LESSON 2 : CHARACTERISTICS

, PROCESSES AND ETHICS OF

RESEARCH

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
What makes a
good research?
 What makes a good research?
⊳ Research is a process of
gathering, analyzing and
interpreting information to
answer questions. A good
research follows processes
that must have certain
characteristics. It must be
systematic , controlled ,
rigorous, valid and
verifiable , empirical, and
critical.
⊳ To avoid unethical practices
researchers had obligations
to adhere professional
standards in conducting
research. Thus , to consider
a research writing ethical it
must be clear, accurate, just
and authentic.
 Characteristics of Research

⊳ 1. Empirical. Research is based on direct

experience or observation by the researcher.
⊳ 2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures
and principles.
⊳ 3. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because
it starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
⊳ 4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical
procedures in gathering the data, whether historical,
descriptive, experimental and case study.
 Characteristics of Research

⊳ 5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise

judgment.
⊳ 6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a
methodical manner without bias using systematic
method and procedures.
⊳ 7. Replicability. The research design and
procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.
Research Process
 ETHICS in RESEARCH

⊳ Research ethics provides guidelines for the responsible

conduct of research. It is the process of applying moral
standards and principles in any undertaking
⊳ The following is a general summary of some ethical
principles:
⊳ 1. Honesty:
Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures,
and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or
misrepresent data.
 ETHICS in RESEARCH

⊳ Objectivity:
Research investigations must be free from any forms if
bias.
⊳ Integrity:
Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity;
strive for consistency of thought and action.
 ETHICS in RESEARCH

⊳ Carefulness:
Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and
critically examine your own work and the work of your
peers. Keep good records of research activities.
⊳ Openness:
Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to
criticism and new ideas.
 ETHICS in RESEARCH

⊳ Respect for Intellectual Property:

Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual
property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results
without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never
plagiarize.
⊳ Confidentiality/ Trustworthiness
Protect confidential communications, such as papers or
grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade
or military secrets, and patient records.
 ETHICS in RESEARCH

⊳ Social and legal Responsibility:

Legalities,rules,and regulations of an institution or
government must be considered when conducting a study.
⊳ Non-Discrimination:
Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the
basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not
related to their scientific competence and integrity.
 ETHICS in RESEARCH

⊳ Animal Care:
Show proper respect and care for animals when using
them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly
designed animal experiments.
⊳ Human Subjects Protection:
When conducting research on human subjects, minimize
harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human
dignity, privacy, and autonomy.
 ETHICS in RESEARCH

⊳ Competence:
Maintain and improve your own professional competence
and expertise through lifelong education and learning;
take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.
 Ethical Standards in Research Writing

⊳ Plagiarism – refers to the act of using another person’s

ideas , works , processes ,and results without giving
due credit. It should not be tolerated as the
unauthorized use of original works , a violation of
intellectual property.
See page 25 – Types of plagiarism
⊳ What is the importance of the ethical
standards in conducting research?
Why is it necessary for a researcher to
consider ethics in conducting
research?
 Reflection
⊳ Ethics in ⊳ What is the
importance of
research helps following the ethical
establish the standards in
conducting research?
moral integrity Why is it necessary for
of the a researcher to
consider ethics in
researcher. conducting research.
 Essential Learning

In lesson 1 and 2 , you have learned that research , the

systematic and an empirical process of searching for
knowledge , has many practical benefits for humankind.
Aside from learning the characteristics of a good research ,
you were also oriented to research process , or the step-by-
step procedures in doing research, and ethics in research, or
the set of norms or ethical guidelines that researchers need
to adhere to when conducting research studies.