDUGPV
 VGNNUOGVJGHWPP[LQMG  +YGPV
 0QGTTQT
 +PUVGCFQHUVWF[KPI
 .CUVGXGPKPIO[HTKGPF  VJCV[QW
 VQO[HTKGPFŏUJQWUG

5''Ō

 *CXKPIDGGPCUVWFGPVCEVKXKUV
QPEG C RQNKVKEKCP PGXGT HQTIGV
VJQUGFC[U
 CRQNKVKEKCP
 PGXGTHQTIGV
 *CXKPIDGGP
 VJQUGFC[U
 2TCUCF TGECNNGF VJCV OGGVKPI
RGQRNGJCXGDGGPCRCTVQHJKU
NKHGCUCUVWFGPVCEVKXKUV
 OGGVKPIRGQRNGJCXGDGGP
 2TCUCFTGECNNGFVJCV
 CRCTVQHJKUNKHG
 CUCUVWFGPVCEVKXKUV
 +YCUUWTRTKUGFVQUGGCU#XKMC
EQWNFYTKVGUWEJIQQFRQGOUKP
*KPFK
 VQUGGCU#XKMC
 +YCUUWTRTKUGF
 UWEJIQQFRQGOUKP*KPFK
 EQWNFYTKVG
 9G JCXG UWHHKEKGPV HQQF CPF
ENQVJKPICDQWVVJGHNQQFXKEVKOU
KP-GTCNC
 9GJCXGUWHHKEKGPV
 KP-GTCNC
 CDQWVVJGHNQQFXKEVKOU
 HQQFCPFENQVJKPI
 'XGT[VJKPI JCU DGECOG XGT[
GZRGPUKXGVJGUGFC[U
 0QGTTQT
 'XGT[VJKPIJCUDGECOG
 XGT[GZRGPUKXG
 VJGUGFC[U
 1TICPK\KPIYQTNFEWROCVEJGU
KP'PINCPFKORN[VJCVTCKPUECP
DGCEQPUVCPVVJTGCV
 DGCEQPUVCPVVJTGCV
 KP'PINCPFKORN[
 VJCVTCKPUECPDG
 1TICPK\KPI 9QTNF %WR
OCVEJGU
 /[HTKGPFJCUUVCTVGFCTGUVCW
TCPVKPCYQQFGPDKIDWKNFKPIKP
/CPCNK
 KP/CPCNK
 KPCYQQFGPDKIDWKNFKPI
 /[HTKGPFJCUUVCTVGF
 CTGUVCWTCPV
 9GCNVJ%TGCVQTUCTGGUUGPVKCNHQT
OQPG[VQFKUVTKDWVGFKPVJGGEQP
QO[
 HQTOQPG[VQFKUVTKDWVGF
 CTGGUUGPVKCN
 KPVJGGEQPQO[
 9GCNVJETGCVQTU
COMMON ERRORS
 /QUV QH VJGYQTM QH VJKU 0)1
CTGQHNKVVNGDGPGHKVVQVJGFKUCF
XCPVCIGF
 /QUVQHVJGYQTM
 QHVJKU0)1
 VQVJGFKUCFXCPVCIGF
 CTGQHNKVVNGDGPGHKV
 +P QTFGT HQT JG VQ CVVGPF VJG
OGGVKPIJGPGGFUVQRTGRCTGGZ
JCWUVKXGPQVGU
 VQCVVGPFVJGOGGVKPI
 JGPGGFUVQRTGRCTG
 GZJCWUVKXGPQVGU
 +PQTFGTHQTJG
 9JCVKUVJGHWPEVKQPQHVJGMKF
PG[KPVJGDQF[!
 KPVJGDQF[
 VJGHWPEVKQPQHVJGMKFPG[
 9JCVKU
 0QGTTQT
 4QJKVFKFPQVECOGVQVJGQHHKEG
DGECWUGJGIQVJGNFWRFWGVQ
VJGJGCX[TCKPU
 VQVJGQHHKEG
 FWGVQVJGJGCX[TCKPU
 4QJKVFKFPQVECOG
 DGECWUGJGIQVJGNFWR
 &GURKVGKPEGUUCPVTCKPUUJGKU
VJGQPN[QPGYJQRNCPVQCVVGPF
VJGOGGVKPICVVJGOKPKUVT[
 &GURKVGKPEGUUCPVTCKPU
 YJQRNCPVQCVVGPF
 VJGOGGVKPICVVJGOKPKUVT[
 UJGKUVJGQPN[QPG
 'XGT[DQF[ KU YCKVKPI VQ UGG
YJGVJGTVJGPGYNGCFGTUJKRJCU
GHHGEVUQOGEJCPIGUUQQPKPVJG
RCTV[
 'XGT[DQF[KUYCKVKPIVQUGG
 UQQPKPVJGRCTV[
 JCUGHHGEVUQOGEJCPIGU
 YJGVJGTVJGPGYNGCFGTUJKR
 +COIQKPIVQCJQNKFC[VQ2CPEJ
OCTJKVQOQTTQY
 VQOQTTQY
 VQ2CPEJOCTJK
 VQCJQNKFC[
 +COIQKPI
 6JG5QEKCN/GFKC&GRCTVOGPVKU
JGCFNGUU CV VJG OQOGPV CPF
OCP[CTGX[KPIVQVJGRQUV
 KUJGCFNGUUCVVJGOQOGPV
 6JG 5QEKCN /GFKC &GRCTV
OGPV
 VQVJGRQUV
 CPFOCP[CTGX[KPI
5''Ō
 *G UYKVEJGF QP VJG 68 VQ NKU
VGPKPIVQVJGURGGEJQHVJG2/
QPVJG+PFGRGPFGPEG&C[
 *GUYKVEJGFQPVJG68
 QHVJG2/
 VQNKUVGPKPIVQVJGURGGEJ
 QPVJG+PFGRGPFGPEG&C[
 6JG[OCFGJGTCUVJG%JCKTRGT
UQPQHVJGKTDCPM
 0QGTTQT
 CUVJG%JCKTRGTUQP
 QHVJGKTDCPM
 6JG[OCFGJGT
 6JG[ECPŏVJCTFN[DGNKGXGVJCV
#TVKENGKUPQNQPIGTXCNKFKP
,COOWCPF-CUJOKT
 KUPQNQPIGTXCNKF
 KP,COOWCPF-CUJOKT
 VJCV#TVKENG
 6JG[ECPŏVJCTFN[DGNKGXG
3WGUVKQP 0Q Ō  
5GNGEVVJGUGIOGPVYJKEJJCUCPGT
TQT
55%%).6KGT++ %$' 'ZCO

 1XGTVJG[GCTUVJGYTKVGT#OKUJ
JCUGXQNXGFVQYJCVOKNNKQPUQH
[QWPIUVGTUCURKTGUVQDGVQFC[
ŌCPKPVGNNGEVWCN
 1XGTVJG[GCTU
 CURKTGUVQDGVQFC[
 #OKUJJCUGXQNXGF
 OKNNKQPUQH[QWPIUVGTU
 'CEJHKNOYKNNDGEJGEMGFD[C
IQXGTPOGPVCRRQKPVGF EGPUQT
DQCTFCNQPIRWDNKEGZJKDKVKQP
 CNQPIRWDNKEGZJKDKVKQP
 GCEJHKNO
 D[CIQXGTPOGPVCRRQKPVGF
EGPUQTDQCTF
 YKNNDGEJGEMGF
 +V KU DG UCKF VJCV KP  VJG
+PFKCP 5VQEM /CTMGV YKNN HCNN
FTCUVKECNN[ CPF YG ECP GZRGEV
VJCVHCNNXGT[UQQP
 YGECPGZRGEV
 +VKUDGUCKF
 VJCVKP
 VJG+PFKCP5VQEM/CTMGVYKNN
HCNN
 6YQ#OGTKECPEKVKGUYKVPGUUGF
UJQQVKPICPFTGUWNVKPIKPOCUU
HCVCNKVKGUQXGTVJGYGGMGPF
 QXGTVJGYGGMGPF
 6YQ#OGTKECPEKVKGU
 YKVPGUUGFUJQQVKPI
 CPFTGUWNVKPIKPOCUUHCVCNK
VKGU

 +PUVGCFQHJGNRKPIJGTOQVJGT
CV VJG MKVEJGP 4GMJC YCU QP
JGTOQDKNGVCNMKPIVQJGTHTKGPF
 VCNMKPIVQJGTHTKGPF
 QHJGNRKPI
 CVVJGMKVEJGP
 QPJGTOQDKNG
 2NGCUGIQQWVCPFEJGEMKHKVKU
[GVTCKPKPI
 CPFEJGEM
 KHKVKU
 [GVTCKPKPI
 2NGCUGIQQWV
 +V YCU C TGCNN[ DCF OQXKG C
YQTUG OQXKG +ŏXG GXGT UGGP KP
O[NKHG
 KPO[NKHG
 +ŏXGGXGTUGGP
 YCUCTGCNN[
 CYQTUG
 (QWPFKPOCP[RCTVUQH+PFKC
VJGHTCPIKRCPKVTGGKUCUOCNN
NQYŌDTCPEJKPI VTGG YJKEJ KU
GURGEKCNWUGFHQTUGXGTCNOGFKE
KPCNRWTRQUGU
 CUOCNNNQYŌDTCPEJKPIVTGG
 (QWPFKPOCP[RCTVU
 VJGHTCPIKRCPKVTGGKU
 YJKEJKUGURGEKCNWUGF
 # TGEGPV IQXGTPOGPV TGRQTV
JKIJNKIJV VJCV VJG UJQTVCIG QH
VGCEJGTUKPJKIJGTGFWECVKQPCN
KPUVKVWVKQPUKUITGCVGTVJCPVJCV
KPEQWPVTKGUNKMG%JKPC$TC\KN
5YGFGPCPF4WUUKC
 #TGEGPVIQXGTPOGPVTGRQTV
JKIJNKIJV
 KPJKIJGTGFWECVKQPCNKPUVK
VWVKQPU
 VJCVVJGUJQTVCIGQHVGCEJ
GTU
 KUITGCVGTVJCP
 6JGKTJQWUGCTGPŏVXGT[DKIDWV
VJGKTICTFGPKU
 CTGPŏVXGT[DKI
 6JGKTJQWUG
 ICTFGPKU
 DWVVJGKT
 +UUJGIQVQXKUKVJGTRCTGPVUKP
VJGGXGPKPI!
 JGTRCTGPVU
 VQXKUKV
 KPVJGGXGPKPI
 +UUJGIQ
 1WTOQUVOGOQTCDNGOGGVKPI
YKVJ5RKGNDGTIJCRRGPGFYJKNG
YGYGTGCVVJG$GTNKP(KNO(GU
VKXCN KP  YJGTG VJG HKNO
COMMON ERRORS
Ŏ5JCVTCPLMG-JKNCTKŎYGTGDGKPI
UETGGPGFCU+PFKCŏUQHHKEKCNGP
VT[
 1WTOQUVOGOQTCDNGOGGV
KPI
 YJKNGYGYGTGCV
 YJGTGVJGHKNO
 YGTGDGKPIUETGGPGF
 &QEVQTUUC[VJCVGCVKPITGFOGCV
KUQPGQHCNGCFECWUGQHJGCTV
FKUGCUG
 KUQPGQHCNGCFECWUG
 QHJGCTVFKUGCUG
 &QEVQTUUC[VJCV
 GCVKPITGFOGCV
 5KPEGCOGGVKPIFTGYVQCENQUG
+TGCNK\GFVJCVRGQRNGYGTGPQV
TGCNN[NKUVGPKPIVQOG
 +TGCNK\GF
 5KPEGCOGGVKPI
 FTGYVQCENQUG
 YGTGPQVTGCNN[
 4GUEWGQHHKEKCNUYCUWPCDNGVQ
HKPFCP[UWTXKXQTUKPVJG%CNK
HQTPKCDQCVVTCIGF[
 YCUWPCDNG
 KPVJG
 VQHKPF
 4GUEWGQHHKEKCNU
 2NGCUGFQPŏVFKUVWTDUVQOGCU+
COTGCFKPICDQQM
 2NGCUGFQPŏV
 TGCFKPICDQQM
 CU+CO
 FKUVWTDUVQOG
 #CP[CŏUENCUUVGCEJGTCPFJGT
HTKGPFUEQPITCVWNCVGUJGTYCTO
N[ YJGP UJG YQP VJG KPVGT
UEJQQNFGDCVGCPFDTQWIJVVJG
VTQRJ[VQVJGUEJQQN
 CPFDTQWIJVVJGVTQRJ[
 EQPITCVWNCVGUJGT
 YJGPUJGYQP
 CPFJGTHTKGPFU
 5QOGQHWUCTGRNCPVQIQHQTC
OQXKGVQPKIJV
 HQTCOQXKG
 VQIQ
 5QOGQHWU
 CTGRNCPVQIQ
 6JGPQXGNŎ'ODGTUŏJCUCECRVK
XCVKPI RNQV CPF DGIKPU YKVJ C
UGPKQTCTO[QHHKEGTRTGRCTKPIVQ
TGEGKXGCTCTGXKUKVQTCOCPYJQ
YCUQPEGJKUENQUGTHTKGPF
 JKUENQUGTHTKGPF
 JCUCECRVKXCVKPIRNQV
 COCPYJQYCUQPEG
 DGIKPUYKVJ
5''Ō
 +VKUGUVKOCVGFVJCVOQUVQHVJG
CFFKEV C YJQRRKPI  KP
)QFŏUQYPEQWPVT[-GTCNCCTG
DGNQY[GCTUQHCIG
 +VKUGUVKOCVGFVJCV
 CTGDGNQY
 OQUVQHVJGCFFKEV
 CYJQRRKPI
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV+++
 6JTGGOQTGGNGXCVGFTQCFUJCXG
DGGPRTQRQUGKPVJGPGYRNCP
VQWPENQIVJGVTCHHKEKP&GNJK
 KPVJGPGYRNCP
 6JTGGOQTGGNGXCVGFTQCFU
 VQWPENQIVJGVTCHHKEKP&GNJK
 JCXGDGGPRTQRQUG
 6KNCM TQYGF VJTQWIJ VJG TKXGT
CPFVKGFJKUDQCVQPVJGQVJGT
UKFG
 CPFVKGFJKUDQCV
 QPVJGQVJGTUKFG
 6KNCMTQYGF
 VJTQWIJVJGTKXGT
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV+
 + XKUKVGF O[ HTKGPF VQ YJQO +
JCFOCFGCPCRRQKPVOGPV
 +XKUKVGFO[HTKGPF
 +JCFOCFG
 VQYJQO
 CPCRRQKPVOGPV
 6JG2WDNKE9QTMU&GRCTVOGPV
JCURTQRQUGVQEQPUVTWEVCPGN
GXCVGFEQTTKFQTYJKEJYKNNTWP
RCTCNNGNVQVJG0CVKQPCNJKIJYC[
 VQVJG0CVKQPCNJKIJYC[
 6JG 2WDNKE 9QTMU &GRCTV
OGPVJCURTQRQUG
 YJKEJYKNNTWPRCTCNNGN
 VQEQPUVTWEVCPGNGXCVGFEQT
TKFQT
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV++
 1P 5GRVGODGT   VYQ
JKLCEMGFCKTETCHVUETCUJGFVQVJG
9QTNF6TCFG%GPVTGKP0GY;QTM
 VYQJKLCEMGFCKTETCHVU
 QP5GRVGODGT
 ETCUJGFVQVJG
 9QTNF6TCFG%GPVTGKP0GY
;QTM

 $KNNKQPCKTG2JKNKRKUVJGQYPGTQH
VJG NWZWT[ [CEJV .KQPJGCTV
YJKEJYQTVJCPGUVKOCVGF
OKNNKQP
 YJKEJYQTVJ
 VJGQYPGTQH
 DKNNKQPCKTG2JKNKRKU
 CPGUVKOCVGFOKNNKQP
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV+++
 &KHHGTGPVEQNQWTGFPCVWTCNHQQFU
PQVQPN[RWVCUOKNGQPEJKNFTGPŏU
HCEGUCPFCNUQDGPGHKVVJGKTQXGT
CNNITQYVJ
 DGPGHKVVJGKTQXGTCNNITQYVJ
 CPFCNUQDGPGHKV
 FKHHGTGPVEQNQWTGF PCVWTCN
HQQFU
 RWVCUOKNGQPEJKNFTGPŏUHCE
GU
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV+++ ?
 6JG%CPPGU(KNO(GUVKXCNCVVTCEV
UQOG QH VJG YQTNF U OQUV HC
OQWURGQRNG
 VJGYQTNFŏU
 VJG%CPPGU(KNO(GUVKXCN
 CVVTCEVUQOGQH
 OQUVHCOQWURGQRNG
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV+
 6JGRTQOQVGTUQH/GF*QURKVCNU
JCUCITGGFVQUGNNVJGKTDWUKPGUU
VQ2CN*QURKVCNU
 6JGRTQOQVGTUQH
 VQUGNNVJGKTDWUKPGUU
 /GF*QURKVCNUJCUCITGGF
 VQ2CN*QURKVCNU
 6JGNCWPEJQHVJGUOCNNGNGEVTKE
ECTYKNNFGRGPFVQVJGYKNNKPIPGUU
QHDW[GTUVQRC[OQTGHQTKV
 FGRGPFVQVJGYKNNKPIPGUU
 QHDW[GTUVQRC[OQTGHQTKV
 6JGNCWPEJQHVJG
 UOCNNGNGEVTKEECTYKNN
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV++
 /CP[ QH %JKPCŏU GZRQTVU JCU
DGGPTGFKTGEVGFVQVJGFQOGU
VKEOCTMGVKPXKGYQHVJGOQTG
EQPUWORVKQPFTKXGPGEQPQO[
COMMON ERRORS
 JCUDGGPTGFKTGEVGF
 OCP[QH%JKPCŏUGZRQTVU
 KP XKGY QH VJG OQTG EQP
UWORVKQPFTKXGPGEQPQO[
 VQVJGFQOGUVKEOCTMGV
 +PFKCŏUNCTIGUVECTOCMGTKUGXCN
WCVKPIVJGNCWPEJVQCUOCNNGNGE
VTKEECTPGZV[GCT
 PGZV[GCT
 KUGXCNWCVKPIVJGNCWPEJ
 +PFKCŏUNCTIGUVECTOCMGT
 VQCUOCNNGNGEVTKEECT
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV++
 /TU5CPIGGVC/CNKMKUQPGQH
VJG HCXQWTKVG VGCEJGT QH OQUV
EJKNFTGPKPQWTUEJQQN
 /TU5CPIGGVC/CNKMKU
 QHOQUVEJKNFTGP
 QPGQHVJGHCXQWTKVGVGCEJGT
 KPQWTUEJQQN
 +GZRGEVVQTGVWTPHTQO5KPICRQTG
FWTKPICDQWVCYGGMŏUVKOG
 +GZRGEVVQTGVWTP
 FWTKPICDQWV
 CYGGMŏUVKOG
 HTQO5KPICRQTG
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV+
 6JGDNWGNQVWUKUQPGQHVJGOQUV
DGCWVKHWNHNQYGTUYJKEJITQYU
KPJGTICTFGP
 KUQPGQHVJGOQUVDGCWVKHWN
HNQYGTU
 KPJGTICTFGP
 6JGDNWGNQVWU
 YJKEJITQYU
 1P5CVWTFC[4CJWNXKUKVGFJKU
RTQHGUUQT VQ YJQO JG JCF CP
CRRQKPVOGPV
 VQYJQOJGJCF
 4CJWNXKUKVGFJKURTQHGUUQT
 CPCRRQKPVOGPV
 QP5CVWTFC[
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV++
 6JGUQNFKGTUJCFPQEJQKEGYJGP
VQQDG[VJGEQOOCPFGT
 YJGPVQQDG[
5''Ō
 JCFPQEJQKEG
 VJGUQNFKGTU
 VJGEQOOCPFGT
 6JG PWODGT QH XKUKVQTU CV VJG
HCKTYGTGOWEJNCTIGTVJCPGZ
RGEVGF
 VJGPWODGTQH
 VJCPGZRGEVGF
 XKUKVQTUCVVJGHCKT
 YGTGOWEJNCTIGT
3WGUVKQP 0Q Ō  
+FGPVKH[VJGUGIOGPVYJKEJEQPVCKPUVJG
ITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV+++
 6JGCODWNCPEGJCXGCTTKXGFQP
VKOG VJG CEEKFGPV XKEVKO YCU
VCMGPVQVJGJQURKVCN
 VJGCEEKFGPVXKEVKO
 JCXGCTTKXGFQPVKOG
 VJGCODWNCPEG
 YCUVCMGPVQVJGJQURKVCN
 6JG2TKPEKRCNTGSWGUVGFVQVJG
%JKGH)WGUVVQKPCWIWTCVGVJG
URQTVUOGGV
 VJG2TKPEKRCNTGSWGUVGF
 VJGURQTVUOGGV
 VQVJG%JKGH)WGUV
 VQKPCWIWTCVG
3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV+
 &GURKVGQHJKUGHHQTVUJGEQWNFPŏV
IGVCFGEGPVLQD
 &GURKVGQH
 JKUGHHQTVU
 JGEQWNFPŏVIGV
 CFGEGPVLQD
 &CTMPGUU URKNNGF NKMG KPM CPF
DGICPVQURTGCFCVGXGT[VJKPI
 &CTMPGUUURKNNGF
 CPFDGICPVQ
 URTGCFCVGXGT[VJKPI
 NKMGKPM
3WGUVKQP 0Q Ō  
+FGPVKH[VJGUGIOGPVYJKEJEQPVCKPU
VJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV+
 0QUQQPGTFKFVJGEQOGFKCPDG
IKPJKUCEVYJGPVJGCWFKGPEG
TQCTGFYKVJNCWIJVGT
 VJGEQOGFKCPDGIKP
 0QUQQPGTFKF
 YJGPVJGCWFKGPEG
 TQCTGFYKVJNCWIJVGT

 6JGOGODGTUQHVJGXKEVQTKQWU
HQQVDCNNVGCOCUYGNNCUVJGECR
VCKPYCUEQPITCVWNCVGF
 XKEVQTKQWUHQQVDCNNVGCO
 6JGOGODGTUQHVJG
 YCUEQPITCVWNCVGF
 CUYGNNCUVJGECRVCKP
3WGUVKQP 0Q Ō   3WGUVKQP 0Q Ō 
+FGPVKH[VJGUGIOGPVYJKEJEQPVCKPU
VJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV+++
 +VYCUCYKPF[CWVWOPFC[CPF
NGCXGUYGTGHCNNGPTCRKFN[HTQO
VJGVTGGU
 +VYCUC
 NGCXGUYGTGHCNNGP
 YKPF[CWVWOPFC[
 TCRKFN[HTQOVTGGU
 'CEJQHVJGRKEVWTGUJCXGDGGP
UKIPGFD[VJGHQQVDCNNUVCT
 JCXGDGGP
 GCEJQH
 VJGRKEVWTGU
 UKIPGFD[
3WGUVKQP 0Q Ō   3WGUVKQP 0Q Ō   3WGUVKQP 0Q Ō 
+FGPVKH[VJGUGIOGPVYJKEJEQPVCKPU
VJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV+
 2NGCUWTGECPPQVFGTKXGFHTQOIKX
KPIRCKPVQKPPQEGPVRGQRNG
 2NGCUWTGECPPQVFGTKXGF
 RCKPVQ
 KPPQEGPVRGQRNG
 HTQOIKXKPI
 .CEMQHHQTOCNGFWECVKQPFKFPQV
RTGXGPV .KPEQNP VQ DGEQOG C
ITGCVNGCFGT
 FKFPQVRTGXGPV
 CITGCVNGCFGT
 VQDGEQOG
 .CEMQH
3WGUVKQP 0Q Ō    6JGNCF[NKUVGPGFECTGHWNN[
+FGPVKH[VJGUGIOGPVYJKEJEQPVCKPU
VJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV++
 6JGRKEVWTGQHVJGMKPIŏUKUGZ
CEVN[NKMGVJGMKPIJKOUGNH
 VJGMKPIJKOUGNH
 6JGRKEVWTG
 KUGZCEVN[NKMG
 QHVJGMKPI U
COMMON ERRORS
 *GCUMGFHTQOOGKH+YCUKP
VGTGUVGFKPCECTGGTKPOQFGN
NKPI
 HTQOOGKH
 +YCUKPVGTGUVGF
 *GCUMGF
 KPCECTGGT
+FGPVKH[VJGUGIOGPVYJKEJEQPVCKPU
VJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV+++
 )TGCVOCP[UVWFGPVUYJQCTG
IQQFCVQVJGTUWDLGEVURGTHQTO
RQQTN[KP'PINKUJ
 RGTHQTORQQTN[
 KP'PINKUJ
 YJQCTGIQQFCV
 )TGCVOCP[UVWFGPVU
 %NKOCVGEJCPIGCTGCITGCVGUV
VJTGCVHCEKPIQWTRNCPGVYJKEJ
PGGFUQWTKOOGFKCVGCVVGPVKQP
 QWTKOOGFKCVGCVVGPVKQP
 CTGCITGCVGUV
 YJKEJPGGFU
 HCEKPIQWTRNCPGV
+FGPVKH[VJGUGIOGPVYJKEJEQPVCKPU
VJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV+
 9KVJVJKUJGCVYCXGQPYGCTG
JCXKPICVGTTKDNGYGCVJGT
 JGCVYCXGQP
 CVGTTKDNGYGCVJGT
 9KVJVJKU
 YGCTGJCXKPI
 #U[QWMPQYVJCV+CNYC[UNKMG
VQJCXGKEGETGCOCHVGTO[FKP
PGT
 #U[QWMPQYVJCV
 VQJCXGKEGETGCO
 CHVGTO[FKPPGT
 +CNYC[UNKMG
3WGUVKQP 0Q Ō  
+FGPVKH[VJGUGIOGPVYJKEJEQPVCKPU
VJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV++
 6JG[QWPIIKTNYCUJGNRKPIJGT
HCVJGTVQNQQMCHVGTUJQR
 JGTHCVJGT
 6JG[QWPIIKTN
 YCUJGNRKPI
 VQNQQMCHVGTUJQR
5''Ō
 9JGPYGYGPVVQ4COICTJYG
UGGVJGUPQYECRRGFOQWPVCKPU
KPVJGFKUVCPEG
 KPVJGFKUVCPEG
 VQ4COICTJYGUGG
 VJGUPQYECRRGFOQWPVCKPU
 9JGPYGYGPV
3WGUVKQP 0Q Ō  
+FGPVKH[VJGUGIOGPVYJKEJEQPVCKPU
VJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV+++
 6JGEJKNFTGPUCTGHQPFQHENKOD
KPIVJGOCPIQVTGGKPVJGICT
FGP
 ENKODKPIVJGOCPIQVTGG
 CTGHQPFQH
 KPVJGICTFGP
 6JGEJKNFTGPU
 6JG VYQ UVCVGU HTGSWGPVN[ JCU
FKHHGTGPEGUQXGTVJGWUGQHVJG
TKXGTYCVGTGURGEKCNN[FWTKPIVJG
UWOOGTOQPVJU
 QXGTVJGWUGQHVJGTKXGTYC
VGT
 6JGVYQUVCVGUHTGSWGPVN[
 JCUFKHHGTGPEGU
 GURGEKCNN[FWTKPIVJGUWO
OGTOQPVJU
+FGPVKH[VJGUGIOGPVYJKEJEQPVCKPU
VJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV+++
 +PURKVG5OKVCJCFVCMGPRCTVKP
OCP[VGNGXKUKQPUGTKCNUGCTNKGT
VJKUYCUVJGHKTUVVKOGUJGYCU
IQKPIVQJQUVCNKXGUJQY
 KP OCP[ VGNGXKUKQP UGTKCNU
GCTNKGT
 UJGYCUIQKPIVQJQUV
 VJKUYCUVJGHKTUVVKOG
 +PURKVG5OKVCJCFVCMGPRCTV
 6JGNCF[NKUVGPGFECTGHWNN[VQO[
EQORNCKPVDWV+FQWDVUJGYKNN
FQCP[VJKPICDQWVKV
 DWV+FQWDVUJG
 YKNNFQCP[VJKPICDQWVKV
 VQO[EQORNCKPV
3WGUVKQP 0Q Ō  
+FGPVKH[VJGUGIOGPVYJKEJEQPVCKPU
VJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV++
 &GGRCMUCKFJGYQWNFRCEMHGY
VJKPIU JG JCF CPF XCECVG VJG
JQUVGNTQQOVJGPGZVFC[
 VJGPGZVFC[
 &GGRCMUCKFJGYQWNFRCEM
 RCEMHGYVJKPIUJGJCF
 CPFXCECVGVJGJQUVGNTQQO

 'XGP5JCTCVVTKGFJKUDGUVJG
EQWNFPQVENGCTCNNVJGGZCOKPC
VKQPRCRGTUKPQPGCVVGORV
 JGEQWNFPQVENGCT
 GXGP5JCTCVVTKGFJKUDGUV
 CNNVJGGZCOKPCVKQPRCRGTU
 KPQPGCVVGORV
3WGUVKQP 0Q Ō   3WGUVKQP0Q Ō +P
+FGPVKH[VJGUGIOGPVYJKEJEQPVCKPU
VJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV+++
 /[ITCPFOQVJGTJCUDGGPNKXGU
KP5JKONCUKPEGJGTEJKNFJQQF
FC[U
 JCUDGGPNKXGU
 JGTEJKNFJQQFFC[U
 /[ITCPFOQVJGT
 KP5JKONCUKPEG
 8GT[NKVVNGOGVCNUCTGCURTGEKQWU
CUIQNF
 CURTGEKQWU
 OGVCNUCTG
 CUIQNF
 8GT[NKVVNG
3WGUVKQP 0Q Ō   VJGRCTVQHVJGIKXGPUGPVGPEGVJCVJCU
+FGPVKH[VJGUGIOGPVYJKEJEQPVCKPU
VJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV+
 5JGYCUWPCDNGVQRTQFWEGUWH
HKEKGPV GXKFGPEGU HQT UWRRQTV
JGTCEEWUCVKQPU
 VQRTQFWEG
 5JGYCUWPCDNG
 UWHHKEKGPVGXKFGPEGUHQT
 UWRRQTVJGTCEEWUCVKQPU
 6JGVGCODGICPUGCTEJKPIHQT
TGCUQPU HQT VJGKT RQQT RGTHQT
OCPEGKPVJGVQWTPCOGPV
 6JGVGCODGICP
 KPVJGVQWTPCOGPV
 UGCTEJKPIHQTTGCUQPU
 HQTVJGKTRQQTRGTHQTOCPEG
3WGUVKQP 0Q Ō    +VYCUPQVRQUUKDNG
+FGPVKH[VJGUGIOGPVYJKEJEQPVCKPU
VJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV++
 6JGNKVVNGDQ[YCUUQDWU[RNC[
KPIYKVJJKUVQ[VTCKPVJCVJGFQ
PQVGXGPNQQMWRCVWU
 DWU[RNC[KPIYKVJ
 JGFQPQVGXGP
 JKUVQ[VTCKP
 NQQMWRCVWU
COMMON ERRORS
 9GYKNNWUGGPCOGNRCKPVQPVJKU
YCNNDGECWUGKVIKXGUCDGUVHKP
KUJ
 GPCOGNRCKPVQPVJKUYCNN
 9GYKNNWUG
 CDGUVHKPKUJ
 DGECWUGKVIKXGU
VJG UGPVGPEG KFGPVKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
YJKEJEQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%*5.   6KGT+
'ZCO 5JKHV+++
 1WTPCVKQPECPOCMGUKIPKHKECPV
ITQYVJDWVKHYGCNNYQTMEQN
NGEVKXGN[
 DWVKHYGCNN
 OCMGUKIPKHKECPVITQYVJ
 1WTPCVKQPECP
 YQTMEQNNGEVKXGN[
 +YKNNUVQRVQTGHTGUJOGPVUCVVJG
PGZVTGUVCWTCPVQPVJGJKIJYC[
 QPVJGJKIJYC[
 +YKNNUVQR
 CVVJGPGZVTGUVCWTCPV
 VQTGHTGUJOGPVU
&KTGEVKQPU Ō (KPF
CP GTTQT KP KV +H VJGTG KU PQ GTTQT
EJQQUGŎ0QGTTQTŏ
55%/65'ZCO 5JKHV+
 +VQNFVJGVCKNQTVQOCFGCPGY
FTGUUHQTOG0QGTTQT
 FTGUUHQTOG
 +VQNFVJGVCKNQT
 0QGTTQT
 VQOCFGCPGY
 6JGNCF[UVCPFKPIKPVJGEQT
PGTKUHCV0QGTTQT
 EQTPGTKUHCV
 0QGTTQT
 UVCPFKPIKPVJG
 6JGNCF[
 +V YCU PQV RQUUKDNGHQT YGVQ
WPFGTUVCPFJGT0QGTTQT
 HQTYG
 VQWPFGTUVCPFJGT
 0QGTTQT
55%/65'ZCO 5JKHV+
&KTGEVKQPU Ō (KPF
VJGRCTVQHVJGIKXGPUGPVGPEGVJCVJCU
CP GTTQT KP KV +H VJGTG KU PQ GTTQT
EJQQUGŎ0QGTTQTŏ
55%/65'ZCO 5JKHV+
 6JGUGTXCPVYCUDGCVGPVJTQWIJ
JKUOCUVGTYKVJCUVKEM
 0QGTTQT
 YKVJCUVKEM
5''Ō
 VJTQWIJJKUOCUVGT
 6JGUGTXCPVYCUDGCVGP
 7PNGUU[QWRTGRCTGYGNN[QWYKNN
PQVIGVCHKTUVENCUU
 0QGTTQT
 CHKTUVENCUU
 7PNGUU[QWRTGRCTGYGNN
 [QWYKNNPQVIGV
 6JGEJKNFCNYC[UIQGUHQTUNGGR
YKVJJKUVGFF[DGCT
 YKVJJKUVGFF[DGCT
 IQGUHQTUNGGR
 0QGTTQT
 6JGEJKNFCNYC[U
&KTGEVKQPU Ō (KPF
VJGRCTVQHVJGIKXGPUGPVGPEGVJCVJCU
CP GTTQT KP KV +H VJGTG KU PQ GTTQT
EJQQUGŎ0QGTTQTŏ
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI 0QP6GEJPKECN
5VCH'ZCO 5JKHV+
 2CNNCXKKUVJGENGXGTGUVQHVJGVYQ
UKUVGTU
 QHVJGVYQUKUVGTU
 2CNNCXKKU
 VJGENGXGTGUV
 0QGTTQT
 'KVJGTQHVJGVYQDQQMUYKNNOGV
O[TGSWKTGOGPV
 'KVJGTQHVJG
 0QGTTQT
 YKNNOGVO[TGSWKTGOGPV
 VYQDQQMU
 /[DTQVJGTDTQWIJVCHGYTKEG
YJKNGEQOKPIHTQOVJGOCTMGV
 0QGTTQT
 /[DTQVJGTDTQWIJV
 CHGYTKEGYJKNG
 EQOKPIHTQOVJGOCTMGV
&KTGEVKQPU Ō (KPF
VJGRCTVQHVJGIKXGPUGPVGPEGVJCVJCU
CP GTTQT KP KV +H VJGTG KU PQ GTTQT
EJQQUGŎ0QGTTQTŏ
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI 0QP6GEJPKECN
5VCH'ZCO 5JKHV+
 &QPQVNGVVJGQRRQTVWPKV[UNKR
CYC[CPF[QWYKNNTGRGPV
 0QGTTQT
 CPF[QWYKNNTGRGPV
 &QPQVNGVVJG
 QRRQTVWPKV[UNKRCYC[
 6JGHWPFKPIHQTVJGRTQLGEVYKNN
DGGPVKTGN[DQTPQPVJGEGPVTG
 0QGTTQT
 DQTPQPVJGEGPVTG
 6JGHWPFKPIHQTVJGRTQLGEV
 YKNNDGGPVKTGN[

 +FKFPQVUGGCP[DQF[KPVJGCW
FKVQTKWO
 0QGTTQT
 UGGCP[DQF[
 +FKFPQV
 KPVJGCWFKVQTKWO
&KTGEVKQPU Ō  (KPF
VJGRCTVQHVJGIKXGPUGPVGPEGVJCVJCU
CP GTTQT KP KV +H VJGTG KU PQ GTTQT
EJQQUGŎ0QGTTQTŏ
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI 0QP6GEJPKECN
5VCH'ZCO 5JKHV+
 5JG TCP UQ HCUVN[ VJCV + EQWNF
PQVQXGTVCMGJGT0QGTTQT
 5JGTCPUQHCUVN[
 PQVQXGTVCMGJGT
 0QGTTQT
 VJCV+EQWNF
 6JGOQTGJGGCTPGFVJGOQTG
JGYCPVVQGCTP0QGTTQT
 VJGOQTGJG
 0QGTTQT
 YCPVVQGCTP
 6JGOQTGJGGCTPGF
 + MPQY VJCV JG YCPVGF VQ IQ
JQOGGCTNKGUV0QGTTQT
 IQJQOGGCTNKGUV
 +MPQYVJCV
 0QGTTQT
 JGYCPVGFVQ
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI 0QP6GEJPKECN
5VCH'ZCO 5JKHV+
&KTGEVKQPU Ō +FGP
VKH[VJGUGIOGPVKPVJGUGPVGPEGYJKEJ
EQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQTHTQOVJG
IKXGPQRVKQPU
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI 0QP6GEJPKECN
5VCH'ZCO 5JKHV+
 6JGRNC[GTYCUFGENCTGTWPQWV
CUJGHCKNGFVQEQORNGVGVJGTWP
 TWPQWVCU
 JGHCKNGFVQ
 EQORNGVGVJGTWP
 6JGRNC[GTYCUFGENCTG
 +HVJG[UCKFPQVJKPIUJGEQWNF
UGPUGVJGKTFKUCRRTQXCNQHJGT
UWIIGUVKQP
 +HVJG[UCKFPQVJKPI
 JGTUWIIGUVKQP
 VJGKTFKUCRRTQXCNQH
 UJGEQWNFUGPUG
 +PVJGGXGPKPIJGNKMGUVQTGCF
DQQMU CPF CTVKENGU VJCV JCXG
PQVJKPIVQFQQHJKUYQTM
 FQQHJKUYQTM
 +PVJGGXGPKPIJGNKMGU
 VJCVJCXGPQVJKPIVQ
 VQTGCFDQQMUCPFCTVKENGU
COMMON ERRORS
&KTGEVKQPU  +FGP
VKH[VJGUGIOGPVKPVJGUGPVGPEGYJKEJ
EQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI 0QP6GEJPKECN
5VCH'ZCO 5JKHV+
 )TCPFOQVJGT YCU MPKVVKPI C
UYGCVGTHQTJKUITCPFFCWIJVGT
 UYGCVGTHQTJKU
 )TCPFOQVJGTYCU
 ITCPFFCWIJVGT
 MPKVVKPIC
 6JG[JCXGDGGPNKXKPIKP$QU
VQPHTQOVGP[GCTU
 KP$QUVQP
 DGGPNKXKPI
 6JG[JCXG
 HTQOVGP[GCTU
 5CMUJK KU CU UOCTVGT CU CP[
QVJGTEJKNFKPVJGENCUU
 KPVJGENCUU
 CUUOCTVGTCU
 5CMUJKKU
 CP[QVJGTEJKNF
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI 0QP6GEJPKECN
5VCH'ZCO 5JKHV+
&KTGEVKQPU  +FGP
VKH[VJGUGIOGPVKPVJGUGPVGPEGYJKEJ
EQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI 0QP6GEJPKECN
5VCH'ZCO 5JKHV+
 +FQPŏVVJKPM+OGGVJKODGHQTG
 0QGTTQT
 JKODGHQTG
 +OGGV
 +FQPŏVVJKPM
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI 0QP6GEJPKECN
5VCH'ZCO 5JKHV+
 6JG ENKOCVG QH &GJTCFWP KU
DGVVGTVJCP/GGTWV
 KUDGVVGT
 6JGENKOCVGQH&GJTCFWP
 0QGTTQT
 VJCP/GGTWV
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI 0QP6GEJPKECN
5VCH'ZCO 5JKHV+
 5JG OKURNCEGF JGT URGEVCENGU
CPF PQY HKPFKPI KV FKHHKEWNV VQ
TGCF
 JGTURGEVCENGU
 FKHHKEWNVVQTGCF
 CPFPQYHKPFKPIKV
 5JGOKURNCEGF
55%/WNVK6CUMKPI 0QP6GEJPKECN
5VCH'ZCO 5JKHV+
5''Ō
&KTGEVKQPU  +FGP
VKH[VJGUGIOGPVKPVJGUGPVGPEGYJKEJ
EQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT
55%%#2(U5+&GNJK2QNKEG5+
%+5(#5+'ZCO5JKHV+
 +PCDQWVVYQYGGMUQWTJQNKFC[U
YKNNUVCTV
 +PCDQWVVYQYGGMU
 0QGTTQT
 QWTJQNKFC[U
 YKNNUVCTV
 9GYCVEJGFVJGYQTMOGPVQTG
RCKTVJGVKNGUQHVJGMKVEJGP
 QHVJGMKVEJGP
 9GYCVEJGFVJGYQTMOGP
 0QGTTQT
 VQTGRCKTVJGVKNGU
 #NCTIGUGEVKQPQHCJQVGNWPFGT
EQPUVTWEVKQP EQNNCRUG KP 0GY
1TNGCPUNCUV5CVWTFC[
 WPFGTEQPUVTWEVKQP
 EQNNCRUGKP0GY1TNGCPU
 NCUV5CVWTFC[
 #NCTIGUGEVKQPQHCJQVGN
 #ETQUUJKUOQTPKPIYCNMQPC
DGCEJKP/COCNNCRWTCO2TKOG
/KPKUVGT/QFKYCUUGGPRKEMKPI
WRRNCUVKENKVVGTDQVVNGUCPFQVJ
GTKVGOU
 RKEMKPIWRRNCUVKENKVVGT
 #ETQUUJKUOQTPKPIYCNM
 2TKOG /KPKUVGT /QFK YCU
UGGP
 QPCDGCEJKP/COCNNCRWTCO
 Ŏ2NQIIKPIŏ KU CP KPVGTPCVKQPCN
VTGPFKPYJKEJUQOGQPGRKEM
KPI WR VTCUJ YJKNG LQIIKPI QT
DTKUMYCNMKPI
 YJKNGLQIIKPIQTDTKUMYCNM
KPI
 RKEMKPIWRVTCUJ
 Ŏ2NQIIKPIŏKUCPKPVGTPCVKQPCN
VTGPF
 KPYJKEJUQOGQPG
&KTGEVKQPU  +FGP
VKH[VJGUGIOGPVKPVJGUGPVGPEGYJKEJ
EQPVCKPUVJGITCOOCVKECNGTTQT+HVJGTG
KUPQGTTQTUGNGEVŎ0QGTTQTŏ
55%%#2(U5+&GNJK2QNKEG5+
%+5(#5+'ZCO5JKHV+
 #PKVCGPLQ[GFVQUYKOKPVJGUGC
 0QGTTQT
 #PKVCGPLQ[GF
 VQUYKO
 KPVJGUGC
 9KVJHQQFITCPCTKGUQXGTHNQYKPI
VJG)QXGTPOGPVKUNQQMKPIVQNKS
WKFCVGJKUITCKPUVQEMVQRTGXGPV
FCOCIG