2.

METHODS OF JOINING METALS

TYPES OF METALS
1:11 LEAD
Lead and lead-based alloys are easy to work with and are used for casting, smelting, and
machining operations. The metal offers a range of different properties including corrosion
resistance, electrical conductivity, lubricity, coefficient of thermal resistance, and flexibility. It is a
very dense metal while possessing lower levels of strength and hardness. Another interesting
property is that lead has very high damping effects, which makes it ideal for sound deadening.
Varying grades of lead and lead alloys are used for a variety of purposes. Lead is a soft, blue-
gray metal that is extremely heavy—the heaviest of the typical metals). It has strong corrosion
resistance and is very workable, can be easily retrieved from discarded materials, and is
effectively radiation-proof.The corrosion resistance of lead arises from the fact that metallic lead
does not react with several compounds or solutions, and it forms with certain others
compounds that serve as coatings to prevent further corrosion.

2:01 SOLDERING
is a process used for joining metal parts to form a mechanical or electrical bond. It typically uses
a low melting point metal alloy (solder) which is melted and applied to the metal parts to be
joined and this bonds to the metal parts and forms a connection when the solder solidifies.
Solders are mostly alloys of tin and lead in various proportions with small percentages of other
elements added to give special characteristics. Tin-lead, tin-lead-antimony, and silver-lead are
the following major types.

a. Metal Bath Dip

described as a metal joining process in which a pot of molten solder is submerged with
the workpieces to be joined. This is typically done to enhance the appearance, improve
corrosion resistance, increase durability, or provide other functional benefits to the substrate
material.
b. Soldering iron
is a hand tool used in soldering. It supplies heat to melt solder so that it can flow into the
joint between two workpieces. A soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip (the bit) and
an insulated handle.
c. Torch
utilizes a fuel gas flame as the heat source in the soldering process. The fuel gas is
mixed with either air or oxygen to produce the flame, which is applied to the materials to be
soldered until the assembly reaches the proper soldering temperature.
d. Sweat Method
a process of soldering that melts solder and joins pieces of metal together without using
a soldering iron. It is a technique commonly used in plumbing to join copper pipes and fittings.

2:02 BRAZING
A metal-joining process similar to soldering, but it involves higher temperatures and the use of a
filler metal that melts at a higher temperature than solder. In brazing, the base metals being
joined are heated to temperatures above 800°F (427°C), but below their melting points. The
filler metal, known as brazing alloy or brazing rod, is then melted and distributed between the
closely fitted surfaces of the joint through capillary action.

2:03 WELDING
is the process of fusing two or more parts using heat, pressure, or both. It's often done on
metal, thermoplastics, and even wood. The resulting joint is known as a weldment, and the
conjoined parts are known as the parent material. The material used to create the weldment is
called a filler or consumable. Pressure fusion welding where the weld is created by heat and
pressure and in fusion welding creates the weld with heat and additional metal.

2:04 RIVETS
is a permanently installed fastener used to secure two sheets of material such as metal or
plastic. Unlike other fasteners, a rivet is not tightened down to secure it. Instead, it is
permanently installed using force. When the rivet is struck or pressed, it fills the void creating a
permanent fastening.

3. METALS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

3:01 STEEL BARS
Steel bars, also known as reinforcement steel or rebar, are essential materials used in
construction to provide added strength and durability to concrete structures. They are made
from carbon steel and come in various sizes, shapes, and grades. In reinforced concrete
structures, steel bars are used to resist tensile forces, which concrete cannot withstand on its
own. The steel bars are placed in a grid pattern throughout the concrete structure, providing
added support and resistance to bending, cracking, and breaking.

3:02 WIRE FABRIC

is a metal fabric, produced by weaving metal wires together. It's manufactured in several weave
styles, with many different combinations of wire diameters and aperture sizes.

a. Welded Wire Fabric

Welded wire fabric, often abbreviated as WWF, is a type of reinforcement material used
in concrete construction. It consists of a series of longitudinal (main) wires that are
welded to cross (transverse) wires at regular intervals to form a grid-like pattern. The
wires used in welded wire fabric are typically made of steel and come in various
diameters and spacings depending on the specific requirements of the construction
project.

Welded wire fabric is commonly used in a variety of concrete applications, including:

b. Slabs: Both suspended and ground-supported concrete slabs benefit from the addition of
welded wire fabric to control cracking and increase load-carrying capacity.
c. Walls: Welded wire fabric is often used in reinforced concrete walls to improve structural
integrity and resistance to lateral forces.
d. Footings and foundations: It is frequently incorporated into footings and foundation
elements to enhance their strength and stability.
 e. Pavements: Welded wire fabric is used in concrete pavements such as sidewalks,
driveways, and roads to resist cracking and improve durability.

f. Triangle-mesh Wire Fabric

A triangle-mesh wire fabric refers to a type of material made from wire that is woven or
welded together in a pattern resembling triangles. This type of fabric is commonly used in
various applications such as fencing, reinforcement, filtration, and architectural purposes.

Reference:
https://theconstructor.org/concrete/welded-wire-fabric-concrete/30421/
https://www.engineeringcivil.com/different-types-of-steel-bars-used-in-construction.html
https://www.britannica.com/technology/welding
https://fractory.com/brazing-explained/
https://www.belmontmetals.com/types-of-pure-lead-and-lead-alloys-for-counter-weights-and-
other-applications/
https://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/Soldering_0.pdf