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Compact MIMO Antenna for Portable UWB Applications with Band-Notched

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Article in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · May 2015

DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2015.2406892

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Compact MIMO Antenna for Portable UWB
Applications with Band-Notched Characteristic
L. Liu, S. W. Cheung, and T. I. Yuk

Abstract—A multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) band
notched antenna with a compact size of only 22 × 36 mm2 is
proposed for portable ultrawideband (UWB) applications. The
antenna consists of two square monopole-antenna elements, a
T-shaped ground stub, a vertical slot cut on the T-shaped ground
stub to reduce mutual coupling, and two strips on the ground
plane to create a notched frequency band. Simulation and
measurement are used to study the antenna performance in terms
of impedance matching, isolation between the two input ports,
radiation pattern, efficiency, peak gain, and envelope correlation
coefficient. Results show that the antenna can operate from 3.1 to
more than 11 GHz with a notched band in 5.15-5.85 GHz. In the
center notched frequency, the efficiency drops to 7%, indicating a
good interference suppression performance. The mutual coupling
is less than -15 dB and the envelope correlation coefficient is less
than 0.1. The performances of the MIMO antenna when installed
on a PCB with a standard size, with a USB connector and device
housing are also studied. Results show that the proposed MIMO
antenna is a good candidate for portable UWB applications.
Index Terms—ultrawideband (UWB), MIMO, band notch,
small antenna
I. INTRODUCTION
M ULTIPLE-input-multiple-output (MIMO) technology,
with the potential of increasing channel capacity without
requiring additional frequency spectrum or power, has been
drawing much attention [1]. A MIMO communication system
requires using multiple antennas installed in the transmitter
and/or receiver with low coupling between them. However, for
portable devices where the space is very limited, installing
MIMO antennas with low coupling is always a great challenge
for antenna designers. Various MIMO antennas have been
studied for uses in portable devices in different wireless
systems such as the LTE [2], UMTS [3], and WLAN [4]. In [5],
studies showed that MIMO technology used in Ultrawideband
(UWB) system would provide superior channel capacity over
that used in narrowband systems. Following this, studies were
carried out to reduce coupling between antenna elements in
MIMO UWB antennas [6-8].
The UWB from 3.1-10.6 GHz, assigned by the FCC for
unlicensed use, overlaps with the WLAN frequency band from
L. Liu, S. W. Cheung, and T. I. Yuk are with the Department of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road,
Hong Kong, China (email: [liuli, swcheung, tiyuk]@eee.hku.hk).
1
5.15-5.85 GHz, thus the UWB system and WLAN systems
could interfere with each other. One of the possible solutions to
this problem is to design the UWB antenna with band-notched
characteristic [9-11]. In [12-16], MIMO antennas with notched
characteristics were studied to suppress interference from the
WLAN systems. The UWB MIMO antenna in [12] was
designed on a flexible film. Two heptagonal monopole
elements were orthogonally and symmetrically placed on the
substrate for good isolation between the two input ports. A slot
was cut on each of the antenna elements to create a notch in the
WLAN band. However, the two monopole elements did not
have a common ground plane, making the MIMO antenna
difficult to use in practice. The MIMO antenna in [13]
employed two folded monopole elements, each coupled with a
parasitic inverted-L element, to achieve UWB operation. Two
meander lines, a connection line and a short parasitic line, were
used to enhance isolation between the two input ports. The
band-notched characteristic was created using an open stub on
the radiator. The antenna structure was a little complicated and
required high fabrication accuracy. In [15] and [16], slot
antennas were designed for UWB MIMO applications with a
strip to ensure high isolation. The slots were etched on the
feeding structure to create a band notch. However, this kind of
structure had a relatively large size.
In [14], a dual band notch was designed for an UWB MIMO
antenna using parasitic strips and slots on the radiator. To the
best of the authors’ knowledge, it is the smallest one among all
the UWB MIMO antennas with and without notches found in
literature. The antenna had a compact size of 27×30 mm2 (or
0.44 λg×0.49 λg) = 810 mm2 (or 0.22 λg2), where λg is the guided
wavelength at the lowest operation frequency. However, both
notched bands had the reflection coefficient S11 of about -5 dB
and total efficiency of larger than 25%, which in some cases
were not good enough for suppressing interference. Most of the
designs aforementioned [12-16] created the notches by
modifying the radiators. The lowest total efficiency of 18% at
the notch frequency was achieved in [13].
In this paper, we propose an UWB MIMO band-notched
antenna even smaller than the design in [14]. It has a compact
size of only 22×36 mm2 (or 0.34 λg×0.56 λg) =792 mm2 (or 0.19
λg2), which is 14% smaller in electric size than the design in
[16]. A strip on the ground plane is used to create the band
notch with a total efficiency of only 7%, much smaller than all
those in [12-16]. The simulated and measured results show that
the proposed MIMO antenna has good impedance matching,
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high isolation and good diversity performance throughout the

UWB with a band-notched characteristic in 5.15-5.85 GHz.
The MIMO antenna is also studied when installed on a PCB
with a standard size, with a USB connector and device housing,
and insignificant effects are observed.

II. ANTENNA DESIGN

The geometry of the proposed MIMO antenna, as shown in
Fig. 1, has two planar monopole elements, denoted as PM 1 and
PM 2, with a very compact area of only 22×36 mm2. The
radiator of an UWB monopole antenna could be of many
shapes such as rectangular, elliptical, and circular-ring shaped
[9,17,18], which, in general, do not give significant differences
in performance. However, the size of the radiator must be large Fig. 1 Geometry of proposed antenna ( top side, bottom side)
enough to allow a long current path to generate a low resonance
for achieving a low-cutoff frequency of lower than 3.1 GHz for
the UWB. Thus size has been one of the major challenges in the
design of UWB antennas. Designing the ultrawide bandwidth
for an UWB antenna is not such a problem and can be achieved
through matching using etching a ground slot under the feed
line, adjusting the gap between the ground and the radiator, and
tapering the feed line [9, 17, 18] as used in our MIMO antenna.
In our MIMO antenna shown in Fig. 1, for simplicity, we use
square shaped radiators for the planar monopole elements. The
fundamental resonant frequency of a planar monopole antenna Fig. 2 Photograph of prototyped antenna
can be approximated by [19]
144 TABLE I DIMENSIONS OF PROPOSED ANTENNA (UNIT: MM)
fr  (1) W WG1 WG2 wf1 wf2 ws wt wd df
A1 A2
l1  l2  g   36 2 20 3.5 0.5 1 0.5 0.5 5
2 l1  re 2 l2  re L LG1 LG2 lf1 lf2 ls lt lr
22 8 4 3 6 17 8.3 8
where l1 and l2 denote the length of the ground plane and the
radiation patch, respectively, g denotes the gap between them,
and A1 and A2 denote the area of the ground plane and the III. STUDY OF MIMO ANTENNA
radiation patch, respectively, with l1, l2, g, A1 and A2 all in Here, the effects of the T-shaped ground stub, ground slot and
millimeter. re is the effective dielectric constant given strips are studied.
byre=(r+1)/2. A. Effects of T-shaped ground stub
In Fig. 1, the T-shaped ground stub protruding vertically The T-shaped ground stub in the MIMO antenna shown in
between the monopole elements is used to improve matching of Fig. 1 has two main functions, providing better matching for
the antenna. A long ground slot is cut vertically on the the antenna and enhancing isolation by reflecting radiation
T-shaped ground for better isolation between the two input from the radiators. A T-shape is used because the size of the
ports. To create a notch in the 5.5-GHz band to suppress antenna can remain compact and the T-shaped ground stub can
interference in the WLAN band, two strips, denoted as strips 1 also serve as reflector. Simulation on the S parameters of the
& 2, are added between the monopole elements and the MIMO antenna with and without the T-shaped stub, as showed
T-shaped ground stub. They form two open-end slots which in Fig. 3, has been carried out and results are shown in Fig. 4. It
serve as λ/4-resonators at the notch frequency The antenna has can be seen that, without using the T-shaped stub, the antenna
a symmetrical structure, so the two input ports have identical has a low-cutoff frequency (for S11<-10 dB) of about 4 GHz
impedance. This makes the design procedure significantly (which is higher than 3.1 GHz required for the UWB). Mutual
easier because the antenna can be designed with either port coupling (indicated as S21) between the two input ports is
excited. The MIMO antenna is designed using the EM almost above -15 dB. However, with the T-shaped stub used, a
simulation tool CST on a Rogers R4350B substrate with a resonance is generated at about 5 GHz which lowers down the
dielectric constant r of 3.5, a loss tangent of 0.004 and a low-cutoff frequency to about 2.8 GHz. Mutual coupling S21 is
also significantly suppressed at high frequencies.
thickness of 1.6 mm. The dimensions for the final design are
Also note that, taking a single element in our proposed
listed in Table I and used to fabricate the prototype as shown in
MIMO antenna with the T-shaped ground stub and using (1),
Fig. 2 for measurement.
we have l1=L, l2=lr,, g=lf1+lf2-LG1, A2/l2=lr and
A1=(LG1WG1)/2+(LG2WG2)/2+(L-LG1-LG2)(WG1+ws/2). The
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calculated fr is 4.4 GHz, which is close to the simulated result in
Fig. 4.
(a) (b)
Fig. 3 MIMO antennas (a) without T-shaped ground stub, and (b) with T-shaped
ground stub
Fig. 4 S parameters of antenna with and without T-shaped ground stub
B. Effect of Ground Slot
In Fig. 1, the ground slot cut on the T-shaped ground stub
plays an important role in enhancing isolation. Fig. 5 shows the
simulated S11 and S21 of the MIMO antenna with and without
having the ground slot. Note that, due to the symmetrical
structure of the antenna, S22 and S12 are same as S11 and S21,
respectively, so we only show S11 and S21 in Fig. 5. It can be
seen that, the simulated impedance bandwidths (for S11<-10
dB) of the antenna with and without the ground slot do not vary
much and are from 2.8 GHz to more than 11 GHz. However,
without using the ground slot, the mutual coupling between the
two input ports of the antenna is larger than -15 dB (i.e., S21
>-15 dB) in the frequency below 5 GHz, which is not low
enough for good performance [6-8, 12-16]. With the use of the
ground slot, a resonance at about 2.6 GHz is generated,
lowering S21 down to below -15 dB from 3.1 GHz to more than
11 GHz (which covers the entire UWB).
Fig. 5 S parameters of antenna with and without ground slot
3
Current distribution is further used to study the effects of the
ground slot on isolation. Fig. 6 shows the current distributions
of the MIMO antenna with and without the ground slot at a
lower frequency of 3.5 GHz when port 1 is excited and port 2 is
50-Ω terminated. It can be seen from Fig. 6(a) that, without the
ground slot, strong current is coupled from PM 1 through the
T-shaped ground stub to PM2 and then to port 2, resulting in
high mutual coupling between the two ports. When a ground
slot is cut on the T-shaped ground stub, Fig. 6(b) shows that
more current concentrates on the left part of the T-shaped
ground slot, and the amount of current coupled to PM 2 and
then port 2 is much less, reducing mutual coupling between the
two ports. Thus the slot helps provide high isolation between
the two ports.
(a) (b)
Fig. 6 Current distributions at 3.5 GHz: (a) without and (b) with ground slot
C. Effects of Strips
The simulated S parameters with and without using the strip
(lt=0) are shown in Fig. 7(a) for comparison. Without using the
strips, the MIMO antenna has good impedance matching (i.e.,
S11<-10 dB) and low mutual coupling (i.e., S21<-15 dB)
throughout the UWB from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. As mentioned
before, the two thin strips, strips 1 & 2, as shown in Fig. 1, are
used to provide a band-notched characteristic for the antenna.
Thus the notched band can be tuned using the length lt and
width wt of the strips. Fig. 7(a) shows the simulated S
parameters for different values of lt with the other parameters
being the values listed in Table 1. It can be seen that, when the
strip length lt increases from 7 to 9 mm, the notched frequency
decreases from 6.2 to 5 GHz, while S21 remains below -15 dB
across the UWB. With the strip width wt increased from 0.3 to
0.9 mm, the simulated S parameters are shown in Fig. 7(b). It
can be seen that the upper edge of the notched band remains
about the same at 5.85 GHz, but the lower edge shifts down
from 5.3 to 4.9 GHz, increasing the notched bandwidth. Again
S21 remains below -15 dB. In our study, lt = 8.3 and wt = 0.5
mm are used to set the notched band in the 5.15-5.85 GHz to
suppress interference for the WLAN band. The strip length lt is
about 0.22λg corresponding to the notched frequency 5.4 GHz.
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(a)
(b)
Fig. 7 S parameter with different values of (a) lt and (b) wt
The current distributions of the antennas at the notched
frequency of 5.4 GHz, with and without the strips when port 1
is excited, are shown in Fig. 8. Without the strips, Fig. 8(a)
shows that current distributes relatively even on PM 1, giving
out more radiation on the left part of the T-shaped ground slot.
With using the strips, Fig. 8(b) shows that strong resonance
occurs to strip 1 on the left of the T-shape stub, hence creating a
deep band notch.
(a) (b)
Fig. 8 Current distributions at 5.4 GHz: (a) without strip and (b) with strip
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. S Parameters
The S parameters of the prototyped MIMO antenna shown
in Fig. 2 are measured using the vector network analyzer
(VNA) Rohde & Schwarz ZVA 24. The simulated and
measured S11 and S21 are shown in Fig. 9 for comparison. Fig.
9(a) shows that the antenna has a simulated impedance
bandwidth (for S11<-10 dB) from 2.6 GHz to more than 11
GHz with mutual coupling (in terms of S21) below -15 dB from
3.1 GHz to more than 11 GHz. This indicates that the antenna is
4
suitable for MIMO operation throughout the FCC UWB. A
notched band from 5.15-5.85 GHz is created to suppress
interference in the WLAN band. The notch has a very high
value of S11 = -1.4 dB at the center frequency, indicating very
effective suppression. There are some discrepancies between
the measured and simulated S11 and S21. For example, Fig.
9(a) shows that the measured notched band is slightly wider
than the simulated result, and Fig. 9(b) shows that the measured
mutual coupling is higher than the simulated result. These are
due to the feeding cable used in measurement, as described in
[20]. To verify this, the cable model developed in [20] is
included in simulation and the results are also shown in Fig. 9
for comparison. It can be seen that by using the cable model, the
simulated and measured S parameters agree much better. It
should be noted that the feeding cable is only necessary in
measurement. When the antenna is installed inside a wireless
device, no feeding cable is needed.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 9 Simulated and measured (a) S11 and (b) S21
B. Radiation Performance
The radiation patterns of the realized gain for the MIMO
antenna have been simulated and measured using the antenna
measurement equipment Satimo, Starlab system. With port 2
terminated with a 50-Ω load and port 1 excited, the simulated
3D radiation patterns with the same color scale at the low
frequency of 4 GHz, the notch frequency of 5.4 GHz, and the
high frequency of 10 GHz are shown in Fig. 10. Due to the
symmetrical structure of the MIMO antenna, the radiation
patterns with port 2 excited and port 1 loaded with a 50-Ω
terminator are the mirror images along the x-z plane. Figs.
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10(a) and (c) show that the patterns are slightly directional at 5 dBi. The cable effects in the peak gain cannot be removed as
about =270°. The power is radiating toward the left of the x-z in the efficiency as explained in [20] and thus is not shown.
plane simply because port 1 is feeding PM 1 on the left of the
antenna. Due to symmetry, we can deduce that when port 2 is
excited, the power is radiating towards the right of the x-z plane,
thus achieving pattern diversity. At the notch frequency of 5.4
GHz, the radiation pattern in Fig. 10(b) is evidently much
smaller. The simulated and measured 2D radiation patterns at 4,
5.4 and 10 GHz have good agreements as indicated in Fig. 11.
The simulated and measured total efficiencies and realized
peak gains of the antenna are shown in Fig. 12. At high
frequencies, Fig. 12(a) shows that the measured efficiency
agrees well with the simulated result. However, at low
(a) (b)
frequencies, the measured efficiency is much smaller than the
simulated efficiency, which is due to the feeding cable used in
measurement [20]. The simulation model for the feeding cable
developed in [20] again has been used in simulation. The
difference between the simulated efficiencies with and without
using the cable model represents the cable effects. This
difference is used to remove the cable effects on the measured
efficiency, and the result is shown in Fig. 12(a) for comparison.
It can be seen that, the simulated and the measured efficiencies
(after removing the cable effect) agree very well. The measured
efficiency in the UWB with cable effect removed is above 70%,
except in the notched band of 5.4 GHz, in which the efficiency (c)
Fig. 10 3D radiation patterns at (a) 4 GHz, (b) 5.4 GHz and (c) 10 GHz with port
substantially drops to 4%. This deep drop in efficiency enables
1 excited and port 2 terminated with 50- load
the antenna to work in the high interfered environments. Fig.
12(b) shows that, in the notched band, the peak gain drops from
2 to -7 dBi. In the rest of UWB, the peak gain ranges from 1 to

(a1) x-y plane (a2) y-z plane (a3) x-z plane

4 GHz

(b1) x-y plane (b2) y-z plane (b3) x-z plane

5.4 GHz
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(c1) x-y plane (c2) y-z plane (c3) x-z plane

10 GHz
Fig. 11 2D radiation patterns with port 1 excited and port 2 terminated with 50- load: (a1), (a2) and (a3) at 4 GHz, (b1), (b2) and (b3) at 5.4 GHz, and (c1), (c2) and
(c3) at 10 GHz ( simulated, measured)

(a)
(a)

(b)
Fig. 12 Simulated and measured (a) total efficiencies, and (b) realized gains

C. MIMO Performance
The diversity performance of the MIMO antenna is studied
using the envelope correlation coefficient calculated from the
equation in [21] using the 3D radiation patterns. Assuming
uniform 3D angular power spectra, the calculated envelope
correlation coefficients using the simulated and measured 3D
radiation patterns are shown in Fig. 13 (a).
(b)
Fig. 13 Simulated and measured (a) envelope correlation coefficients, and (b)
multiplexing efficiency
The measured correlation coefficient is a little larger than the
simulated correlation coefficient, but is still below 0.06
throughout the UWB. This indicates very low correlation
between the two ports and hence good diversity performance.
To measure the multiplexing performance of the MIMO
antenna, the metric of multiplexing efficiency proposed in [22]
is used. The multiplexing efficiency measures the ratio of the
required signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) between the imperfect
MIMO antenna and the ideal antenna to obtain the same
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capacity. It is a convenient metric to optimize capacity. Under

uniform power assumption, the calculated multiplexing
efficiency (in dB) using the simulated and measured
efficiencies and correlation coefficients are shown in Fig. 13(b),
and the measured total efficiency for single port is also shown
in the figure for comparison. It can be seen that due to the low
correlation and equal efficiencies, the multiplexing efficiency
is almost the average value of the single port efficiencies shown (a)
by the two ports.

V. EFFECTS OF LARGE GROUND, USB CONNECTOR, AND

DEVICE HOUSING
In the design of our MIMO antenna, we simply accepted the
ground plane as a real ground and designed the antenna with
the smallest size possible. In practice, the ground plane size
could not be treated as a design freedom, but is decided solely (b)
by the design team of the portable device. In a practical
situation when the MIMO antenna is installed inside a portable
device, the PCB of the motherboard will serve as a large ground
plane which affects the antenna performance. Here we study
the antenna performance when the MIMO antenna is installed
on a PCB with a size of 45×120 mm2 (which is about the size of
iPhone 5) using the simulation model shown in Fig. 14(a). To
minimize the effects of the large PCB serving as ground, we
propose to connect the antenna to the PCB using a small strip of (c)
Fig. 14 Simulation models for MIMO antenna (a) with large ground, (b) with
1×1 mm2. The performances of the antenna with a USB large ground and USB connector, and (c) with large ground and housing
connector attached and with housing, as shown in the models of
Figs. 14(b) and (c), respectively, are also studied using
simulation. The housing material is Acrylonitrile Butadiene
Styrene with a relative permittivity of 2.3. Since the antenna is
only affected by the material surrounding it, to reduce the
simulation time, the housing material in the model of Fig. 14(c)
covers only the antenna. The simulated S parameters are shown
in Fig. 15. It can be seen that both S21 and S22 are affected by
the PCB, which can be explained as follows. Our proposed
MIMO antenna shown in Fig. 1 has a very small ground plane
which does not behave like ground anymore and becomes a
radiator. The antenna effectively is an asymmetric dipole, so
(a)
the size of the ground plane affects S11 and S21 as can be seen
in Figs. 15(a) and (b), respectively. Note that if the antenna was
to be designed for a handset, the dimensions of the antenna
must be re-optimized to fit the particular ground-plane size
specified by the handset design team. For our proposed MIMO
antenna installed on a PCB with a size of 45×120 mm2, Fig.
15(a) shows that, the low-cutoff frequency for S11<-10 dB
shifts to a higher frequency, but the operating band can still
cover the entire UWB (except in the notch band). Fig. 15(b)
shows that with the large ground, S21 exceeds -15 dB at lower
frequencies, but is still lower than -13 dB, which is also
acceptable [23]. Fig. 15 also shows that the USB connector and (b)
housing do not have significant effects on the antenna Fig. 15 (a) S11 and (b) S22 of proposed antenna with large ground, USB
performances. connector, and housing

VI. CONCLUSIONS
A MIMO antenna with a very compact size of 22×36 mm2
has been designed for portable UWB applications. Two square
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