RADIO NAVIGATION
Navigation is the process of directing an airplane or ship toward its destination by determining its position, direction etc. Radio is an electronic equipment for the wireless transmission or reception, or both, by using electromagnetic waves as carrier. Radio navigation is the process of directing an airplane or ship toward its destination by determining its position, direction etc, by using radio technology.
Radio wave is the electromagnetic waves that have both electric field and magnetic field.
c = .f
where,
c = the speed of light (3x108 m/sec) = the wavelength in meters f = the frequency in Hertz (cycles/sec)
An electromagnetic wave
Radio Frequency Categorization
Name Very low frequency Low Frequency Medium Frequency High Frequency Very High Frequency Ultra High Frequency Super High Frequency Extremely High Frequency Abbreviation VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF Frequency 3 30 kHz 30 300 kHz 300 3000 kHz 3 30 MHz 30 300 MHz 300 3000 MHz 3 30 GHz 30 300 GHz
Airborne Radio Frequency Utilization
System
Omega Decca Loran C ADF HF Comm. Marker ILS (Localizer) VOR
Frequency band
10 14 kHz 70 130 kHz 100 kHz 200 1700 kHz 2 25 MHz 75 MHz 108 112 MHz 108 118 MHz
VHF Comm.
ILS (Glide Slope) DME Weather Radar (X band)
118 136 MHz
320 340 MHz 960 1215 MHz 9,4 GHz
Basic Sound Communication Equipment
A/C Radio Communication
A/C radio communication system allows pilot to communicate with ground station or the other aircraft crews.
In a Jet Transport Airplane, the radio communication system consists of: 2 set High Freq. Radio Comm. system. (2 30 MHz, 1kHz increment), for long distance communication .
3 set Very High Freq. Radio Comm. system (720 channels between 118 MHz 135.975 MHz), for short distance communication
Selcal or selective calling system allows a ground station to call an aircraft or group of aircraft using hf or vhf comm. without the flight crew having continuously monitor the station frequency.
Navigation Nomenclature
Abbreviation HDG TK DTK DA TAE GS POS WPT Meaning Heading, angle measured clockwise between North and the direction in which the aircraft is pointing Track, direction in which the aircraft is moving Desired Track, direction in which the pilot wishes the aircraft to move Drift Angle, angle between heading and track, measured to port (left) or starboard (right) Track Angle Error, angle between track and desired track, usually quoted as left or right Ground Speed, speed of the aircraft in the direction of the track in the plane parallel to the earths surface (map speed) Position Waypoint, a significant point on the route which may be used for reporting to Air Traffic Control, turning or landing.
Cont
Abbreviation RD Meaning Radial, angle between NDB/station to the aircraft with North as a reference
DIS
MB XTK
Distance to go from position to waypoint
Magnetic Bearing, angle between aircraft to NDB/station with North as a reference MB = RD + 180 Cross Track the perpendicular distance from the aircraft to the line joining the two points between which is the aircraft is moving Relative Bearing, angle between magnetic bearing and heading Estimated time of arrival
RB ETA
Navigation Nomenclature
10
Navigation Nomenclature
11
A/C Heading
N
120
12
Radial
N
NDB
135
225
13
Diagram of RMI and RBI Readings
HD = 30; RD = 270 MB = 270 + 180 360 = 90
RB = MB HD = 90 30 = 60
14
VOR (VHF Omni-directional Range)
VOR is a system on aircraft that give bearing information to fixed ground radio beacon to the pilot. aerial
RMI
VOR RX
Compass
CONTROL PANEL
DME
15
HDG = 0 RD MB RB =0 = 180 = MB HDG = 180 0 = 180 Flag = From
From NDB
To
HDG = 0
RD
MB RB
= 180
=0 = MB HDG =00=0
Flag = To
16
POS2 NDB
HDG = 45 RD = 80 MB = 260
RB = MB HDG
= 260 45 = 215 F = From
HDG = 45 RD = 180 MB = 0 RB = MB HDG = -45 (315 ) F = To POS1
17
Relative Bearing and RMI Presentation
18
N
45
Calculating steps, 1. 2. 3. Define A/C Heading Calculate Radial Calculate Magnetic Bearing Calculate Relative Bearing Define To/From?
NDB
4. 5.
1.
Define A/C Heading HD = 65
65 2. RD = 45 + 180 = 225 3. MB = RD + 180 360 = 45 4. RB = MB RD = 45 65 = -20 (340)
19
DME (Distance Measuring Equipment)
DME, Distance Measuring Equipment is a secondary radar system capable of measuring the slant range of a fixed transponder.
20
The DME System
X=?
Pictorial Nav. Ind.
x = c(t-50S)/2
21
Aircraft antennas
22
Antennas Location on Small Aircraft
Antennas location: (1) RNAV; (2) VOR. Localizer; (3) ADF Sense; (4) ELT; (5) VHF Comm1.
(6) Glide Slope; (7) Radar; (8) Marker beacon; (9) Transponder; (10) VHF Comm2; (11) DME; (12) ADF Loop
23
Transport Category Aircraft Antennas Location
24
Instrument Landing System (ILS), is a system that aid a
pilot to land the aircraft by giving the steering information to the pilot which, if obeyed, will cause the aircraft to make an accurate and safe decent and touchdown.
Localizer, f = 108,10 111,95 MHz
ILS
Glide Slope, f = 328,6 335,4 MHz
Marker Beacon, f = 75 MHz
25
