PRESENTATION NATURE FRIENDLY SOLUTIONS FOR SLOPE STABILITY

2023
 SLOPE
STABILITY IN
DIFFICULT
TERRAINS
ARAVALI MOUNTAIN RANGE
HIMALAYAN MOUNTAIN
RANGE
VINDHYA MOUNTAIN RANGE

SATPURA MOUNTAIN RANGE

HILLY TERRAINS IN INDIA

WESTERN GHATS
EASTERN GHATS

NILGIRI HILLS

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REINFORCED SOIL STRUCTURES

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 COMPONENTS OF REINFORCED SOIL STRUCTURE – FASCIA

CLASSIFICATION OF REINFORCED SOIL WALLS AS PER FACIA

Green
Facia-GTM
Soft facia Stone facia Concrete facia
(Wrap around system) Gabion, Terramesh/ Paramesh Reinforcement: Polymeric
Reinforcement: Geogrid system strips, Geogrid, DT Mesh,steel
Reinforcement: DT Mesh or strips Gabion
Geogrid Facia-TMS

High Strength
Geogrid
(Primary
Reinforcement)
*Where gabion facia is used, it shall conform to the provisions of BS: 8006-1:2016 and EN 14475 and made of
mechanically fabricated and selvedged double twisted hexagonal mesh as per IS: 4826 & IS 16014 : 2018.
 COMPONENTS OF REINFORCED SOIL STRUCTURE – FILL MATERIALS

STRUCTURAL FILL SELECTION CRITERIA STONE SELECTION CRITERIA FOR GABION FASCIA CHIMNEY DRAIN/DRAINAGE COMPOSITE
Sieve Size Percent
Passing
Gradation 75mm 100 ✓ Min and max size – 1.5 to 2.5
0.425mm 0-60 BOULDERS Mesh opening size
✓ LAV Value Not More than 45
0.075mm <15
Plasticity Index (%) ≤6 Drainage composite is made with three-
Angle of internal dimensional composite by Thermobonding
≥30 a draining core with two filtering UV
friction (degree) FILTER MEDIA
stabilized polypropylene non-woven
• *References: MoRTH-section 3100 geotextiles

• *References:
• Chimney Drain : MoRTH-section 2500
• Drainage Composite IRC 34, MORTH 700, IRC SP 59
Non-Woven geotextile is a Polyester
needle punched geotextiles as per MORTH
Type – III & Type –I Geotextiles

• *References: MoRTH-section 2500 & IRC SP 59

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 COMPONENTS OF REINFORCED SOIL STRUCTURE – REINFORCEMENT

HIGH STRENGTH GEOGRID

The manufacturer of geogrids shall fulfill the following requirements:

a. Shall have ISO ( ISO-9001) or CE Certification for manufacturing

process and quality control

b. The product shall have certification for use as soil reinforcing

material from an agency accredited for certifying geosynthetic
reinforcement products

c. The manufacturer shall provide test reports from an independent

High strength geogrid as main
reinforcement laboratory with valid accreditation, for all the tests needed to
Double twisted wire mesh establish all the reduction factors listed below:
(secondary reinforcement)

RFCR - Reduction factor for creep.

RFID - Reduction factor for installation damage
RFW - Reduction factor for weathering
RFCH - Reduction factor for chemical/ environmental effects

Green Facia

*Reference: Ministry of Road Transport & Highway Standards (MoRTH)-Section 3100

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SLOPE STABILIZATION

NAILING + GABION FACIA • GABION FACIA: IS: 16014, MORTH-

SECTION-2500, IRC:SP-116, EN-10223-3
• MESH FACIA : IRC: HRB-SPECIAL REPORT
23, IS: 16014, ISO:17746
• SOIL NAILING: MORTH-section-3200,
CIRIA Manual- C637, BS 8006-2, FHWA-
NHI-14-007
• VEGETATED FACIA: MORTH 700, IRC 56

NAILING + MESH FACIA

NAILING + VEGETATED FACIA

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 EROSION CONTROL MEASURES

Soil erosion is a process of detachment and transportation of soil by water and wind.
• SHOTCRETE
• STONE PITCHING
• GABION MATTRESS
• VEGETATION /BIOENGINEERING MEASURES
Sustainable vegetation is one of the most effective measure to control erosion.

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 EROSION CONTROL MEASURES

✓ SIMPLE SEEDING/TURFING Effective only after establishment of vegetation

✓ ROLLED EROSION CONTROL MEASURES Provides protective cover resisting soil erosion, retains runoff (to
certain extent) and facilitates establishment of vegetation
✓ HYDRAULICALLY APPLIED EROSION CONTROL MEASURES

BIODEGRADABLE MATS 3D GEOSYNTHETIC MATS 3D REINFORCED GEOSYNTHETIC MATS

✓ Suitable for gentle slopes ✓ Slope inclination up to 75 degree

✓ Slope inclination upto 65 degree
✓ Low rainfall intensity application ✓ Severe environmental conditions
✓ Less severe environmental conditions
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 EROSION CONTROL MEASURES

HYDRAULICALLY APPLIED EROSION CONTROL

MEASURES

➢ Applied via process of hydroseeding.

➢ It is a process where seed and any combination of

fertilizer, lime, bio-stimulant, moisture retention
polymer, tackifier and other agronomic additives
are combined with water and hydro seeding
mulch to form slurry and sprayed on ground
surface.
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USE OF FLEXIBLE STRUCTURES IN ROCKFALL MITIGATION

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 Rockfall Mitigation Measures

Rockfall Warning Rockfall Retention Rockfall Prevention

Measures Rockfall Protection Measures Measures Measures

Reinforcing the
Berms/Benching slope face
Mesh with nails or
anchors surficial
Drapery system strengthening
Rock Removal
Fences and warning
signals
Rockfall Barriers & Shotcreting Drainage Systems
Embankments

Warning Measures Protection

Rockfall Ditches and Trenches •Help in the Measures
Chemical
stabilisation of detection of an •Protect the area
slope face impending by controlling the
Rockfall Attenuators or Hybrid rockfall or slope direction and
Barriers or Hanger Nets movement. distance of fall.

Source: IRC: HRB: Debris flow Barriers Retention Prevention

Special Report-23 Measures Measures
•Retains the debris • Act to control the
Rock Sheds and tunnels from falling down detachment of
the slope. rock/ stabilize the
rock slope
Erosion Control Mats/blankets and other Bio-
13
engineering Methods
 ROCKFALL MITIGATION MEASURES
ROCKFALL WARNING MEASURES
ROCKFALL PROTECTION MEASURES
FENCES AND WARNING SIGNALS
BERMS/BENCHING
• Example : Raksha Dhaga along Konkan Railway route
• a popular technique
• used where a break in slope is required to restrict rockfalls, especially
in cut roads.
• very effective means of reducing the energy of rockfalls
• frequently used on permanent slopes.

Configuration of benched cut in horizontally bedded shale and sandstone, with

weaker coal and shale formations located at toe of cut faces.

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 ROCKFALL PROTECTION MEASURES
ROCKFALL PROTECTION MEASURES ROCKFALL PROTECTION MEASURES
DRAPERY SYSTEMS ROCKFALL BARRIERS
• Aimed at controlling rockfall along the slope. • Structures aimed at catching and stopping the falling rock.
• function is to let the small debris collected at the toe of the slope.

SIMPLE
DRAPERY
SYSTEM

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 ROCKFALL PROTECTION MEASURES

ROCKFALL EMBANKMENTS ROCKFALL ATTENUATORS OR HYBRID BARRIERS OR HANGER NETS

• a combination of rockfall protection drapes/rockfall nettings and flexible
rockfall protection barriers without bottom supporting ropes.

GABION WALL WITH

REINFORCEMENT
CONVENTIONAL EARTHEN BERMS

REINFORCED EMBANKMENTS 16
 ROCKFALL PROTECTION MEASURES

ROCKFALL DITCHES & TRENCHES EROSION CONTROL MATS AND OTHER BIO-ENGINEERING METHODS
• made at the toe of the slope to contain the falling rocks from the
slope.
• one of the most effective permanent Rockfall mitigation systems
for most highways when properly planned.

• Used when the slope to be protected contains soil mixed with

boulders
• designed to allow passage of water while retaining in situ soil without
clogging.

ROCK SHEDS & TUNNELS

Rockfall Ditches and Trenches • are widely used on steep slopes above narrow railways or roadways.
• requires a steeply sloping roof covering a relatively narrow span.

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 ROCKFALL RETENTION MEASURES

MESH WITH NAILS OR ANCHORS SURFICIAL STRENGTHENING SHOTCRETING

• to strengthen the top loose surface along the rock slope. • in cases of
• severely jointed rock forming
small blocks
• weathered rock surfaces zones
and beds of closely fractured or
degradable rock

REINFORCING THE SLOPE FACE

 ROCKFALL PREVENTION MEASURES
TYPICAL CROSS-SECTION OF REINFORCING ROCK
SLOPE BY ANCHORS/BOLTS/NAILS
SHEAR KEY
• provide support for blocks of
rock upto about a meter
thick, as well as zones of
loose and weathered rock at
the crest of the slope.
REACTION WALL

ROCK REMOVAL METHODS FOR ROCK SLOPE STABILIZATION

• reinforced concrete/ concrete wall

• protection against ravelling of the
rock, and a large reaction plate for the
• to retain and protect rock anchors.
areas of weak rock
• to support the overhang.

BUTTRESS 19
 DEBRIS FLOW BARRIERS

Open slope barriers

With post and upslope bracing cable – derived from standard rockfall barriers -

Debris Flow barriers

Channel barriers
Without posts and upslope bracing cables.
 EMERGENCY MEASURES

Emergency solutions shall be ErdoX consolidation unit is a steel modular structure with a

• Rapid and simple to deploy pyramidal geometry provided with a mono-anchoring nail,
with a very light weight, versatile and easy to be installed to
• Flexible and light
be used for superficial soil stabilization and emergency
• Simple connection between intervention also against debris flow.
units
• Uses locally available fill
material
• Easy transportation
 EMERGENCY PROTECTION SYSTEMS- ERDOX
• It is normally used to protect slopes subject to high erosion
• Used for stabilization of gullies with Debris Flows and the reconstruction of
slopes.
• Shows particular efficiency and versatility allowing you to intervene even in
extreme conditions with significant structural and mechanical efficiency
• It is economically feasible to cover up to 9 m of the slope height

It consist of a mono-anchoring nail, is very light weight, versatile and easy to be installed
.The anchoring system can be a concrete plate/block or a traditional nail in relationship
also with the geological in situ conditions. Main components are:

• 2 no. of cross beams of steel with one of the beams

divided into two parts for easy of transportation
• Tubular tie with a special joint mechanism to connect
with the 2no. of frontal cross beams
• Panels + Mesh attached to the 2 frontal cross beams
• Anchor in form of concrete slab or ground nail
 TUNNEL PORTAL PROTECTION
• Slope protection with a proper facing may protect the tunnel portals against landslide slips
and rockfalls.

• The facing will help to minimise erosion, it can enhance the vegetation cover and reduce
other effects of surface water on the slope.

• Wherever space constraints are there, a steeper slope will be necessary, facing alone may
not ensure the slope stability.

• In such situations, provision of reinforced soil slope or nailed slope or a vertical reinforced
soil wall may become appropriate.

• If the rock strata around a tunnel portal is vulnerable that should be protected by using
rockfall protection systems say drapery systems or rockfall barriers etc.
 SLOPE STABILITY FOR SHORELINES & RIVER BANKS
1. LONGITUDINAL STRUCTURES
2. DEFLECTORS & LININGS

Strettamente confidenziale 24
BANK EROSION - TYPICAL PROBLEMS
BANK PROTECTION USING REVETMENT BANK PROTECTION USING REVETMENT BANK PROTECTION USING REVETMENT
(DT+GEOSYSTEMS MATTRESS GEOSYSTEMS
 LONGITUDINAL STRUCTURES

SEAWALL

BULKHEAD
BREAKWATER

GROYNES
REVETMENT
 DIFFERENT LONGITUDINAL STRUCTURES

➢ SEAWALLS/PROTECTION BUND/
REVETMENT
➢ GROYNE STRUCTURE
➢ BREAKWATER
➢ SUBMERGED REEFS/DYKES

DYKES
SEAWALLS/PROTECTION BUND/ REVETMENT

GROYNES/SPURS
OFFSHORE BREAKWATER
Strettamente confidenziale 28
 ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS OF SYSTEMS USED FOR COASTAL APPLICATIONS

• COMPATIBLE with marine environments.

• GOOD ABRASION RESISTANCE – Due to continuous wave impacts.
• Able to DISSIPATE THE ENERGY
• FLEXIBLE to take the shape of coast bed
• Act as PROTECTION AGAINST COASTAL hazards such as CYCLONE,
SUBSEQUENT STORM SURGES and RIVER FLOODS.
• Stable and should sustain LONG TERM AND SEASONAL Woven Geotextile Non – Woven Geotextile

TOPOGRAPHICAL changes of beaches, and the characteristics of

littoral sand drift.
• Designed with due consideration to EASE OF INSTALLATION.

• The design of geosystems was in the past based more on rather vague
experience than on generally valid (accepted) calculation methods.
• Contrary to research on traditional materials and systems there was little
systematic research on the design, stability and performance of Geo-
systems.

Strettamente confidenziale 29
 INTRODUCTION TO GEO SYSTEMS – BAGS & TUBES
GEOTEXTILE BAGS
• Small volume containers that are filled on land or above water
and then placed either near water or below water level.
• Geotextile bags range in volume from 0.05m3 to 5m3
GEOTEXTILE TUBES
• Large size tubular containers filled with sand slurry on land or in water
• Geotextile tubes are made of sewn geotextile material, they contain inlets on the top
for attachment of pipe to allow hydraulic fill.
• Height of geotextile tubes vary from 1.5 to 3m, widths vary between 2 to 6m
 STANDARDS

CODES DESCRIPTION
Mechanically Woven, Double – Twisted, Hexagonal Wire Mesh Gabions, Revet Mattresses and
IS 16014:2018
Rockfall Netting

IRC SP 116:2018 Guidelines for Design and Installation of Gabion Structures

IRC SP 113:2018 Guidelines on Flood Disaster Mitigation for Highway Engineers

IRC : SP : 102 : 2014 Guidelines for Design and Construction of Reinforced Soil Walls
th
MoRTH -5 revision (2013)- section
Geosynthetics: Erosion Control Mats, Drainage, Reinforcement
700
MoRTH -5th revision (2013)- section
River Training and Protection Works
2500
MoRTH-5th revision (2013)- section Reinforced Soil: Geotextiles, Geogrids and other Geosythetic Materials used as Reinforcing
3100 Elements
MoRTH-5th revision (2013)- section
Soil Nailing Works
3200
Steel Wire and Wire Products For Fencing And Netting – Part 3: Hexagonal Steel Wire Mesh
EN-10223-3:2013
Products For Civil Engineering Purposes
IRC:SP-48-1998 Hill Road Manual

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 STANDARDS

CODES DESCRIPTION
Recommended Practice for Treatment of Embankment and Roadside Slopes
IRC-56:2011
for Erosion Control

BS 8006-1:2016 Code of practice for strengthened/reinforced soils and other fills

IRC : SP : 102 :2014 Guidelines for Design and Construction of Reinforced Soil Walls

Design and Construction of Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls and Reinforced

FHWA-NHI-10-024 (2009)
Soil Slopes – Volume I
Design and Construction of Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls and Reinforced
FHWA-NHI-10-025 (2009)
Soil Slopes – Volume II

FHWA-NHI-14-007 (2015) Soil Nail Walls : Reference Manual

BS 8006-2:2011 Code of practice for strengthened/reinforced Soils Part 2: Soil nail design

CIRIA Manual C637 Soil Nailing-Best Practice Guidance

BS: EN: 14490: 2010 Execution of special geotechnical works — Soil nailing

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 STANDARDS

CODES DESCRIPTION

CEED: GEO Publication.:

Guide to Soil Nail Design and Construction
Geoguide 7(2008)

TRB : NCHRP REPORT-701

Proposed Specifications for LRFD Soil-Nailing-Design and Construction
(2011)

EAD 340059-00-0106(2018)
(supersedes ETAG-027: Falling Rock Protection Kits
2013)(EOTA)

IRC HRB -Special Report 23: State of the Art-Design and Construction of Rockfall Mitigation Systems
2014

Engineering Guidelines on Landslide Mitigation Measures for Indian

IRC-SP-106 : 2015
Roads

ISO: 17745 :2016 Steel wire ring net panels -Definitions and specifications

ISO: 17746 :2016 Steel wire rope net panels and rolls-Definitions and specifications

EOTA-EAD: 340020-00-0106 Flexible kits for retaining debris flows and shallow landslides/open slope
(2016) debris flows 33
In Summary – Civil / Geotech engineers a lot to play in our Hills , Shores and River Banks
 THANK YOU

Strictly Confidential 35