The

Characteristics,
Processes, and
Ethics of Research
Characteristics of Research
1. Empirical. Research is based on direct
experience or observation by the researcher.

2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures

and principles.

3. Cyclical.Research is a cyclical process because

it starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical
procedures in gathering the data, whether
historical, descriptive, and experimental and case
study.

5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise

judgment.
6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a
methodical manner without bias using systematic
method and procedures.

7. Replicability. The research design and

procedures are replicated or repeated to enable
the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive
results
The Seven Steps of
the Research
Process
Step 1. Define and develop your
topic (Research Problem).
Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research
Problem
1. Researcher ‘s area of interest
2. Availability of funds
3. Investigator ‘s ability and training
Step 2. Find background information
about your chosen topic (Review of
Related Literature).
Step 3. Plan your research design
including your sample
(Methodology).
Step 4. Gather necessary data using
open ended questions (for
qualitative research) and closed-
ended questionnaire or paper pencil
test questionnaire (for quantitative
research) (Data Gathering
Activities).
Step 5. Process and analyse
data using thematic analysis (for
qualitative research) and
statistical tools (for quantitative
research).
Step 6. Formulate new insights
gained (for qualitative research)
conclusions (for quantitative
research) and recommendations.

Step 7. Define new problem.

 Ethics in Research
Research ethics are guidelines for the
responsible conduct of research which
educates and monitors researchers to
ensure high standard. It promotes the
aim of research, such as expanding
knowledge and supports the values
required for collaborative work, such
as mutual respect and fairness.
What are these ethics in research1?
1. Informed Consent.This is required to secure
in order protect the rights of the participants
in your study. Inform your participants about
the criteria set for choosing them as
informants and the schedule of one-on-one
interview at the convenient time they are
available. Participation to the study will be
completely voluntary.
2. Honesty.It report data, results,
methods and procedures, and
publication status. Do not
fabricate, falsify and misrepresent
the data.
3. Objectivity.Avoid bias in
experimental design, data analysis,
data interpretation, peer review,
personnel decisions, grant writing,
expert testimony, and other
aspects of research.
4. Integrity.Keep your promises
and agreements; act with
sincerity; strive for consistency
of thought and action.
5. Carefulness.Avoid careless errors
and negligence; carefully and
critically examine your work and
the work of peers. Keep good
records of research activities.
6. Openness. Share data,
results, ideas, tools and
resources. Be open to
criticism and new ideas.
7. Respect for Intellectual Property. Honour
patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets
and other forms of intellectual property. Do not
use published or unpublished data, methods, or
results without permission. Give credit where
credit is due. Never plagiarize, fabricate and
falsify.