You are on page 1of 16

374-361 :‫ص‬

ّ
2021   ّ
‫ص‬ ‫
د‬ 13  
‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬

<íéfl e†ÃÖ]<íÇ×Ö]<Ü× ÃjÚ<î×Â<íéfl Ú^ÃÖ]æ<îv’ËÖ]<°e<ëçÇ×Ö]<Ø}]‚fljÖ]<†m_


< <<êfl ñ]‚je÷]<Üé×ÃfljÖ]<àÚ<Ùæù]<…çŞÖ]<»
The Impact oft he linguistic Interferene between standard and colloquial
language on the arabic language learner,a field study in the first stage of
primary education
 

< <<<<*êÞ^·…<àÚö¹]<‚fÂ
< <**ê‰^ߊe<^É
<<
2021<K05<K<02<VÙç{{{{{{fÏÖ]<è…^i<K<2021<K04<K<23<VÝøj‰÷]<è…^i

 K; 6=?‫وא‬،'\‫א‬J‫دא‬4W )  


 ‫
 א
א‬W

 (‫]א‬O"D
 ‫א‬4  L6J‫א א‬  ‫" !
א  אא‬#$‫א‬%&'(‫א‬
^ 5‫א‬# ‫א‬B&_@‫`א‬-1(‫و @ 
&א‬ 2‫)&د‬#‫* א‬+،- (‫وא‬-!#  ‫א‬-/&‫&مא‬1 "‫א‬
&4 +&5D
<‫א‬G‫א‬aW;M ،
?(‫]א‬O" ،
45 
 6&1 57‫!
وא‬#  ‫
א‬#*8(& &4 9
‫א( א‬D (‫;نא‬bc\ Q ‫وא‬R *8‫א‬ ‫&;  ز‬1"‫و‬،9‫א‬# ‫=א
و< 
 وא‬9# ‫و‬

& 9‫א‬# ‫<& >א‬U\ @!  ‫ א‬b‫و‬U‫א‬ >' ?&4 6‫&دא‬1 6‫وא‬،
 6&1 57‫&א‬4@%&A‫و‬
#"‫و‬،‫م‬U‫א
א‬Kd ‫* א‬+،LNS@‫א 
א‬ 
 1 ‫א‬B&)&8‫ =א‬CDB‫א‬EF‫وא‬B‫א‬G&4(‫א‬
6&1 57‫א`א‬#‫א‬B& QL6e&8  ) ;  KI J;
45 
^ ^'? ‫א‬2JU‫]א‬O"،
! %‫א‬$‫< א‬f
 K;L6MN‫אא‬O"D&8/!PQ8 ‫و‬
 Kg S@‫?א
א‬h 6‫م  א‬U‫א‬
L6
 &‫وא‬LNS@‫א‬- R#‫א‬J‫א א‬

‫؛א‬R#‫א‬J‫א א‬W2µ & @B&1   ‫ول א‬U‫א‬G#Q‫א‬D
‫א
א‬1 
 K%‫ א‬7‫؛א&
؛א  א‬LNS@‫א‬  
1  '(‫
א
א‬W ‫&ول‬V،%‫ א‬7‫א‬
Abstract: Teaching the Arabic language  
is considered one of the essential issues
which are at the centre of interest of (a.rahmani@centre- %‫א‬$‫א‬،1‫&
و" אن‬5*
pedagogical researchers and educators, due  E< (‫=א‬Z(‫א‬Funiv-mila.dz)
to its solid link with the educational and
social system on the one hand, and because  %‫א‬$‫א‬،1‫&
و" אن‬5*
language is a means of expression and  (besnacisouad@yahoo.fr)

361
ّ ّ ّ
ّ / 0 ّ '
 *   ّ ّ
ّ  '6 - 
 
50 1! ‫ول‬3 ‫ )ر‬.  - 
! +,  ّ !
‫ و‬#$%  &' ‫       *)ي‬

D
NS‫א‬w2 "&*‫]א‬O"aN@ <‫و\א‬ communication, which are its most
prominent social functions, and depending

& ?& R‫&د‬8!  4AL 
1  ‫א‬B&'<Z(‫א‬ on them, it acquires skills and experiences in
9‫א‬# ‫ 
א‬16' S
 &&  ‫وא‬ various learning activities on the other hand.
From the course of our discussion in
L6&< KZ!‫^;ن‬+dh &u،x  ‫وא‬ this research on the effect of the linguistic
 KLNS@‫ &
א‬9‫א‬# ‫א‬ interference between standard and
colloquial on the Arabic language learner
 K;
$&‫&ول‬Vy Q‫אא‬O"G&)cD‫و‬ in the first phase of primary education, we
are attempting to find out the language
G#Q
 ‫א‬D
 ‫ א
א‬DR#‫א‬J‫א א‬ used by the learner in the class and to tell

‫
א‬W 
   ،%‫ א‬7‫ول א  א‬U‫א‬ the effect of the interference on the Arabic
language learner at this stage, and how
‫א‬O‫و‬،'\‫א‬J‫א( دא‬z ) 
1 '(‫א‬ teachers deal with learners who face this
bc
W&j{& ^ DJ‫ א א‬K;g j# problem. As the study resulted in its
theoretical and practical parts that the
]O"`2O& <U‫  @ 
&א‬6=?‫א‬ learner in the early stages of education
 W
|‫?&
א‬h{‫א‬e#jD}‫ذ‬،
_@‫א‬ lacks the methods of communication in
standard Arabic, due to the influence of
D (‫
א‬D] K;‫و‬،R#‫א‬J‫ &"
אא‬J the mother tongue, which is a natural
based on the data of the social reality of
  !=  -‫؟‬%‫ א‬7‫ول א א‬U‫א‬G#Q‫א‬ Algerian families, the latter acquires him
 ‫؟‬R#‫א‬J‫אא‬AD4@‫אא‬2‫&د‬n!G his mother tongue away from the formal
form of Arabic.
48(‫א‬L6MN‫אא‬O"e&8 D&8  <‫وא‬ Keywords: Linguistic interference;
Standard language; Colloquial Language;
R#‫א‬J‫א א‬2 "&A9 @9#‫א‬ Primary education.
،^ 
\ (‫و;"א(@&" א‬R *+gQS1

j‫ و‬6MN
5&k‫א‬a& \W
 \K1
Rl ‫א‬B& #S
 ‫*
;"א‬v‫א‬O‫و‬
 ، j&k‫&א‬+ S6D
N2G‫ و‬jB&‫א‬
J‫دא‬4@‫
א א‬Q+U^/oD (‫א‬
 ^!l!&(‫* א‬+،MN‫א‬B&!#‫ ;و‬aN9;
 Kn!G ‫لא‬vJ(‫^א‬5‫א‬# ‫وא‬،'\‫א‬
`j#‫&;نא‬m‫و‬،&4‫وא‬no
 \ \B& &?hc
W
4 & (‫א‬B&NQS(‫ وא‬R#‫א‬J‫ א א‬K2  2 !& ‫?&ل‬h;p!& Z8! %‫א‬$‫א‬DR#‫א‬
`^#4@DR#‫א‬J‫א א‬gQS‚l! ،
 !‫&ز‬U‫وא 
א‬،
'+ @‫& 
وא‬B&‫א‬

 5‫زدوא‬7&‫
؛‬4 & (‫א‬B&NQS(‫ ƒא‬ B&‫]א‬O" 
- ‫;و‬،
'+ @‫&ز! 
وא‬U‫وא‬
&u
 ،
!#‫ 
א‬%&8/‫وא‬،R#‫وא دא‬،
!#‫א‬ a  ‫א‬st‫^;ن‬+dh &u،&4&qr‫و‬
‫* א‬+،n‫א‬D`\!&+& ;M&‫„א‬ ‫\'&م‬+7‫א‬st‫و;ن‬،-)& (‫א‬Iv?‫א‬
]O"a+&‫ن‬c‫و‬،L8(‫א‬D&4 G&\   K`1 q1
l(‫
א‬5 (‫א‬D KZ!‫و‬D&\/‫א‬
 /;L6? (‫ א‬W‫א‬#L6‫ل‬B&NQS(‫א‬

362
‫ص‪374-361 :‬‬
‫ّ‬
‫  ‪2021‬‬ ‫ّ‬
‫ص‬ ‫
د‬ ‫  ‪13‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬

‫و‪?&4+; J“=! De&5‬א \&‪-+&'e‬‬ ‫ ‪&*+‬م‪KR#‬و‪&Vd!&1 W‬ولא @‪D S‬‬


‫‪&+#?!-@ C‬ن ;< ‪
+&'2‬وא‪;،2‬و‬ ‫"‪]O‬א(@&" ‪ K‬‬
‫ ;< ‪R#6 6&†c”W&F(4)?- @ C-‬‬ ‫‪#4@1K2‬مא א‪J‬א‪!?WR#‬لא א‪J‬א‪R#‬‬
‫و“‪ J‬ون‪7&WKE2011،‬زدوא‪c
5‬ذن‪•7‬א@ د‬ ‫'>&א@‪^ 6P‬א‪
D
KdL6e&1‬‬
‫‪#?!\W،]#‬نא— ‪^1d `1‬دوج‬ ‫;‪،I J‬و?‪#‬ن‪
 16‬א ‪&*+DB&†\8 Kd‬م‬
‫א
‪،‬و ‪N‬د‪2GD‬א‪ WU‬אدوא‪L6B&6&1$‬‬ ‫א
א‪U‬و‪bcb‬א
א‪e&8K;
 +&/‬א  ‪;،‬و‬
‫א ‪G&4‚v‬א‪B‬א ‪-‬א(? ' ‪“D-‬نوא‪ K‬‬ ‫א‪;،ˆ&' 7‬وא  ‡
و‪B7&ƒ D‬א د!
‬
‫و‪ 7‬א‪
%&8/‬א‪O" 6
!#‬אא(@‪#4‬م ‪M‬‬ ‫א‪;
‹ F(1)?
!#‬و‪&Šp h‬ش‪E2015،‬‬
‫‪?bc‬א‪
j#‬א !'  ‪ W&4 W1‬د;و‬ ‫‪}AW^+#? a+&1‬א&و
א !\‪#‬م ‪&4‬‬
‫‡&‪ 
6‬א(  ?‪ -!#  '-1‬א ‬ ‫א( ??!‪D 8‬א
א‪،&!#& #<;
 +&/‬‬
‫)‪(5‬‬
‫‪& 1 8!E-!#-6#8F‬ن‪
bc‬وא‪?2‬‬ ‫!?‪#‬ن‪D^1‬א
א‪U‬و‪G
 ‡F(2)?b‬א‪،&5‬‬
‫‪;
‹ F‬و‪&Šp h‬ش‪E2015،‬و‪c‬ن&ن"‪O‬א‬ ‫‪;g !&8" E2009‬نא א‪!J‬ل‪L6‬‬
‫א(@‪#4‬م!˜א‪ D
 %&8/‬א
א‪#‬א‪،2‬‬ ‫א &سא‪&*8‬مא‪ @R#‬د‪ I# 'R;D‬‬
‫ ‪
v6 6? +M‬א@‪،v/
 && LNS‬‬ ‫' ‪B&!#‬א
‪
& ] Kd
q +‬א !? '‪&4‬‬
‫‪= CD‬א(@&" א( \
‬
‫‪;w‬نא ‪!&1‬א‪#‬א‪G‬د ‬ ‫;و! ‪ S \!M ،&41‬א‪;،\8‬وא ‪L6Kd‬‬
‫‪#4@m‬א‪
%&8/‬وא‪7‬زدوא‪ #yl\+&8„
5‬‬ ‫א
א‪U‬و‪;b‬وא
א‪U‬م‪ K‬‬
‫א(‪-NQS‬وא‪&1 6‬د;"‪&?&1‬نא|‪;، J‬و‬
‫‪#4@2K2‬مא‪
 %&8/‬وא‪7‬زدوא‪
 5‬א‪W
!#‬‬
‫‪L8m&145‬وא ‪ 6‬د‪G‬א<
א‪
v‬‬
‫! @‪*P‬א&‪#-/‬ل@‪#4‬مد ‪P‬ووא‪gj‬‬
‫א(‪#5#‬د‪E&6g SWF-!#-!# '- 2‬‬
‫‪v‬زدوא‪
 5‬وא‪
 %&8/‬א‪c،
!#‬ذ‪D&QJ‬‬
‫دא‪`1 ™J‬وא‪bc
W&jc،‬د‪G‬א<
א‪
v‬‬
‫و‪bc&14@9‬א ‪،&+& ;K&1‬א‪ U‬א‪;RO‬د‪I‬‬
‫ ‪W *8!F (6)-@ C-N SW-!#-?h-‬‬
‫‪‘G#Sˆ& wbc‬د?‪v‬א(‪-NQS‬؛‪c‬ذ!ل‬
‫‪6‬א‪&W#  1k‬س‪#W،‬ز!
< ‪#‬د‪ KE2020،‬‬
‫‪gQS‬א‪7‬زدوא‪&1
5‬و‪’ G&RG+;&4@9‬‬
‫‪ K3‬وא` א
א
‪D‬א‪$‬א‪?W %‬‬ ‫‪}?L6‬א‪
&k‬א !'  ‪&4 W1‬א‪ WU‬אد;و‬
‫א
‪2& D
<&<;2 G‬א‪ WU‬אدوא— ‪،B&1‬‬ ‫א‪;- B&6&1$‬و;‪&1/،
'W&8 
@S  /‬‬
‫(&‪ &r‬دو‪ )#G‬א‪B&v‬و‪\+‬א\ وא‪B&W&\/‬‬ ‫!' ‪&?<1‬نא? } ?‪8‬א ‪-‬א@ ‪
'+‬‬
‫وא‪#‬م‪L  hD‬א—&‪،B7‬و;‪G#Qg9‬‬ ‫وא‪André martinet ,élément F ?&
! 7‬‬
‫)‪(3‬‬

‫א— ‪DB&1‬א\ نא‪#‬אوא ! !\&س‪Im‬‬ ‫‪ Ede linguistique général, 1974‬‬


‫‪]O"2G‬א
;و}‪2 !&'D‬א \م‬

‫‪363‬‬
‫ّ‬ ‫ّ ّ‬
‫  * 
' ّ ‪ّ / 0‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬
‫ 
 ‪ّ  '6 -‬‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫ ‪) .‬ر ‪3‬ول !‪1‬‬ ‫       *)ي '&  ‪ #$%‬و
! ّ  ‪- 
! +,‬‬

‫? !^‪-˜\W J‬א<  אد ‪،&41‬و "‪&8‬‬ ‫א ?‪5##8‬و‪2G#K‬א‪،B7&S7‬و‪& +c‬ج;د


‬
‫‪
 1";d‬א _
א‪،
 6&1 57‬وא  
وא  ‬ ‫@? وع‪` ‡D‬א ‪،B&SS‬و‪7^+;}h7‬‬
‫א(‪D*8‬א '&ˆא@ د 
)‪N WW *8!F(9‬‬ ‫< ‪&1 "7& 7c}O‬م &‪>+&$‬א  ‪،1‬و‪g8‬‬
‫‪ KE2009،n+#!6‬‬ ‫א
א‪U‬و‪
!#‬א\‪e I#S‬א &(' ‪I#‬א‪ 7‬א‪bc%‬‬
‫‪
\ \NW‬א  א ˜وא ?& ‪]O"-‬א‪ )U‬א‪z‬‬ ‫‪ I# 'L6;
!&w‬א  ‪K‬و‪O"AD‬אא(‪>Q‬‬
‫א‪ j
Kv/‬و‪&872G‬ص‪ 5PJD4'،&48‬‬ ‫'‪&8&1 ™L‬א 
و ‪v‬د‪&+‬א‪$‬א‪
@S  %‬‬
‫   ` &\ وא \& ‪،‬و&دŸא‪،
!#r‬‬ ‫‪#G!-6&W-1 PJ <D
9&J‬ن&‬
‫و‪]›7‬א@? ‪
R‬א
و ‪K&41‬و‪86‬א< \ א‪&8%‬‬ ‫!\ ›ون‪
&  ! "&،‬א 
‪&\Q+‬و & 
‪K‬‬
‫‪#‬א`א
א
‪e#jD‬א   
א‪D
 6&1 57‬‬ ‫ !  ‪
!#4 &4‬وא‪
W&\/‬א 
‬
‫א‪$‬א‪& V7? %‬ج‪;   8e&86bc‬نא
‬ ‫א{<‪&1 <،
v‬و‪
; V‬א\ “ن‪&1 <7،‬و;ن‬
‫א 
 '‪;
a‬و‪;7cKKKb‬نא‪@Q‬א‪$‬א‪7R %‬‬ ‫;ول“!
;‪&8 +L6a+‬א? !œ‪L6&8/‬‬
‫! א
א@‪n@8 LNS‬א(‪L8‬א‪^ W !RO‬‬ ‫א\ א‪&48 a+ \W،2e‬و ‪-‬א؛‪c‬ذ&ل&‪Db‬‬
‫
;‪KKK
85‬و‪a+&}O‬א@‪- 

N S‬א‪U‬و‪b‬‬ ‫‘?‪W^!8‬ﱡﲅﲆﲇﲈﲉﲊﲋ‬

‫‪&+G#  16F‬ن‪KE2009،‬‬ ‫)‪(10‬‬


‫وא‪?&+G#*8 
 +&/‬‬ ‫ﲌﲍﲎﲏﲐﲑﲒﲓﲔﲕﲖ‬

‫‪D@Q&W‬א'‪#8‬א‪B‬א‪U‬و‪ b‬א  ‪^\@!7‬‬ ‫ﲗﲘﲙﲚﲛﲜﲝﱠ)‪F(7‬א\ “نא? !‪E‬‬


‫א 
א@‪;&c#4W،LNS‬ن!  ?אא‪;
5G‬و‬ ‫‪@W‬א|!&‪B‬א? ‹&‪& B‬ن א(‪6b#‬و‪5‬‬
‫א‪&U‬ز! 
‪،‬و‪ƒ D‬א‪& U‬ن!‪ƒ =A#‬‬ ‫\ ‪
1‬א\ א‪ y& @12e‬وא  ‪،‬و‪&<d‬س‬
‫א(‪
& B&NQS‬א@ ‪bcz&!،
'+‬ذ}‬ ‫‪e&8‬א(&‪،zG‬و‪O‬א‪\e‬و &ˆ‪##‬ج‪= C‬‬
‫;نא— ‪`1‬א‪$‬א‪>'R %‬א ‪n+#!-;G#‬‬ ‫א(&‪zG‬وא‪#‬م‪ K‬‬
‫ א— ‪B&1‬ذא‪B‬א
א(‪26L6&" W # 2 1‬‬ ‫و א(‪;2 Q@& &!;Z‬نא
?&‪ %‬‬
‫&‪ W; 
1 '
‘B‬אدא— ‪^+;7c،`1‬‬ ‫א‪`p !6&1 5‬א{‪&'+‬نو`( =‬
‫‪
 7c& †Gzl!7‬وא‪
 †G2‬وو)‪"
 8‬‬ ‫*&" א ‪G#Q‬א‪ RdW،^ _ D^   ‹RO‬‬
‫‪D‬א  وא{دא‪2G‬وא{‪v6‬م‪،‬و ƒ‬
‫א
א 
 ‬ ‫;و‪2& L6; Q!G#Q‬ذ}א?&‪ %‬א ‪R‬‬
‫‬
‫)‪(11‬‬
‫א\‪B&6&Q‬א‪&S 7‬د!
وא(&‪Bv‬א † 
‬ ‫„>;ن!‪^ L6n?8‬א ‪^86S@87‬‬
‫‪6&JW *8!F‬א'‪v‬م‪ KE2012،‬‬ ‫‪ 
*k‬ز&ن?)‪6F(8‬א! ‪ N9‬אو‪KE2009،R‬‬
‫‪
Q! F&W‬א !
‪;&8gj#‬ند‪
5G‬א< ‪&1‬ل‬ ‫‪ ;L8m،>' ?‚#<&4+;&1‬نא&دא‪B‬‬
‫א&‪DB‬א‪$‬א‪ &W،vK&1 n  %‬א‪B&5G‬‬ ‫א‪
!#‬א( @
!? '‪&4‬א@ د א— ‪`1‬א‪RO‬‬
‫א‪$‬א‪L6 1 4
! %‬א'‪#‬قא@‪،
!#‬وœ\‪P‬‬ ‫! ‪#!@Q&W،^ Wp‬دون;!
 ‪،
& 
W‬‬

‫‪364‬‬
‫ص‪374-361 :‬‬
‫ّ‬
‫  ‪2021‬‬ ‫ّ‬
‫ص‬ ‫
د‬ ‫  ‪13‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬

‫‪6‬א'‪v‬م‪#‬لدو‪G‬א
א‪U‬م‪D‬א
‬ ‫‪#‬א‪- v9‬א—‪B&6#1‬א‪
!#‬א( @
‪،‬وא 
‬
‫א@‪#\!،LNS‬ل‪E ?W‬א
א 
א@‪;LNS‬ول‬ ‫א@‪
N S‬وא
א@ ‪ S \
'+‬אن‪ 
 ;L6‬‬
‫
‪`1 q1
'8& 
 +&K‬א‪$‬א‪D&41 !R %‬‬ ‫א(‪ &1،-@\/‬دא‪&U‬ز! 
‪،%&SWbc‬و"‬
‫א(‪ <O8
<G‬א ‪#J‬ل‪bc‬א(‪،
<G‬و"
‬ ‫‪&4\)&8&rB& h‬א‪2OW&8‬و‪d‬د! ‪#& 4‬ز‪E6
6‬‬
‫‪
W&NS‬وو<&‪%‬א{‪v6‬م‪،‬و
א? >א‪
 1‬‬
‫א ‬ ‫‪KE2009،  ¡&9W *8!F(12)
@ CP)&8‬‬
‫وא‪U‬د 
‪،‬وא
א‪
 8)#‬א † 
?)‪6 &JF(15‬‬ ‫وא‪O" &vQ+‬אא \' ‹? ‪&‡c‬لא‪`j#‬‬
‫א'‪v‬م‪O" 4@+KE2012‬אא ‪;8‬نא
‬ ‫א‪R#‬א‪$‬א‪ W!&1R %‬‬
‫א@‪#¢&&/oLNS‬ذ‪،& 5‬و!‪aj W2#&4‬‬ ‫א&‪B‬ذא‪B‬א‪G& +7‬א‪#‬א<`‪W‬א& &‪;B‬و‬
‫‪%&SJ 6&4W >' &4'@+‬א‪،B&q4‬و"‬ ‫אא‪
5G‬א 
‪،‬و" ‪
6#8‬و?‪? œ&48‬‬
‫‪Z7‬د‪R;R‬دو‪G‬و‪D@ A‬א ‪#‬א‪9‬א‪6&1 57‬‬ ‫‪#bc‬א<‪&88?‹M ،
l‬א ‪-  1‬‬
‫א ‪- #‬א‪$‬א‪c-! %‬ذ!\‪L‬א< ‪G#S‘&r&1‬א‬ ‫‪F
6B&qrsvK‬א‪،˜<#‬א ق‪،‬א ˆ‪ KE‬‬
‫‪686‬د‪  _j‬א(‪&4@9# ،-@\/‬و< 
‬
‫א&‪B‬א 
‪W‬و‪1‬א‪&U‬ز! 
‪= m‬‬
‫ ‪#‬א‪9‬א@? ‪R‬وא‪

 &/m M D&\/‬‬
‫‪d‬د!&‪&4‬و‪ E ?M ،&4&qr‬א(\‪B&#‬‬
‫? >وא(\&‪،B7‬وא‪B& &QF‬א † 
‪،‬‬
‫א‪
S
<&<U‬א‪،
 8)#‬ود‪،
<&<;
&6‬‬
‫وא‪&S 7‬د‪،‬وא' &<
‪،‬وא! وא‪،
W&NS‬‬
‫‪e5Q‬אא א‪&4&q4 &"q8W، )#‬‬
‫وא  ‪#);` ‡D‬א‪>97F (16)]G‬و‪G‬د!
‪KE2009،‬‬
‫א( @
' ‪D
1‬א(‪P)&8‬א‪&U‬ز! 
‪،‬و"ذא‪B‬‬
‫;  &‪q
+&K‬א‪ -! %‬א 
‪،‬‬ ‫)& `‪# P\N !،R#@h‬א<‪&4 Q‬א ‪#‬א‪- 9‬‬
‫א@ ‪
'+‬א œ*‪?£
9&J
+&?mL‬‬ ‫א‪B&6&1$‬א‪
!#‬א‪&48
 U‬وא(‪>97F(13)?
@\/‬‬
‫‪` &Q‬א‪RG&1  <7‬و"
א(&‪Bv‬א{دא‪
!G‬‬
‫א ‬ ‫و‪B&qr2  6L6R# œ&1،E2009،
!G‬‬
‫وא‪&S 7‬د!
‪D‬א?‪ /‬א\‪B&6&Q‬א‪
 &F‬‬ ‫?‪P)&8 /?
+#? 9&86‬א‪، )#‬‬
‫وא{‪
 5& +‬وא‪،
6&8S‬و ‪L‬א  ‪O8
 1‬‬ ‫و"‪F‬א\&‪،
 %‬א&و!
‪،‬א( א 
‪،‬א &‪،
 G‬‬
‫א‪v\  <7‬ل‪
!&wbc‬א‪ L B&8 +&1/‬א!
‬ ‫א‪،
 &+‬א‪،
N‬א‪E
!#8‬و"‪]O‬א‪B&q4‬‬
‫א ' ‪M ،B&8‬א ‪a‬א‪
& 
W&NS‬‬ ‫‪;

&/m‬و‪&@)f
'8& b‬لא‪$‬א‪-! %‬א‪ !O‬‬
‫א@ ‪ 
'+‬אא‪،‬وא<  \‪aQ‬א! ‬ ‫!? '‪v O8&4+#‬د"‪،‬و?א ‪ 9‬‬
‫א\ א‪،e‬و ‪&I J;
45‬زא ‪a‬א
א@ ‪
'+‬‬ ‫א‪R#‬وא‪EF‬א‪B‬א‪U‬و 
א(?‪4   8
+#‬‬
‫' @  ‪DE 6&<q‬א  ‪،‬א א‪e‬‬ ‫א( ‪6&J *8!F(14)
W‬א'‪v‬م‪ KE2012،‬‬
‫ א'‪
8‬א‪ 
+&/‬א  א‪ 7‬א‪W *8!F(17)%‬‬
‫א&‪B‬א?‪W
? <v‬و‪1‬א 
‬
‫‪6&J‬א'‪v‬م‪ KE2012،‬‬
‫א@‪،
N S‬وא
א@ ‪K
'+‬و‪D‬د‪G‬א<
‪ &J&4‬‬

‫‪365‬‬
‫ّ‬ ‫ّ ّ‬
‫  * 
' ّ ‪ّ / 0‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬
‫ 
 ‪ّ  '6 -‬‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫ ‪) .‬ر ‪3‬ول !‪1‬‬ ‫       *)ي '&  ‪ #$%‬و
! ّ  ‪- 
! +,‬‬

‫‪1K4‬א א‪J‬א‪vJ R#‬ل‪&+‬طא ‬ ‫‪K4‬א‪G‬א<


א( א‪&VW
 +‬ول‪]O"D‬א‪G‬א<
‬
‫א@‪D4‬א'‪
8‬א‪U‬و‪/‹Wb‬א‪$‬ولא|‬ ‫‪ 6‬ض‪#¢‬ذ‪&8- \ Q-5‬طא א@‪4‬‬
‫‪#¢‬ذ‪&+
Se&8& 5‬طא א  @‪4‬‬ ‫‪G#Q‬א‪U‬ول‬
‫)\&(&"‪L6G \#‬א( ‪D-1‬א ‬
‫وא ‪#‬א‪G \1&\)9‬א (\‪L6yl‬א(‪D‬‬ ‫ א( 
א‪ 7‬א‪ 
8!& L6e&8 K
 %‬א‪
 +‬‬
‫א‪&+E‬א'‪
8'R#8‬א‪U‬و‪ b‬א  ‬ ‫{‪I‬א(א‪G‬سא‪ 7‬א‪B 5M ،
%‬و&‪]O"`%‬‬
‫א‪ 7‬א‪#8 8،%‬אن‪#6‬د‪  ;2‬א'@ )‪F(18‬‬ ‫א‪G‬א<
‪
<Gm‬אא{ א" ‪،1‬א‪#‬א
‬
‫وزא‪2G‬א 
א‪#\!M ،E2016،
 8)#‬مא(‬ ‫ ‪
!7#‬א(' 
‪¦!G& ،‬د!'‪ K2019E1‬‬
‫א‪ &vQ+‬א‪،8‬و ‪]O"L6e&8‬א‪ 6
QF‬ض‬ ‫و‪]O"z4‬א(&!‪
\! )
*vbc
8‬‬
‫"‪O‬אא‪&8‬طو‪^ 5#‬א( ‪P \œ
  -1‬‬ ‫‪#‬א‪9‬א( ‪-1‬א‪ &vQ+‬א‪،8‬و‪I‬‬
‫א?@&‪e‬א‪B‬א(' ‪O" 
W4‬אא‪G‬س‪K‬‬ ‫‪#S
 +&?c‬لא א‪J‬א‪vJ R#‬ل‬
‫‪= C‬א‪&¢U‬طא ‪#‬א‪،-1  1
9‬و‪O‬א‬
‫‪
 ) 8 '8‬א
א !‪ K&4+#@A#‬‬
‫‪
Q‬د‪G‬س‪#684@h‬د‪  ;2‬א'@  ‬
‫א‪$‬ول‪ J W1G‬‬
‫א(‪#j#‬ع‪#6W‬د‪4@h  ;2‬‬
‫‪ 2‬‬ ‫א‪ 
Sk‬‬ ‫א( אن‪ 4@hW‬‬
‫‪"&h;F‬و;‪ EE6‬‬ ‫ א'@  ‬
‫א?@&‪2e‬א‪&tW
 & F‬و‪G‬و!‪p&8‬א‪8< &vQ+‬א‪;
 # ?B‬و‬
‫‪ 28‬‬ ‫;<‪#‬ع ‬
‫‪D2G#S‬و‪#B& j‬א‪
9‬دא
 ‬
‫‪ J2‬א?@&‪e‬א‪B‬א ‪ 
j‬‬ ‫‪ J1‬א\ وא(‪#‬א= ‬
‫‪B&  J3‬א?@&‪ 2e‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫‪G18!-‬א^א ‪#‬א‪
9‬‬ ‫‪ K^   !-‬‬
‫‪ 4 6  !-‬وض;&^ ‬
‫‪P! ) 6‬א‪&1 <7‬ع‪ K‬‬ ‫‪>t-‬و)‪ K^8‬‬
‫‪#R „-‬א‪G‬א ‪،B& Sh-‬و!‪ 6E‬‬
‫‪` Q!-‬א|‪، ! J‬و!  ‪ K
1 <
 
4W&  ! - z‬‬
‫‪;،^!;G‬و&‪ K] 6‬‬
‫‪lt -‬م“دאˆ‪&8‬ولא?‪ K
1‬‬ ‫‪“L6‬دאˆא ‪ K
 N‬‬
‫‪ 7‬‬ ‫‪ hZ‬א?@&‪ '! JW2e‬د‪
S‬א‪;4 &vQ+‬و™‪ G#9
6#1‬‬
‫א(\‪ `Q‬‬
‫‪ 4 6  ! J‬وض;&^ ‬
‫\‪ !#‬‬ ‫א‪
j#‬א  ‪
1‬א ‪ 
1‬‬ ‫א( א ‬
‫! ‪ O‬‬ ‫و‪a45# !; 
j‬א&‪
%‬؟(&ذא؟ ‬
‫ ‪ S‬‬
‫و„ > ‬ ‫א‪vQ+7‬ق   =‪#W 6‬א‪6#‬א‪#9#‬ل؟ ‬

‫‪366‬‬
‫ص‪374-361 :‬‬
‫ّ‬
‫  ‪2021‬‬ ‫ّ‬
‫ص‬ ‫
د‬ ‫  ‪13‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬

‫!‪E‬א‪2G#94 &vQ+‬א? &ˆ‪;،‬و!‪P‬א(א‪ G#S‬‬


‫א( ‪،^@<;
\W‬و!‪ >Q‬א(  ‪-1‬و‪=9‬א(‪` & %&\4‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫) ‪y‬א‪
_<U‬א ‪
4 5#‬א|
 ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫„ >  ‬
‫א‪    &vQ+‬‬
‫א(‪  4‬‬ ‫‪& J1‬ذא‪/o‬א‪2G#S‬א‪U‬و‪b‬؟)&‪ %‬א‪B‬؟‪ K‬‬
‫وא ‪  8‬‬ ‫‪L1'!=  J2‬א(?&ن؟ ‬
‫א(‪#Q8‬ق‪   K‬‬ ‫‪#  !; J3‬א‪5‬א‪U‬مو;Šو‪
„J‬؟ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪& J4‬ذא!‪D5#‬א‪ˆ#<&k‬؟ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪&( J5‬ذא‪ *8‬א‪U‬م‪&4 c‬؟ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪#"  J6‬אא‪8!RO‬ل א‪2 %&Q‬؟ ‬
‫‪&t‬ول;ن  ‬ ‫‪& J7‬ذא‪1t‬א‪ˆU‬؟‪ K‬‬
‫„‪#‬א ‪G‬א  ‬ ‫‪& J8‬ذא‪W‬א‪U‬و‪7‬د‪"&h&86‬وא; &"؟ ‬
‫ ‪vJ‬ل  ‬ ‫•' 
א{א‪ Ks‬‬
‫ ‪ e&8‬א‪U‬م‪w،Š;،
„JW‬א< ‪#‬د; ‪ &1#‬א'@ ‪ \K‬א‪ ’!#? 8‬‬
‫א(‪#Q8‬ق‬ ‫א ‪  B&1‬و‪E62S
&<G’ 9‬א‪=&r‬א‪#1‬ل‪ K‬‬
‫! \‪1‬‬ ‫‪S <L W
„J‬؟;‪/^ c
& &+‬א ‬
‫א‪U‬دوא‪ G‬‬ ‫א‪U‬م‪z 8<W‬ذ}‪
?hE6‬א‪ Ka+l+U‬‬
‫;Š‪D] * 8+z#<W‬א(‪;&!}On ;،G&Q‬؟ ‬
‫;Šو‪W
„J‬א‪L6§1k‬א'‪ ;&!
v‬א!‪ K‬‬
‫' 
‬
‫א< ‪#! G&1/‬زعא(א‪U‬دوא‪L6B‬א ‪ KO v‬‬
‫;א‪ K Sœ s‬‬
‫א(? '&‪#\! B‬مא ‪&6¨ O v‬د‪2‬א‪8‬א(‪#Q8‬ق‪;،‬و‪ Kr& J'+ 
W&jc‬‬
‫א‪ 8‬‬
‫א‪ 7‬א‪L%‬د  &ˆא
א 
'‪
8‬א‪U‬و‪b‬‬ ‫א(‪D & WGS‬א
א 
‪،‬א  
‬
‫ א  א‪ 7‬א‪ K%‬‬ ‫א{<‪،
v‬א 
א(‪
+‬א'‪
8‬א‪U‬و‪ b‬א  ‬

‫‪367‬‬
‫ّ‬ ‫ّ ّ‬
‫  * 
' ّ ‪ّ / 0‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬
‫ 
 ‪ّ  '6 -‬‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫ ‪) .‬ر ‪3‬ول !‪1‬‬ ‫       *)ي '&  ‪ #$%‬و
! ّ  ‪- 
! +,‬‬

‫א(‪&W
1‬ذא‪}1'+‬א‪U‬و‪G‬אق؟ ‬ ‫ א‪2e‬و ‪ WP‬‬
‫;א ‪WO v‬و‪ K
G‬‬ ‫‪D-#"&1‬א‪$‬ول;‪/o،]v6‬‬
‫א(‪#\+7W
1‬لو‪#5 
G‬אزא'@ ‪ K‬‬ ‫א‪ %&Q‬א‪B‬א*&" ‪L62‬א('  ‪I#‬א‪#1‬د‪R‬‬
‫א(‪#" W
1‬אא‪8!RO‬ل א‪2 %&Q‬؟ ‬ ‫א‪B&Q‬א‪
S'
<&<U‬א א@‪،4‬‬
‫;א ‪^+cWO v‬א‪ KˆU‬‬ ‫و"و‪
j‬א‪vQ+7‬ق‪،‬و ‪e&8‬א ‪،B&1‬وא< ‪G&1/‬‬
‫א(‪&W
1‬ذא‪1t‬א‪ˆU‬؟ ‬ ‫א(? '&‪KB‬و‪;&m‬نא‪#"zr‬א‪L6z##‬‬
‫;א ‪ K2
 \1tWO v‬‬ ‫א‪˜18‬א ‪#‬א‪&V،O v 9‬ولא   ‪L6‬‬
‫א(‪&W
1‬ذא‪W‬א‪U‬و‪7‬د‪"&h&86‬وא; &"؟ ‬ ‫א‪
Q‬א‪e&8 F
+&/‬א ‪ KEB&1‬‬
‫;א ‪WO v‬ذ"‪#‬א‪]86‬و‪#G‬א ^‪ K‬‬
‫‪ `1W‬א!
א‪
Sk‬وא< ‪G&N‬א( ‪B& Q(-1‬‬
‫א(‪"W
1‬א‪&6ˆU‬د א'@ ‪G‬א&‪D‬‬ ‫א ‪G‬سא'& ‪DP‬א‪
j#‬א‪U‬و‪ Jb‬و‪
j‬‬
‫א\‪G&Q‬؟‪#*7‬א‪D‬א‪ K2G#S‬‬ ‫א‪vQ+7‬ق‪;&8*7 J‬نא(‪ 6Da6 h
1‬ض‬
‫;א ‪D7WO v‬א‪ K2 %&Q‬‬ ‫ ƒא(&"وא‪L6G#S‬א'‪;،2G#‬وא(‪#5#‬د‪D2‬‬
‫‪
 'G‬א‪U‬א‪ Ws‬‬ ‫א? &ˆ‪،‬و‪^ 5#‬א( ‪# ‘
*v(-1‬א"&‪،‬‬
‫وא‪vJ ^86‬ل) ‪y‬א‪
_<U‬א|
‪ W‬‬
‫ "‪]O‬א‪
SD
<&<;2#QF‬א‬
‫א@‪;
 Dz4M £،4‬و‪P Q8bcb‬‬ ‫א(‪&W
1‬ذא!‪]O"D5#‬א‪2G#S‬؟ ‬
‫א( ‪-1‬و‪L6"!#‬א\ א‪2e‬و' א‪U‬دא‪ ،e‬‬ ‫;א‪]O"D5#!WO v‬א‪ %&)2G#S‬א‪،B‬و‪+‬ول‬
‫‪vJ‬لא< ‪I# 46&1‬א‪8‬א(\ و‪،e‬و‪&6c‬د‪ 2‬א‪^e‬‬ ‫א‪&8‬س א‪2 %&Q‬وא‪&8‬سدא‪J‬א‪ * 8!
Q‬ون‪ K‬‬
‫‪ W‬אد‪I‬و‡&‪
 D–414WP 1K،
6‬‬ ‫א(‪&W
1‬ذא‪/o‬א‪2G#S‬א‪U‬و‪b‬؟ ‬
‫‪vJ  J
\7‬ل‪ /o‬א‪U‬دوא‪ '>&DG‬‬ ‫;א ‪ %&)WO v‬א‪ K2/B‬‬
‫‡&‪#L6e&8 6‬ز!`‪B& Sh‬א‪،8‬وœ\ \&‬ ‫א(‪&W
1‬ذא‪O"1'+‬אא(?&ن؟ ‬
‫‪Or‬אא('‪a&L‬א(‪ \ 
1‬א‪2e‬א‪8‬א(‪#5#‬دא(ون‬ ‫;א ‪^ 1'+WO v‬א(‪ KG&Q‬‬
‫‪L6‬א'‪`&'L62G#‬א( ‪&6c48>Q -1‬د‪2‬‬ ‫א(‪#  !;W
1‬א‪5‬א‪U‬مو‪
„J‬و;Š؟ ‬
‫ א‪& 6&‡^e‬و‪ W‬אد‪`،I‬א‪ /1 
6#1™G& J‬‬ ‫;א ‪
6&DWO v‬א‪ KG&* +7‬‬
‫א‪U‬دوא‪6&'M ،G‬א(' 
‪4WL6‬א(  ‬ ‫א(‪&(W
1‬ذאذ"‪a‬א&‪bc
%‬א(‪G&Q‬؟ ‬
‫‪`%&#‬א‪U‬א‪،s‬א‪ &vQ+‬א‪8‬א(\ و‪ Ke‬‬ ‫;א ‪5; WO v‬א< \&لא‪ KˆU‬‬
‫و‪L6”v!&u‬א( 
א‪U‬و‪;b‬ن א‪2e‬‬ ‫א(‪&W
1‬ذא‪1t‬א‪&8‬سא‪5#! !O‬وندא‪J‬א(‪ Q‬؟ ‬
‫א ‪& ua+&8O v‬ز‪
\! )M  2‬‬ ‫;א ‪WO v‬א‪#r‬א=و;و‪G‬א&‪ K29‬‬

‫‪368‬‬
374-361 :‫ص‬
ّ
2021   ّ
‫ص‬ ‫
د‬ 13  
‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬

` q  @N ‫ˆא‬#<;


1(‫' مא‬ ‫&ق‬Q8 <‫א‬D2 5B‫א‬G\"G&4Ac‫و‬e&\{‫א‬
ˆ&5;&1?W،g N9ˆ#<d 9‫א‬# -1 (‫א‬ L64G&8*7& 1،^*@‫و‬8‫א‬
 >Q&4 _<;e&8K;
N N9
 &5c";  K8‫] א‬#†&PW‫א
و‬D?N ‫א‬
 K^P @S & ^%v‫ز‬ ";
Q‫]א‬O"E WB&' ?(‫א‬G&1/ <‫א‬G
B& k‫ א‬/?‫
א‬1(‫א‬1 '&1 ،9‫א‬#‫وא‬4@ 
 ‫
אא‬SD
Q‘ J“‫و‬
>DO v ‫س?`א‬G&4 he&8K; L6&rvJ 
1(‫\=א‬،
 \ Q
Q‘"‫و‬
 6 ‫א‬D&"6&'B& k‫و}א‬4(‫א‬ ‫م‬#\M K8‫א‬B& Q(-1 (‫א< &ˆא‬I
 K
#4' ^14W‫و‬4(‫א‬ 8‫א‬B& Sh /1 O v‫א‬L6G‫دوא‬U‫ز!`א‬#
r‚l 
 tGd O v‫
`א‬1(‫ &א‬ S!2 @W،4%v‫`ز‬1'‫و‬I; L6
&u،"G&?W; 6‫وא‬9‫א‬#‫א‬D
! k‫א‬ B& Sh‫ وא &س‬/1 2G#'‫א‬bcO v
 G;

!&48‫א‬DrgNS ،9‫א‬#‫א‬L64q!  KE«‫א‬KKKˆU‫א‬،Š;‫و‬،
„J،‫م‬U‫א‬F8‫א‬
‚l&8"‫و‬،
"&@h2 D
!‫"א‬e&QJ; ،
Q‫א‬#"8 ‫א‬s‫א‬U&\)'\&W
،‫  @?وאوא{ אع‬a#‫ '& א‬r B& Sh '¬z4 ‫و‬،‫ ون‬W&'(‫"א‬O v‫وא‬
-  &‫وא‬B&NQS( ‫א‬DvJ‫&א‬8*7&8"‫و‬ ،26&'(‫א‬%&<#‫ ƒא‬4 6‫زع‬# 8‫א‬
G#S‫& א‬vQ+‫א‬،
 &‫وא‬LNS@‫א 
א‬  'q‫ ;א‬K4 6«‫א‬،
 \،=&r&
 W
|‫א‬1$‫ذ}א‬L6‫&ل‬/1‫و‬،
% (‫وא(&"א‬  K8‫א‬DB‫د‬G‫&و‬1
S\‫א‬B& Q(@‫א‬
 ‫א‬#Q4!ˆU‫א‬2 %&Q‫ل א‬8!ˆU‫ א‬J  W
q'(‫א‬B&*v(‫•א‬
 K2G& Q‫א‬ &\)
1 <
>&‫א‬D‫)@&ل‬U‫!' مא‬
‫ون‬4!‫&س‬8‫&
א'@ א‬Q ‫ن‬#1t J 7c
1(‫ ^א‬9‫א‬# &‫و‬،8‫^ א‬+#1'!&(
 K‫אق‬G‫و‬U‫א‬ 
#9 (‫&א‬4 W„ ‫א‬،B7&k‫ ƒא‬D
 ‫&طא‬+‫ل‬vJ R#‫א‬J‫ א א‬J2K4 gQS(‫&لא‬1  <‫;وא‬،4(‫א‬2&&‘D
 W
+&/‫
א‬8'‫א‬D4@‫א‬ 
 &‫א‬B&NQS(‫  ƒא‬6‫&ل‬/1‫و‬g NS‫א‬
،‫ن‬#@  ‫א‬W
Sk‫א‬D-1 (‫& ƒא‬4@A‫א و‬
‫&ط‬+
Se&8&5‫ذ‬#¢;|‫ولא‬$‫א‬/‹
 K# '? +#?‫א‬،2G& Q‫א(' &جא‬
(‫א‬L6‫א(@ وض‬G \1&\)4@‫א א‬
  ‫ 
 א‬+&/‫
א‬8'R#8'‫&א‬+E‫א‬D O v ‫  ?`א‬7
1(‫&;نא‬8*7
(19)
@(‫­א‬SW‫אن‬#8 8،%‫ א‬7‫א‬ 5; ‫ &ن‬U‫ ƒא‬D7c
 &‫ &
א‬
 KE2016
8)#‫א 
א‬2G‫وزא‬F  Kr4@‫' ˜א‬

369
‫ّ‬ ‫ّ ّ‬
‫  * 
' ّ ‪ّ / 0‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬
‫ 
 ‪ّ  '6 -‬‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫ ‪) .‬ر ‪3‬ول !‪1‬‬ ‫       *)ي '&  ‪ #$%‬و
! ّ  ‪- 
! +,‬‬

‫‪
Q‬د‪G‬س‪­S84@h‬א(@
 ‬
‫א‪$‬ول‪ JW2G‬‬

‫‪ "&h;F 4@h‬א'‪W


8‬א‪ 2
+&/‬‬ ‫א(‪#j#‬ع‪ W‬‬
‫א( אن‪ 4@hW‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫‪­S‬א(@
  و;‪ EE6‬‬
‫א?@&‪2e‬א‪\!W
 & F‬م‪B&4 5#‬א‪8< &vQ+‬א‪D
6#8 B‬‬
‫‪ 2‬‬ ‫א‪#<U‬ع ‬
‫و‪#B& j‬א‪
9‬دא
 ‬
‫‪ J2‬א?@&‪e‬א‪B‬א ‪ 
j‬‬ ‫‪ J1‬א\ وא(‪#‬א= ‬
‫‪B&  J3‬א?@&‪ 2e‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫‪ ! J‬دא< ‪ K`†&(
&q‬‬ ‫‪G>' ?! J‬א‪ K
!B‬‬
‫‪ K^   ! J‬‬
‫‪>' ?! J‬א(‪DB& Q‬א  ‪`6&@ ! J‬א‪8‬א(‪#Q8‬ق ‬
‫‪D4'! J‬א‪1‬א‪6&1$‬‬
‫‪#1 \! J‬نא ‪8‬‬ ‫א@‪4‬وא? & ‪ K‬‬
‫وא ‪#‬א‪`9‬א|‪  ! J‬‬
‫‪L6z  ! J‬א‪> &<U‬א(‪ 
  <&8‬א(‪#Q8‬ق ‬
‫‪“>' ?! J‬دאˆא‪#k‬א‪G‬‬
‫‪
j#‬א‪#k‬א‪
!G‬وא ‪،
 4 5#‬و!‪#1 \! J a/‬نא‪8‬‬
‫وא‪ M!k‬‬
‫א(‪#Q8‬ق ‬ ‫ذא^وא< \‪ K^ v‬‬
‫‪ 7‬‬ ‫א(\‪ `Q‬‬ ‫‪ hZ‬א?@&‪4WW2e‬א‪8‬א(‪#Q8‬قو‪&6c‬د‪ <2‬د] ‬
‫\‪ !#‬‬ ‫א‪
j#‬א  ‪
1‬א ‪ 
1‬‬ ‫א( א ‬
‫‪1 '! W J‬א(‪&!O‬ع؟;! ‪O‬א(‪&!O‬ع؟ ‬
‫و‪
j‬‬
‫"‪bc`1  '+‬א‪DG&JU‬א(‪&!O‬ع؟&"א‪ O! 245U‬و„ >   ‪ S‬‬
‫א‪vQ+7‬ق ‬
‫א‪I JU‬א  ‪&4+#W‬؟ ‬

‫ ‬ ‫!‪>Q‬א(‪g  W‬א? &ˆ;و!‪  &486E!"&P‬‬


‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫א( ‪#1‬ن ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‪e&8‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫א ‪=S!  B&1‬א( ‪#1‬نא(&"\&‪vJ ،& %‬ل;<_
  ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪ 
\W 
4 5#‬א‪# '6‬א" ‬
‫‪> 5‬א‪   &vQ+‬‬ ‫א‪W12G#S‬א@‪#‬جא‪U‬ول‪ K‬‬
‫א(‪4‬وא ‪  8‬‬ ‫‪& J‬א<"‪O‬אא‪&4$‬ز؟ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫א(‪#Q8‬ق‪ K‬‬ ‫‪&45]86  J‬زא(‪&!O‬ع؟ ‬
‫‪370‬‬
‫ص‪374-361 :‬‬
‫ّ‬
‫  ‪2021‬‬ ‫ّ‬
‫ص‬ ‫
د‬ ‫  ‪13‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬

‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪&451 '! W J‬زא(‪&!O‬ع؟ ‬


‫?‪ ’!#‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪"& J‬א‪E‬אא­!‪&4/‬؟ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫א‪W22G#S‬א@‪#‬جא‪ K+&/‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪& J‬א<"‪O‬אא‪&4$‬ز؟ ‬
‫!‪   6E‬‬ ‫‪"& J‬א‪E‬אא &"و‪&4+‬؟ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫א(&"‪ K‬‬ ‫‪#"& J‬א‪&4$‬زא‪^@RO‬א(‪&!O‬ع;مא @&ز؟ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪#"& J‬א@ ق ‪&148‬؟ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪#W"& J‬א‪%‬א @&ز؟ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫!' ‪`1‬و!\ ; ‬ ‫א‪W32G#S‬א@‪#‬جא‪ KM&/‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫‪]O"L1'=  J‬א‪U‬و‪G‬אق؟ ‬
‫‪& J‬ذא‪D‬א‪ $‬א‪%‬؟ ‬
‫!'‪d‬لא(&ذא!\م א(‪&!O‬عوא‪=&r‬وא @&ز‪G&?W;e&8  K‬‬
‫‪&62!5‬‬ ‫א< ‪^@4!; G&1/‬و(&ذא؟ ‬
‫œ‪ K S‬‬
‫و‪G‬د‪D‬א ‪8‬‬ ‫א(? '&‪> ?! B‬א(;' א{‪L6B& &5‬א'‪ K2G#‬‬
‫א(‪#Q8‬ق ‬ ‫' 
‪c‬א‪s‬א‪c8‬ن;? ‪ K‬‬
‫'& ‪4W
SD JP‬א(‪#Q8‬ق‪، J‬‬
‫‪D‬א ‪G‬سא ‬ ‫א(‪D & WGS‬א
א  
‪،‬א  
‬
‫و) ‪ƒ y‬א‪ W|&
_<U‬‬ ‫א{<‪،
v‬א  
א(‪،
 +‬א'‪
8‬א‪ 
 +&/‬‬
‫‪ J‬א(‪&W‬ذא!‪D5#‬א‪2G#S‬؟ ‬ ‫א  א‪ 7‬א‪L%‬د  &ˆא
א
'‪
8‬‬
‫א‪ 
+&/‬א  א‪ 7‬א‪ K%‬‬
‫‪ J‬א ‪&@WO v‬ز‪&!O،‬ع‪ 5،‬א‪ K%‬‬
‫ א‪2e‬و ‪&(&WP‬و‪G‬د‪y hD‬א‪8‬א‪\ Q‬‬
‫‪ J‬א(‪&W‬ذא!‪L65#‬א'‪2G#‬؟ ‬
‫א(‪
8'S‬א‪U‬و‪ b‬א א‪ 7‬א‪ ‹،%‬‬
‫‪; J‬א ‪&!O5#!WO v‬ع‪ K‬‬ ‫‪&+‬طאא@‪D4‬א'‪
8‬א‪n@8 
+&/‬א‪B&Q‬‬
‫‪ J‬א(‪#86#"&W‬אنא‪
Sk‬א‪Da‬א(‪&!O‬ع؟ ‬ ‫א'& \
א‪#\8<M ، O‬م &  –;!&‪ J‬‬
‫‪; J‬א ‪ K
1 Gˆ#WO v‬‬ ‫‪e&8 ­ L6‬א‪،B&1‬وא<  ‪G&1/‬א(? '&‪B‬‬
‫و‪d <&PW‬ذ ]‬
‫‪ J‬א(‪&+&™L8&W‬؟ ‬
‫• ‪e&8‬א ‪ WB&1‬‬
‫‪; J‬א ‪` Q '7WO v‬א(‪`W7KKK‬‬
‫א&‪
%‬א‪#\8‬د‪ K‬‬ ‫‪]O"D‬א( 
)>א( א ‪g WO v‬‬
‫א? &ˆא(‪2G#9L6<G‬א‪8‬א‪]#†RO‬‬

‫‪371‬‬
‫ّ‬ ‫ّ ّ‬
‫  * 
' ّ ‪ّ / 0‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬
‫ 
 ‪ّ  '6 -‬‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫ ‪) .‬ر ‪3‬ول !‪1‬‬ ‫       *)ي '&  ‪ #$%‬و
! ّ  ‪- 
! +,‬‬

‫‪  -‬وزא& 
‪ D‬א‪&@)U‬ل‪ 
9&J‬‬ ‫‪ J‬א(‪&(W‬ذא;‪J‬א‪ˆU‬א ‪^^8‬؟ ‬
‫) ‪z‬א(‪ K‬‬ ‫‪; J‬א ‪ WO v‬א‪e‬א‪#‬אزم‪ K‬‬
‫‪-‬א‪&1 6‬دא(‪L6‬א‪B& k‬وא{‹&‪e‬א‪،B‬‬ ‫‪ J‬א(‪#"&W‬א‪&4$‬زא‪^hRO‬א‪ˆU‬؟ ‬
‫و\!;‪˜ ' 
&& 
/‬א@‪ K-1 14‬‬
‫‪; J‬א ‪WO v‬א(‪&!O‬ع‪ K‬‬
‫‪
#9-‬א‪8‬א(‪G‬وس‪L6‬א( ‪O"D-1‬א‬
‫ ‪ WP‬‬
‫א' א‪;ˆ& w^ &\!RO‬و‪6‬مو‪#5‬د‪ K‬و‪
!#2‬‬
‫‪bcdq!&u‬א(‪B&NQS‬א&
‪ K‬‬ ‫‪vJ &8*7‬ل‪B& &5c‬א( ‪ 6-1‬א‪
_<U‬‬
‫‪G#‬א‪
q4‬א& 
‪M ،‬א< م*‪41‬‬
‫‪ˆ& w-‬א   ‪86‬א ‪O 1‬و< ‪
6‬א{‪
 &5‬‬
‫‪W/B&NQS‬א?‪،} #‬א  @!‪#‬ن‪،‬‬
‫ א‪#‬אא ‪Z‬د‪&1 <7-1 (& R‬لא‪
q4‬‬
‫א‪،˜<#‬א‪&+ $‬ن‪#@ & ˜ +،‬ن‪ K‬‬
‫א&
‪ K‬‬
‫‪= A#&8*7&1‬א(ƒא‪1$‬‬
‫‪!W
o&JK5‬א‪#j#DMN‬عא א‪J‬‬
‫א& 
 ;‪˜ '5‬א@‪ ،-1  14‬‬
‫א‪
 DR#‬א  א‪ 7‬א‪ %‬א(‪#‬א‪` j‬‬
‫ ‪ W O+&48‬‬
‫א(‪
14‬وא‪& ; ^1œ&(
<&'k‬د ‪
 Q P‬‬
‫א(  ‪F‬א( 
א‪،E
! 1‬و) 
א
א(‪
@A#‬‬ ‫‪&@  J‬ش‪#Q +‬א‪ K&86&e&9f‬‬
‫و&œ‪  ^1‬א‪B‬و!' ‪>S‬א‪ /; U‬‬ ‫‪#?h J‬ن&ن‪"86‬א‪D˜<#‬אא‪ KG‬‬
‫ ‪1!&18‬א(‪#j#‬عא‪G#Q‬א‪U‬ول‪،‬وא‪>Q !RO‬‬ ‫‪‹&،)& ’&+&™ J‬شא‪#S‬א‪G‬د‪ K‬‬
‫‪ 4!e&@;-1W#‬א‪@?!&2EF‬‬
‫‪&@  J‬ش‪# W 6‬א ;Š‪ Kd‬؟ ‬
‫ ‪^ 5#‬و?‪ !#‬א(  ‪،-1‬א ‪L6> !O‬‬
‫א'‪4 8‬א‪
q4‬א& 
‪،‬و ‡
א ‪%& 8‬‬ ‫‪#?h J‬ن! ‪z‬א‪&+ $‬ن‪ K‬‬
‫א( ‪vJ &4 c9#‬لא‪G‬א<
‪ W O+‬‬ ‫•א< ‪G&1/‬א(? '&‪ B‬‬
‫‪c J‬نא( ‪D‬א‪G#Q‬א‪U‬ول א  ‬ ‫"‪>)&8‬א( א ‪ƒ  /oO v‬‬
‫א‪ 7‬א‪#!%‬א‪DB& #9^5‬א '&ˆא ‪˜18‬‬ ‫א‪U‬دوא‪G‬و‪ ]#†&PW‬א ‪>'،8‬‬
‫א@‪
g S‬א 
‪Kd
q +‬א‪
q4‬א& 
‬ ‫) !\ ^و;<‪ K^ #‬‬
‫و‪] 9G\+‬א‪R#‬א{‪ W‬אد‪،R‬و"‪Z!&#‬د‪^ R‬‬ ‫‪ J‬א(‪B&*v‬א('‪ W
q‬‬
‫‪>w;D‬א‪& U‬ن‪=jbc‬א< &ˆ@ دא‪B‬‬
‫‪-‬א®@&ض'  ‪I#‬א<  ‪&1‬لא 
א@‪LNS‬‬
‫א‪8‬א(\ و‪،e‬و‪O‬א‪
#9‬א  ‪ 6^ #<d‬‬
‫ ) ‪z‬א( ‪]O"D-1‬א'‪ &\D
8‬‬
‫‪= C‬א(‪#‬א=א !‪#‬א‪ K&445‬‬
‫א( ‪D-1‬א'‪
8‬א‪U‬و‪ Kb‬‬

‫‪372‬‬
‫ص‪374-361 :‬‬
‫ّ‬
‫  ‪2021‬‬ ‫ّ‬
‫ص‬ ‫
د‬ ‫  ‪13‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬

‫‪،  ¡&9 J‬א


א‪U‬موא‪#‬א`א‪DR#‬‬ ‫‪;&m J‬ن&د‪2‬א א@‪/o4‬א‪>+&$‬‬
‫א‪$‬א‪، %‬א
א‪U‬م‪&8 
™،‬ول\&‪DB7‬א
‬ ‫א(‪#Q8‬ق
‪bcL'M ،‬א<  ‪&Q8‬ق‬
‫א‪U‬مא‪$‬א‪، %‬دא‪ K2009،
#"G‬‬ ‫א(  ‪،-1‬و‪#S8& 414WP 1‬ص ‪vJ‬ل‬
‫‪= C= A#‬א\‪G‬א‪B‬א &‪F‬א‪
 8"O‬وא‪nk‬‬
‫‪6 J‬א ! ‪ N9‬אو‪،R‬א
א 
‪D‬‬
‫  
‪¨W،EKK‬نא(&!‪
8‬א( א‪&¬B 4A;
 +‬و &‬
‫א‪$‬א‪، %‬א &‪¦!G‬وא‪  J1‘
&5،
!#r‬‬
‫ א( ‪`-1‬א‪#S8‬صא !'‪L6،&4+#1‬‬
‫ '? ‪2‬א‪$‬א‪
 
™ %‬א|دאˆوא‪#‬م‬
‫א  ‪ "&* !&8 q' w‬א א‪J‬‬
‫א‪،
+&'+7‬אد‪#5،5‬אن‪،2009‬ص‪ K3‬‬
‫א‪- R#‬א@‪LNS‬وא& 
‪;&8*7M ،‬ن‬
‫‪&+G#  16 J‬ن‪˜ Q•،‬א' &<
א‪،
!#‬‬ ‫;‪>w‬א(  ‪4!-1‬א\‪”@L62G‬‬
‫א
א‪U‬م‪&8 
™،‬ول\&‪DB7‬א
א‪U‬م‪،‬‬ ‫א‪#S8‬ص‪،‬و‪& u? &4 /o‬ز‪;w،‬نאو‪G‬‬
‫א‪$‬א‪، %‬دא‪ K2009
#"G‬‬ ‫א‪#l!"U‬لא‪#،2 <U‬نא( ‪L\ !7‬‬
‫‪،n+#!6N W J‬א ‪#‬א‪9‬א‪R#‬‬ ‫د‪ &16‬א ˜א‪^Q¢! R <U‬א ‪#‬א‪9‬‬
‫وא  ‪ ،‬ون‪ K2009، h&+‬‬ ‫ ?< ‪ K‬‬
‫)‪ (20‬‬
‫‪;
‹  J‬و‪&Šp h‬ش‪،‬א א‪J‬א‪R#‬‬ ‫‪
1%&K6‬א( א‪W`5‬‬
‫ ‪-‬א\!وא‪،M!k‬א‪$‬א‪، %‬א'&‪،B& +‬‬ ‫‪ J‬א\ “نא? !‪ K‬‬
‫א—‪،21‬אد‪ K201521‬‬
‫‪G
 ‡ J‬א‪،&5‬א א‪J‬א‪،R#‬א
א‪U‬م‪،‬‬
‫‪ J‬وزא‪2G‬א  
א‪D & ،
 8)#‬א
‬ ‫™
 ‪&8‬ول\&‪DB7‬א
א‪U‬م‪،‬א‪$‬א‪، %‬دא‪G‬‬
‫א
‪،‬א 
א{<‪،
v‬א 
א(‪،
+‬א'‪
8‬‬ ‫"‪ K2009
#‬‬
‫א‪U‬و‪ b‬א  א‪ 7‬א‪،%‬א‪$‬א‪ %‬د!‪#‬אن‬
‫‪R#6 6&†c”W& J‬و“‪ J‬ون‪،‬א'&ن‬
‫א(‪B&6#Q‬א(‪ K2017 J2016،
<G‬‬
‫א و‪
&?hc‬א \‪&8،‬ن‪ ،‬‬
‫‪ J‬وزא‪2G‬א  
א‪D & ،
 8)#‬א
‬ ‫د‪G‬א<&‪B‬א‪2#‬א
‪ K2011،‬‬
‫א
‪،‬א 
א{<‪،
v‬א 
א(‪،
+‬א'‪
8‬‬
‫'‪v‬م‪،‬دو‪G‬א
א‪U‬م‪D‬‬
‫‪6 &J J‬א ‬
‫א‪ 
 +&/‬א  א‪ 7‬א‪،%‬א‪$‬א‪، %‬د!‪#‬אن‬
‫א
א 
א@‪DLNS‬א( 
א‪ 7‬א‪
 %‬‬
‫א(‪B&6#Q‬א(‪ K2017 J2016،
<G‬‬
‫ &(‪
<G‬א‪$‬א‪
،
! %‬א 
وא‪،& +#W#)GU‬‬
‫‪،= Q<
&5‬د ‪G#‬א]‪#6‬م‪S•،‬‬
‫;‪2012
!#5،& +#W#)G‬ص‪ K98‬‬

‫‪373‬‬
‫ّ‬ ‫ّ ّ‬
‫  * 
' ّ ‪ّ / 0‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬
‫ 
 ‪ّ  '6 -‬‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫ ‪) .‬ر ‪3‬ول !‪1‬‬ ‫       *)ي '&  ‪ #$%‬و
! ّ  ‪- 
! +,‬‬

‫‪E13F‬‬
‫‪#"K7‬א‪ W(21)p‬‬
‫‪>97‬و‪G‬د!
‪،‬א‪#‬א`א‪R#‬א‪$‬א‪،R %‬א
א‪U‬م‪
™،‬‬
‫ ‪&8‬ول\&‪DB7‬א
א‪U‬م‪،‬א‪$‬א‪، %‬دא‪2009،
#"G‬‬
‫ص‪ K64‬‬ ‫‪;
‹ E1F‬و‪&Šp h‬ش‪،‬א א‪J‬א‪- R#‬א\!‬
‫'‪v‬م‪،‬دو‪G‬א
א‪U‬م‪D‬א
‬
‫!‪6 &JW *8‬א ‬ ‫‪E14F‬‬ ‫وא‪،M!k‬א‪$‬א‪، %‬א'&‪،B& +‬א—‪،21‬אد‪،21،‬‬
‫א 
א@‪DLNS‬א( 
א‪ 7‬א‪
<G(& 
 %‬א‪$‬א‪
! %‬‬ ‫‪،2015‬ص‪ K14‬‬
‫‪E2F‬‬
‫ص‪ K98‬‬ ‫‡ 
‪G‬א‪،&5‬א א‪J‬א‪،R#‬א
א‪U‬م‪&8 
™،‬ول‬
‫‪ E15F‬א( ‪،^'@+`5‬ص‪ K98‬‬ ‫\&‪DB7‬א
א‪U‬م‪،‬א‪$‬א‪، %‬د‪G‬א"‪،2009،
#‬ص‪ K147‬‬
‫)‪(3‬‬
‫‪André martinet ,élément de linguistique‬‬
‫‪>97W *8!E16F‬و‪G‬د!
‪،‬א‪#‬א`א‪R#‬א‪$‬א‪،R %‬ص‪ J65‬‬
‫‪général, paris, armand colin ,1974,146.‬‬
‫‪ K66‬‬ ‫‪R#6 6&†c”W&E4F‬و“‪ J‬ون‪،‬א'&نא و‪
&?hc‬‬
‫‪6 &J *8!E17F‬א'‪v‬م‪،‬دو‪G‬א
א‪U‬م‪D‬א
‬ ‫א \‪&8،‬ن‪ ،‬د‪G‬א<&‪B‬א‪2#‬א  
‪،2011،‬‬
‫א 
א@‪DLNS‬א( 
א‪ 7‬א‪
<G(& 
 %‬א‪$‬א‪،
! %‬‬ ‫ص‪ K69‬‬
‫ص‪ K99‬‬ ‫‪;
‹  6v\+E5F‬و‪&Šp h‬ش‪،‬א א‪J‬א‪- R#‬‬
‫‪E18F‬‬
‫وزא‪2G‬א  
א‪D & ،
 8)#‬א
א 
‪،‬א  
‬ ‫א\!وא‪،M!k‬ص‪ K22‬‬
‫א{<‪،
v‬א 
א(‪،
+‬א'‪
8‬א‪U‬و‪ b‬א  א‪ 7‬א‪%‬‬ ‫‪6W *8!E6F‬א‪&W#  1k‬س‪#W،‬ز!
< ‪#‬د‪ "&@،‬א‪
 %&8/‬‬
‫א‪$‬א‪ %‬د!‪#‬אنא(‪B&6#Q‬א(‪،2017 J2016،
<G‬ص‪ K113‬‬ ‫א‪
!#‬وא‪7‬زدوא‪
 5‬א‪D
!#‬א(‪B&@Z‬א 
وא‪
 85U‬‬
‫‪E19F‬‬
‫!‪W *8‬وزא‪2G‬א  
א‪D & ،
 8)#‬א
א 
‪،‬‬ ‫א(
‪،
!\+
 œ
!›G‬א‪$‬א‪
™، %‬א\&‪GŸG‬א<&‪B‬‬
‫'‪
8‬א‪ 
 +&/‬א  ‬
‫א  
א{<‪،
v‬א  
א(‪،
 +‬א ‬ ‫א‪U‬د
وא‪
!\8‬وא‪،
!#‬א—‪،2‬אد‪،2020،2‬ص‪ K25‬‬
‫א‪ 7‬א‪%‬א‪$‬א‪، %‬د!‪#‬אنא(‪B&6#Q‬א(‪ J2016،
<G‬‬ ‫‪E7F‬א‪ 5 J1LP‬‬
‫‪،2017‬ص‪ K141‬‬ ‫‪6E8F‬א ! ‪ N9‬אو‪،R‬א
א 
‪D‬א‪$‬א‪، %‬א &‪¦!G‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫وא‪،2 ?'   J1‘
&5،
!#r‬א‪$‬א‪

™، %‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫א|دאˆوא‪#‬مא‪،
+&'+7‬אد‪#5،5‬אن‪،2009‬ص‪ K3‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫‪،n+#!6N W‬א ‪#‬א‪9‬א‪R#‬وא  ‪ ،‬ون‪، h&+‬‬ ‫‪E9F‬‬

‫ ‬ ‫‪،2009‬ص‪ K8‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫‪&+G#  16E10F‬ن‪˜ Q•،‬א' &<
א‪،
!#‬א
א‪U‬م‪
™،‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‪&8‬ول\&‪DB7‬א
א‪U‬م‪،‬א‪$‬א‪، %‬د‪G‬א"‪ 2009،
#‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ص‪ K163‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫‪6&JW *8!E11F‬א'‪v‬م‪،‬دو‪G‬א
א‪U‬م‪D‬א
‬
‫ ‬ ‫א 
א@‪DLNS‬א( 
א‪ 7‬א‪
<G(& 
 %‬א‪$‬א‪،
! %‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫
א 
وא‪،= Q<
&5،& +#W#)GU‬د ‪G#‬א]‪#6‬م‪،‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫•‪،2012
!#5،& +#W#)G;S‬ص‪ K97‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫!‪،  ¡&9W *8‬א
א‪U‬موא‪#‬א`א‪DR#‬‬ ‫‪E12F‬‬

‫ ‬ ‫א‪$‬א‪، %‬א
א‪U‬م‪&8 
™،‬ول\&‪DB7‬א
א‪U‬م‬
‫ ‬ ‫א‪$‬א‪، %‬دא‪،2009
#"G‬ص‪ K9‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬

‫‪374‬‬

You might also like