Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation (2023) 8:56

https://doi.org/10.1007/s41024-023-00297-z

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Characterization of historic masonry of the twentieth century: Casa

Salinger, Blumenau‑SC
Natália Salamoni1 · Gustavo Gutierrez de Oliveira Rodrigues1 · Abrahão Bernardo Rohden1 ·
Igor Guilherme Benevenute1 · Luís Antônio Da Rocha1

Received: 12 April 2023 / Revised: 9 May 2023 / Accepted: 11 May 2023

© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023

Abstract
The preservation of the historical heritage of a locality is of paramount importance for the identity of a society to remain
alive, valuing knowledge of history, cultural and social elements, becoming a record for its successors. The Salinger house
is a listed heritage site in the city of Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil, a case study for the present work given the impor-
tance of knowing the materials and methods used in the construction so that its restoration can be carried out later. For this
reason, the aim of this study is to characterize the materials used in the masonry of this historic building from the twentieth
century and to evaluate the mechanical properties of walls built with the material. With that in mind, the ceramic blocks
were characterized as to their geometry, specific mass, water absorption and mechanical strength. In addition, for the mortar,
a mix used at the time was defined, without the addition of Portland cement, only with lime, whose mechanical behaviour
in tension and compression was measured. Finally, mechanical characterization tests were carried out on walls made with
these materials, demonstrating that the system built at the time did not have a structural function, being functioning only with
bearing capacity. This result was already expected since in the half-timbered constructions of the time, the blocks served
only as closing masonry.

Keywords Ceramic blocks · Heritage · Mechanical properties · Uniaxial compression · Stress strain

1 Introduction in the national territory. To the detriment of such reasons,

With technological development and changes related to
habits, customs and human demands, civil construction has
accompanied all this evolutionary effect, mainly to make
such changes indispensable. In this sense, countless new
buildings were and are built continuously over the years,
thus making the urban environment with a great housing
effect.
However, having new buildings is a central part of the
evolutionary concept, but it is questionable about what
actions have been taken with the historical heritage disposed
* Natália Salamoni
nasalamoni@gmail.com
Gustavo Gutierrez de Oliveira Rodrigues
gustavogutierrez01@hotmail.com
Abrahão Bernardo Rohden
abrcivil@gmail.com
1
Blumenau Regional University Foundation, PPGEA,
Blumenau, Brazil
the preservation of these monuments, in addition to telling
history, represent the evolution and development that that
region has gone through.
Over the years, historic buildings have become scarce
and less and less preserved in Brazil. With this, maintaining
the constructive works has become a discursive agenda in
several axes, mainly so that Brazil does not lose its identity
and keeps the works preserved.
It is known that investments destined to the recovery
and maintenance of national historical heritage have been
reduced over the years. However, it is necessary to increase
investments in heritage preservation, especially in projects
committed to sustainable development [14].
It should be noted that over the years old buildings tend
to present vulnerabilities, resulting from the time of use, as
well as the degradation of materials. In this sense, it is of
vital importance that specific methodologies be adopted to
achieve the proposed evaluation objective [10].
The adoption of methodologies requires knowledge of
the most varied aspects of the building, mainly regarding

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the characterization of the materials used. Identifying the
characteristics presented makes it possible to have a base of
support for the revitalization of the construction, mainly by
allowing the reproduction of the materials used at the time
of construction [11].
With a similar aim, other researches have been carried
out aiming at the characterization of materials used in his-
toric buildings for subsequent restoration [11] estudaram
as características físicas e químicas das amostras de arga-
massas e tijolos de barro da Igreja Nosso Senhor do Bonfim,
localizada no centro de Aracati, estado do Ceará, Nordeste
do Brasil. Além das características físicas e químicas, [1]
investigaram a caracterização mineralógica de argamassas
históricas de Belém do Pará dos séculos XVIII e XIX.
Based on the information obtained in the characterization
of the materials, it becomes possible to restructure the build-
ings that, for other reasons, showed wear and tear over time.
However, currently there is a great lack of information about
the characteristics of the materials used in old constructions
in Brazil and which today are national heritage. In this way,
it is necessary to characterize these for knowledge of the
materials used to enable the necessary maintenance, in addi-
tion to the reasons for adopting these techniques.
Due to the reduced availability of characterizations of
historic building, this work aimed to characterize the blocks
used in a construction and evaluate their performance against
the insertion of loads in a masonry wall.
2 Case study presentation
The Salinger house is in the city of Blumenau, in the State of
Santa Catarina. Initially, the region of Blumenau was inhab-
ited by Indians, mainly on the banks of the Garcia stream
and the Itajaí-Açu river. Around 1846, Doctor Hermann
Bruno Otto Blumenau immigrated from Germany in search
of knowing and verifying Brazilian conditions [13].
In the mid-1850s, Doctor Blumenau obtained from the
Provincial Government areas that enabled him to establish
an agricultural colony, and with the development and exten-
sive work it would become the city of Blumenau. With the
imminent arrival of German settlers, countless merchants
created businesses in the city, among them Gustav Salinger
and Peter Christian Feddersen, founders of one of the busiest
spots in the still Colonia Blumenau. They arrived in Blume-
nau in the mid-1880s and worked very intensively exporting
inputs, until the creation of their first branch, Salinger house
(Fig. 1), located in the vicinity of the village of Altona, cur-
rent Itoupava Seca neighborhood [13].
With the advances seen in business and the expansion
of branches, Salinger and Feddersen changed the address
of their first branch to the new headquarters, located in a
region of rapid development with great business potential.
13
Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation (2023) 8:56
The choice of the site for the new facility had numerous
advantages, mainly because it was not included in an area
prone to flooding, because it was close to the Itajaí-Açu
River, in addition to its proximity to the cargo transported
by navigation and the then Santa Catarina railroad.
The move from the headquarters to the new premises took
place around 1892. The new construction had characteristic
neoclassical features, which corresponded to a large part of
the constructions found in the vicinity. Aspects related to the
use of noble materials, symmetries in facades, decorations,
classic woods, and well-defined geometries made the build-
ings present great exuberance (Fig. 2) [13].
In full growth and in a location with privileged access,
Salinger house has undergone expansions over the years,
which have made the development more volumetric, in
addition to having a large built area. In this way, with each
expansion submitted, this development stood out in the
city and contributed to growth in the localized region. For
many years, Salinger house was one of the main commercial
hubs in Colonia Blumenau. However, with the advancing
years and the increase in technological development, Salin-
ger house, little by little, reduced its activities. Attributed
to these factors, the commercial concentration permeated
to other parts of the city and with the passage of time and
because it is a historic building, it became the Historical and
Cultural Architectural Heritage of Blumenau [13].
With the imminent wear and tear of materials, together
with the effects of natural weather, the construction deterio-
rated over time (Fig. 3).
The weathering began to degrade the blocks, the frames
that contained glass lost their functionality, the structure no
longer had useful security, that is, global security presented
numerous difficulties.
Since 2003, Salinger house became part of the structure
of the Blumenau Regional University Foundation (FURB),
which studies the elaboration of projects to enable means to
restructure and recover it. However, aspects related to high
costs are still an obstacle to the continuation of activities.
3 Materials and methods
3.1 Materials
The masonry walls were composed of ceramic blocks
removed from the rubble next to the Salinger house in Blu-
menau, Brazil, in addition to mortar consisting of lime and
water.
3.1.1 Ceramic block
Twenty whole ceramic blocks were removed from 10 differ-
ent points on the walls of a shed at the back of Casa Salinger,
Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation (2023) 8:56
Fig. 1  Location of the studied area
Fig. 2  Side view of the Salinger House [13]
totaling 200 ceramic blocks (Fig. 4). Although the blocks
were removed from the rubble, care was taken to choose the
most visually preserved blocks.
After removing the samples, they were subjected to a
manual cleaning process to remove parts of the old mortar
Page 3 of 11 56
Fig. 3  Construction deteriorated over time
that accompanied the blocks (Fig. 5). Cleaning was car-
ried out with the aid of sandpaper and a brush, so that
the necessary materials could be carefully removed. This
cleaning was carried out very carefully, precisely with
the intention of not modifying the actual dimensions of
the blocks.
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 56 Page 4 of 11
Fig. 4  Location of withdrawal of samples from the collection points
Fig. 5  Samples from the collection point 3
3.1.2 Masonry mortar
Seeking to more accurately reconstitute the characteristics
of the materials used at the time of construction of the
heritage, the trace reconstructions carried out in mortars
from Casa Salinger by [12] were analysed. In their study,
the authors found that the mix composition of mortars was
between 1:3 and 1:6, proportion of binder to aggregate.
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Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation (2023) 8:56
Considering that the most used restoration mortars are
those with a 1:3 ratio due to the better workability of the
mortar and the fact that Portland cement is not used in the
composition, but lime [9], for the present study it was 1:3
ratio mortars prepared, proportion of lime to fine aggregate.
The lime used to compose the mortar was CH II. This
grade can absorb temperature variations and has good resist-
ance to factors such as rain, humidity, and wind actions.
Therefore, the mortar made with this lime can be applied
both indoors and outdoors.
For the fine aggregate, sand from the Itajaí-Açu river with
fineness modulus 2.4 and specific mass 2.65 g/cm3, available
in the heritage region, was used. Furthermore, the dry mate-
rials were mixed with water until they reached a consistency
index of (220 ± 10) mm. The water used comes from the
public supply network of the city of Blumenau.
3.2 Methods
The methods used for the characterization of ceramic blocks,
mortars and masonry walls will be detailed.
3.2.1 Characterization of ceramic block
The ceramic blocks were characterized in terms of their
geometry, specific mass, water absorption and mechanical
strength according to the guidelines imposed by [8], which
Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation (2023) 8:56 Page 5 of 11 56

establishes some requirements for ceramic components for the consolidation table each, for later carrying out tests of
masonry. tensile strength in flexion and resistance to axial compres-
The geometric characterization of the ceramic blocks was sion at 28 days, carried out according to [2].
performed using a digital calliper with a minimum sensitiv-
ity of 0.05 mm. As the faces of the blocks had irregular
3.2.3 Characterization of ceramic block masonry
shapes, three measurements were taken in the three dimen-
sions of each ceramic block (length, width, and height),
Two masonry walls with 13 rows of 4 ceramic blocks were
and an arithmetic average was taken to determine the final
built in the FUBR materials laboratory, in accordance with
dimensions of each of the 20 blocks.
[4]. The mortar joints were executed with dimensions of
The specimens were dried in an oven at (105 ± 5) °C,
(15 ± 2) mm, according to the simulation of joints and joints
until the weights stabilized, to determine the dry mass.
with dimensions of specific use in the standard.
Afterwards, they were immersed in water at room tempera-
Both ends of the walls, upper and lower, were levelled
ture for 24 h. Then, they were removed and placed on the
by capping with Portland cement, to avoid localized cracks,
bench to drain excess water, and the wet mass of the blocks
making the site more resistant than the laying mortar.
was determined. Then, the submerged mass was determined
After 28 days of building the walls, they were tested for
by weighing the specimens submerged in water with the aid
uniaxial compression. For the test, metal beams were placed
of a scale with a basket.
on the upper capping to distribute the loads applied to the
The specific mass of the dry blocks (d) was determined
wall using the hydraulic jack. These loads were controlled
through the mass of the dry sample ­(ms), mass of the sample
by the hydraulic jack that had a meter clock in which it was
in the saturated surface dry condition ­(msat) and mass of the
possible to monitor the load applied manually.
submerged sample ­(msub) (Eq. 1).
Regarding the instrumentation for monitoring the defor-
ms mations acting on the structure, first two beacons were fixed
d=
msat − msub (1) on each wall using a medium fluidity epoxy-based structural
adhesive. The beacons were positioned from the third layer
With the dry mass (­ ms) and wet mass (­ mu) values, the of mortar on the lower base of the wall. Then, the deflec-
water absorption index (AA) of each specimen was deter- tometers were positioned from the third layer of mortar on
mined (Eq. 2). top of the wall (Fig. 6).
mu − ms The load measurements started at 2000 kgf, with load
AA =
ms
× 100 (2) increases of 500 kgf being established, always monitoring
the deformations shown in the deflectometers and analysing
Finally, 20 blocks were subjected to the axial compres- the cracks as they became evident.
sion strength test, in accordance with [6]. Thus, the blocks
were cut perpendicular to their largest dimension, overlap-
ping their largest faces, with the inverted surfaces bonded
with a thin layer of Portland cement paste, with a maximum
4 Results and discussion
thickness of 3 mm. After joining the blocks, their faces were
smoothed by capping with Portland cement paste, also with
4.1 Ceramic block
a maximum thickness of 3 mm. Before the resistance test,
4.1.1 Geometry
the specimens were immersed in a tank with water for 6 h.
Thus, the compressive strength (ft) of each specimen was
From measurements of the length, width and height of each
determined through the ratio between the breaking load (F)
block, the average dimensions of each set of blocks taken
by the load application area (S) (Eq. 3).
from a location were determined (Fig. 7).
F As observed, the results show some variability between
ft = (3)
S the dimensions found, with the greatest difference found in
the length dimensions. That said, the average dimensions of
length (Fig. 7a), width (Fig. 7b) and height (Fig. 7c) of the
3.2.2 Characterization of masonry mortar blocks resulted in values close to (260 ± 8) mm, (125 ± 5)
mm and (65 ± 6) mm, respectively.
The mortars were prepared by mixing the sand, lime, and According to the terminology and requirements imposed
water in a concrete mixer, until the mixture was completely by [4], ceramic blocks must be identified with the manu-
homogenized. Afterwards, prismatic specimens measuring facturer of the block, as well as the manufacturing dimen-
4 × 4 × 16 cm were moulded, in two layers with 30 falls from sions (width, height, and length). Still, the ordinance brings

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 56 Page 6 of 11
Fig. 6  Positioning of instrumentation on the walls
Fig. 7  Average dimensions of ceramic blocks: length (a), width (b),
and height (c)
standard measures for the blocks and dimensional tolerance
in relation to the measurements carried out.
Comparing the results obtained with the INMETRO
guidelines, the blocks do not have the manufacturer’s identi-
fication, do not have the manufacturing dimensions engraved
on their surface, do not correspond to the standard measures,
and do not respect the dimensional tolerance margin related
to the average of the effective dimensions of 3 mm.
It is believed that these non-conformities related to
the dimensions of the blocks and the lack of information
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Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation (2023) 8:56
Fig. 8  Average specific mass of ceramic blocks
engraved on the body of the blocks are related to the fact
that the pieces are of an old handicraft characteristic
production, dated before the standardization of ceramic
blocks by INMETRO regulations.
4.1.2 Specific mass
The specific mass was obtained from the values of dry
mass, saturated mass, and submerged mass of the blocks
(Fig. 8).
Through data analysis, it is observed that the specific
mass of the heritage ceramic blocks ranged from 1.77 to
1.46 g/cm 3. These values are lower than the minimum
apparent specific weight of 18 kN/m3 (1.8 gf/cm3) that
must be considered when calculating structures with solid
bricks, according to [5].
Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation (2023) 8:56 Page 7 of 11 56

4.1.3 Water absorption subsequent testing of resistance to axial compression, at 28

The water absorption test was carried out with the aim of
simulating the performance of the ceramic blocks exposed to
weather conditions, such as rain or another factor that results
in water saturation conditions in the blocks. Thus, the water
absorption index of each block was determined from its dry
and saturated mass values (Fig. 9).
The results show that the absorption index of the ceramic
blocks has values between 10.4 and 27.0%. As recommended
by [3], the absorption index of each block should be between
8 and 22%. Thus, the tested blocks respected the lower limit.
However, regarding the upper limit, about 32% of the blocks
tested had their water absorption index higher than that rec-
ommended by the standard.
days (Table 2).
As was already expected, because a mix with only lime
and not Portland cement was used, the tensile and compres-
sive strengths of the mortars showed low values, with the
value of traction in flexion being lower than that of axial
compression. However, they were still higher than those
found by [9] for mortars with a 1:3 ratio (lime:sand) that
their studies obtained tensile strengths of 0.25 ± 0.03 MPa
and compression strengths of 0.5 ± 0.1.
The average axial compression result of the mortar was
subsequently correlated with the uniaxial compression test
of the masonry walls.
4.3 Ceramic block masonry

4.1.4 Compressive strength
For the test of resistance to axial compression, only two
samples were tested from each place where the blocks
were removed, totalling 20 samples, since after the test the
samples were discarded because it was a destructive test.
After preparing the specimens, the samples were tested in
a hydraulic press, and the strength was obtained from the
ratio between the breaking load of each sample by the area
of application of this load (Table 1).
Through the analysis of the axial compression strength
values obtained, all samples of ceramic blocks have higher
strength values than 3.0 MPa presented in the [3], the aver-
age strength being in the order of 5.6 MPa. Also, a high
resistance of 23.9 MPa was observed in only one of the
tested blocks, which may have come from the artisanal pro-
duction of the time, given the difficulty of technical control
of the production of the blocks.
4.2 Masonry mortar
Before assembling the wall, the ceramic blocks were
immersed in water to absorb enough moisture so that the
mortar did not lose mixing water to the blocks (Fig. 10).
Two small walls of ceramic blocks with mortar joints
were executed. Wall 1 had 13 rows of masonry and dimen-
sions of 108 × 12.5 × 96 cm. Wall 2 also had 13 rows and
dimensions of 106 × 12 × 97 cm. Blocks for building the
wall were chosen at random. Even with variations of its
physical and mechanical characteristics, randomness was
chosen to better represent the historical construction. The
thickness of the mortar for laying the blocks was 1 cm.
4.3.1 Uniaxial compression
The uniaxial compression test was then carried out after the
mortar had cured (28 days) with the aid of a reaction beam
Table 1  Compressive strength of blocks
Block pick-up location Local average (MPa) Average (MPa)

1 4.205 5.509 ± 2.265

During the preparation of the mortars for the execution
2 4.225
of the walls in the laboratory, three prismatic specimens
3 8.715
were moulded for testing the tensile strength in flexion and
4 4.905
5 4.93
6 8.285
7 6.37
8 5.435
9 4.45
10 3.57

Table 2  Results of flexural Strength Average (MPa)

tensile strength and axial
compressive strength of mortars Tension 0.421 ± 0.165
Compression 0.873 ± 0.147
Fig. 9  Average water absorption of ceramic blocks

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 56 Page 8 of 11
Fig. 10  Ceramic blocks immersed in water
Table 3  First crack stress and wall rupture stress
Sample First crack stress (MPa) Rupture
stress
(MPa)
Wall 1 1.11 1.41
Wall 2 1.33 1.96
and hydraulic pump, allowing controlled loading of the walls
during the test. During the test, the first cracks were moni-
tored, as well as the rupture of the walls (Table 3).
Based on the test, the walls suffered intense cracking dur-
ing the application of the load. However, the cracks did not
appear before the application of 50% of the failure load. On
wall 1, the stress of the first crack corresponded to about
79% of the failure stress, while on wall 2 it occurred at about
68% of the stress.
Based on the values of the compression tests of the
ceramic blocks and mortars, it is observed that the average
rupture stress of the walls was 1.682 MPa. Comparing with
the compression results of the ceramic blocks (5.593 MPa)
and the mortars (0.873 MPa), both walls presented inter-
mediate compression stresses at rupture, being closer to the
lower compression values of the mortars.
With this, it is understood that the mortars were probably
the limiting factor in the compressive strength of the walls,
since their resistance is closer to that of the walls, with the
resistance of the walls being 1.9 times higher than that of
the mortars and the resistance of the blocks 3.3 times higher
than walls.
The breaking strength of the masonry walls were lower
than the average between the compressive strengths of the
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Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation (2023) 8:56
blocks and the mortar. However, it is important to point
out that the blocks had a certain variation in the compres-
sive strength values, which must also have influenced the
final strength of the walls.
4.3.2 Stress strain
With the help of the deflectometers, it was possible to
correlate the stress versus the deformation presented by
each wall, as well as the deformations presented by each
of the two deflectometers placed on wall 1 (Fig. 11.a) and
on wall 2 (Fig. 11.b).
From the stress-strain curves, it was possible to observe
that wall 1 presented less deformation and fewer cracks,
however, the rupture load was also lower than that of wall
2, which presented greater deformations at low stresses
and reached higher rupture stress. These differences
between the two walls may have occurred due to variabil-
ity in the mechanical properties of the materials, intrinsic
inconstancy of the material (ceramic block and mortar
set), internal cracks in the blocks, variation in the thick-
ness of the joints or lack of filling in the mortar joints,
since that the materials that made up the walls, ceramic
blocks, and mortar, were the same.
Also, despite both walls having similar dimensions and
the number of joints and rows being the same, it was found
that possibly wall 1 had failed due to buckling, justifying
the large difference in results between the walls.
Regarding the two deflectometers used on each of the
walls, there is a similarity between the stress-strain curves
for the two deflectometers installed on wall 1. On the other
hand, the measurements taken by the deflectometers on
wall 2 were discrepant. However, the structural behaviour
of the wall was also different for each of its sides. Linear
cracks were observed on both walls, with 15 cracks on wall
1 and 14 cracks on wall 2 (Fig. 12).
The right side of wall 2 (deflectometer 2) showed
excessive deformations, greater than those on the oppo-
site side. On the other hand, the behaviour registered by
deflectometer 1 indicated continuity between the elastic
phase and the shortening region, not presenting a flow
limit. Based on this, it is observed that the stress-strain
curve of the left region of the wall presents a brittle mate-
rial behaviour, while the right region follows a standard
behaviour of a ductile material. This may have occurred
due to the random choice of blocks that made up the wall,
since the blocks have variations in their mechanical prop-
erties, observed in the compressive strength. Furthermore,
it was possible to observe more cracks in the region of
deflectometer 2, corroborating the results presented in the
stress-strain curve of that wall.
Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation (2023) 8:56
Fig. 11  Stress strain curves of wall 1 (a), and wall 2 (b)
Fig. 12  Wall 1 (a) and wall 2 (b) rupture
4.3.3 Modulus of elasticity
The modulus of elasticity can be obtained from the angu-
lar coefficient of the stress–strain curve by inclining the
straight line of the graph to the yield stress, corresponding
Page 9 of 11 56
to the elastic region of the material. For materials that do
not have a well-defined yield point, the modulus of elas-
ticity is calculated through the correlation between the
stress and strain corresponding to the intersection point
13
 56 Page 10 of 11
Table 4  Determination of the Sample Modulus of
modulus of elasticity elasticity
(MPa)
Wall 1 1.46
Wall 2 2.13
of a straight line parallel to the initial linear section of the
diagram considering a strain of 0.2% [7].
The modulus of elasticity of the walls had to be estimated
from a deformation of 0.2% due to the difficulty in determin-
ing the yield level and the great variability obtained in the
stress-strain curves (Table 4).
Considering the values of modulus of elasticity, it is pos-
sible to observe that wall 2 obtained a higher stiffness value
when compared to wall 1. This may be related to the possible
rupture by buckling of wall 1, as mentioned before.
5 Conclusions
For the analysis of historic masonry, ceramic blocks from a
structure in rubble next to the Salinger house were character-
ized. From the characterization, a great variation is observed
in the geometric dimensions of the blocks and in the specific
mass of the blocks. Both variations could be related to the
handmade manufacture of the blocks. Also, the blocks could
have been fired at different temperatures since a visual differ-
ence was also observed between the tonality of the samples.
In addition, some blocks showed a higher water absorp-
tion rate than required by the standard, which may be related
to the porosity of the blocks. Regarding the mechanical
strength, the results were satisfactory for the compressive
strength, all of which showed values higher than those cur-
rently required by the standard.
Regarding the mortars, they were prepared as was used at
the time, consisting of lime and sand. Through its mechani-
cal resistance, the forces had low values because it is a
lime-based mortar. Also, the axial compressive strength was
almost 50% higher than the flexural tensile strength of the
same samples.
Finally, through the uniaxial compression tests on two
walls made with previously characterized ceramic blocks
and mortars, it was possible to identify that the cracks began
to appear only after 79% of the rupture load for wall 1 and
68% of the rupture load for wall 2. Considering the possibil-
ity that wall 1 failed due to buckling, with a lower load than
wall 2, these values are similar. However, the rupture load
of both walls was higher than the compressive strength of
the mortars and lower than the compressive strength of the
ceramic blocks. Finally, the modulus of elasticity of wall 2
was still higher than that of wall 1.
13
Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation (2023) 8:56
Finally, regarding the stress-strain curve of the walls,
both showed characteristics of a ductile material, present-
ing deformations before rupture, with cracks being observed
on the surface of the walls.
Thus, from the characterization of the walls and blocks
used in the building at the time of its construction, knowl-
edge was obtained for a possible future recovery of the site.
Author contributions All authors contributed to the conception and
design of the study. Material preparation, data collection and analysis
were carried out by IGB and LAdR. The main text of the manuscript
was written by NS and GGdOR. ABR revised the manuscript. All
authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding The authors have not disclosed any funding.
Data availability All data has already been made available.
Declarations
Conflict of interest The authors declare no competing interests.
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