Current Electricity

1 A battery of emf 10 V and internal resistance 𝟑𝛀 is connected to a resistor R.

1) If the current in the circuit is 0.5 A, calculate the value of R.
2) What is the terminal voltage of the battery when the circuit is closed?
𝑹

𝟑𝛀 Answer

1. 𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑨
𝟏𝟎 𝑽 𝜺 = 𝒊(𝑹 + 𝒓)
𝜺 𝟏𝟎
𝑹+𝒓= = = 𝟐𝟎
𝒊 𝟎.𝟓
𝑹 = 𝟐𝟎 − 𝒓 = 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟕𝛀

2. Terminal voltage, 𝑽 = 𝜺 − 𝒊𝒓
𝑽 = 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟓 × 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟖. 𝟓 𝑽
 Current Electricity
2 Draw a circuit diagram showing how a potentiometer may be used to find internal resistance of a cell
and establish a formula for it.
Answer

For this, the cell (emf 𝜺) whose internal resistance 𝒓 is to be determined is

connected across a resistance box through a key 𝑲𝟐 .
1. When the key 𝑲𝟐 is open, the balancing length 𝒍𝟏 is measured.
𝜺 = 𝝓𝒍𝟏 → (𝟏) 𝝓 is constant.
2. When key 𝑲𝟐 is closed, again the balancing length is
measured.
𝑽 = 𝝓𝒍𝟐 → (𝟐) where 𝑽 = P.D. of the cell

𝜺 𝝓𝒍𝟏 𝜺 𝒍𝟏
Dividing eq (1) by eq (2), we get = ⇒ = → (𝟑)
𝑽 𝝓𝒍𝟐 𝑽 𝒍𝟐
 Current Electricity
2 Draw a circuit diagram showing how a potentiometer may be used to find internal resistance of a cell
and establish a formula for it.
Answer

But 𝜺 = 𝒊(𝑹 + 𝒓) and 𝑽 = 𝒊𝑹. This gives,

𝜺 𝒊 𝑹+𝒓 𝑹+𝒓
= = → (𝟒)
𝑽 𝒊𝑹 𝑹
𝑹+𝒓 𝒍𝟏
From equation (3) and (4), =
𝑹 𝒍𝟐
𝒓 𝒍𝟏 𝒓 𝒍𝟏 𝒍 −𝒍
𝟏+ = ⇒ = −𝟏 = 𝟏 𝟐
𝑹 𝒍𝟐 𝑹 𝒍𝟐 𝒍𝟐
𝒍𝟏 − 𝒍𝟐
𝑹𝒓=
𝒍𝟐
Using this formula, internal resistance of the cell is measured.
 Current Electricity
3 Derive an expression for the effective resistance when three resistors are connected in (i) series (ii)
parallel.
Answer

(i) Series combination

Consider three resistors of resistance 𝑹𝟏 , 𝑹𝟐
and 𝑹𝟑 connected in series. Let 𝒊be the current
flowing through each resistor. Let 𝑽 be the P.D.
across the
series combination.
Let 𝑽𝟏 , 𝑽𝟐 and 𝑽𝟑 be the P.D. across 𝑹𝟏 , 𝑹𝟐 and 𝑹𝟑 respectively then
𝑽 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑
But 𝑽 = 𝒊𝑹, 𝑽𝟏 = 𝒊𝑹𝟏 , 𝑽𝟐 = 𝒊𝑹𝟐 and 𝑽𝟑 = 𝒊𝑹𝟑
𝒊𝑹 = 𝒊𝑹𝟏 + 𝒊𝑹𝟐 + 𝒊𝑹𝟑 ⇒ 𝑹 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑
 Current Electricity
3 Derive an expression for the effective resistance when three resistors are connected in (i) series (ii)
parallel.
Answer
(i) Parallel combination
Consider three resistors of resistance 𝑹𝟏 , 𝑹𝟐
and 𝑹𝟑 connected in Parallel. Let 𝑽 be the P.D.
across each resistor. Let 𝒊 be the main current.

Let 𝒊𝟏 , 𝒊𝟐 and 𝒊𝟑 be the currents through 𝑹𝟏 , 𝑹𝟐 and 𝑹𝟑 .

Then 𝒊 = 𝒊𝟏 + 𝒊𝟐 + 𝒊𝟑 → 𝟐
𝑽 𝑽 𝑽 𝑽
But 𝒊 = , 𝒊𝟏 = , 𝒊𝟐 = and 𝒊𝟑 =
𝑹 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑
𝑽 𝑽 𝑽 𝑽
= = =
𝑹 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + +
𝑹 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑
 Current Electricity
4 a) ‘m’ cells each of emf ‘E’ and internal resistance ‘r’ are connected in parallel. What is the total
emf and internal resistance?
b) Under what conditions is the current drawn from mixed grouping of cell a maximum?

Answer

a) Consider 𝒎 identical cells each of emf 𝜺, internal resistance 𝒓

connected in parallel with an external resistance 𝑹.

Effective emf, 𝜺𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 𝜺 → (𝟏)

Effective internal resistance is
given by,
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒎
= + + +⋯=
𝒓𝒆𝒒 𝒓 𝒓 𝒓 𝒓
𝒓
𝒓𝒆𝒒 = → (𝟐)
𝒎
 Current Electricity
4 a) ‘m’ cells each of emf ‘E’ and internal resistance ‘r’ are connected in parallel. What is the total
emf and internal resistance?
b) Under what conditions is the current drawn from mixed grouping of cell a maximum?

Answer

Current flowing through the circuit is given by,

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒎𝒇
𝒊=
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝜺 𝒎𝜺
𝒊= 𝒓 =
+𝑹 𝒓+𝒎𝑹
𝒎
𝒎𝜺
If 𝑹 ≪ 𝒓, 𝒊 =
𝒓

To get large current, cells may be connected in parallel to a small

external resistance (R).
 Current Electricity
4 a) ‘m’ cells each of emf ‘E’ and internal resistance ‘r’ are connected in parallel. What is the total
emf and internal resistance?
b) Under what conditions is the current drawn from mixed grouping of cell a maximum?

Answer
b) Current will be maximum when external resistance is equal to total internal resistance of cells.
𝒓
For parallel combination of ‘m’ cells, 𝑹 =
𝒎
𝒏𝒓
For mixed grouping of cells, 𝑹 =
𝒎
Where,
𝑹 = external resistance
𝒓 = internal resistance of each cell
𝒎 = number of cells
𝒏 = number of cells in each row
 Current Electricity
5 Define electric resistance and write its SI unit. How does the resistance of a conductor vary if
a) Conductor is stretched to 4 times of its length.
b) Temperature of conductor is increased.

Answer

Resistance: Resistance of a conductor is defines as the ratio of potential difference across the ends of the
conductor to the current flowing through it.

𝑽
𝑹=
𝒊
SI unit → 𝒐𝒉𝒎 (𝛀)
 Current Electricity
5 Define electric resistance and write its SI unit. How does the resistance of a conductor vary if
a) Conductor is stretched to 4 times of its length.
b) Temperature of conductor is increased.

Answer
𝒍 𝒍𝟐 𝒍𝟐
a) 𝑹 ∝ ⇒𝑹∝ ⇒𝑹∝ (𝑽 = 𝑨𝒍)
𝑨 𝑨𝒍 𝑽

𝑹𝟏 = 𝑹, 𝒍𝟏 = 𝒍, 𝒍𝟐 = 𝟒𝒍

𝑹𝟏 𝒍𝟏 𝟐 𝑹 𝒍𝟐
= ⇒ =
𝑹𝟐 𝒍𝟐 𝑹𝟐 𝟏𝟔𝒍𝟐

𝑹𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝑹

∴ Resistance of the conductor increases sixteen times.

 Current Electricity
5 Define electric resistance and write its SI unit. How does the resistance of a conductor vary if
a) Conductor is stretched to 4 times of its length.
b) Temperature of conductor is increased.

Answer
b) If the temperature of the conductor increases, resistance of the conductor increases.
 Current Electricity
When the resistance connected in series with a cell is halved, the current is equal to or slightly greater
6
than double. Why?
Answer

Let a cell of emf ‘E’ of internal resistance ‘r’ is connected in series with an external
resistance ‘R’.

𝑬
The current in the circuit is 𝒊 =
𝑹+𝒓
Depending upon the internal resistor, there arises 3 cases.

1. If cell is ideal:

𝑬
i.e. 𝒓 = 𝟎, 𝒊𝟏 = → (𝟏)
𝑹
𝑹 𝟐𝑬
If resistance is halved 𝑹′ = , 𝒊𝟐 = ⇒ 𝒊𝟐 = 𝟐𝒊𝟏
𝟐 𝑹
 Current Electricity
When the resistance connected in series with a cell is halved, the current is equal to or slightly greater
6
than double. Why?
Answer

𝑬 𝟐𝑬
2. If cell has internal resistance: 𝒊 = , 𝟐𝒊𝟏 = → (𝟏)
𝑹+𝒓 𝑹+𝒓

𝑹
If resistance is halved 𝑹′ = ,
𝟐
𝑬 𝟐𝑬
𝒊𝟐 = 𝑹 =
+𝒓 𝑹+𝟐𝒓
𝟐
𝟐𝑬
𝒊𝟐 = − (𝟐)
𝑹+𝟐𝒓

From (1) and (2) it is clear that 𝒊𝟐 < 𝟐𝒊𝟏

 Current Electricity
When the resistance connected in series with a cell is halved, the current is equal to or slightly greater
6
than double. Why?
Answer

3. If internal resistance = external resistance (𝑹 = 𝒓)

𝑬 𝑬 𝟐𝑬
𝒊𝟏 = ,𝒊 = =
𝟐𝑹 𝟐 𝑹+
𝑹 𝟑𝑹
𝟐

𝒊𝟐 < 𝟐𝒊𝟏
 Current Electricity
7 Two cells of emfs 𝟒. 𝟓 𝑽 and 𝟔. 𝟎 𝑽 and internal resistance 𝟔 𝛀 and 𝟑𝛀 respectively have their negative
terminals joined by a wire of 𝟏𝟖 𝛀 and positive terminals by a wire 𝟏𝟐𝛀 resistance. A third resistance
wire of 𝟐𝟒𝛀 connects middle points of these wires. Using Kirchhoff’s laws, find the potential difference
at the ends of this third wire.

Answer

Applying loop law to the closed circuit (𝟏), we get

𝟔𝒊𝟏 + 𝟔𝒊𝟏 + 𝟐𝟒 𝒊𝟏 + 𝒊𝟐 + 𝟗𝒊𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟓
𝟒𝟓𝒊𝟏 + 𝟐𝟒𝒊𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟓
𝟏𝟓𝒊𝟏 + 𝟖𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟓 → (𝟏)

Applying loop law to the closed circuit 𝑰𝑰 , we get

𝟑𝒊𝟐 + 𝟔𝟐 + 𝟐𝟒 𝒊𝟏 + 𝒊𝟐 + 𝟗𝒊𝟐 = 𝟔
𝟐𝟒𝒊𝟏 + 𝟒𝟐𝒊𝟐 = 𝟔
𝟒𝒊𝟏 + 𝟕𝒊𝟐 = 𝟏 → (𝟐)
 Current Electricity
7 Two cells of emfs 𝟒. 𝟓 𝑽 and 𝟔. 𝟎 𝑽 and internal resistance 𝟔 𝛀 and 𝟑𝛀 respectively have their negative
terminals joined by a wire of 𝟏𝟖 𝛀 and positive terminals by a wire 𝟏𝟐𝛀 resistance. A third resistance
wire of 𝟐𝟒𝛀 connects middle points of these wires. Using Kirchhoff’s laws, find the potential difference
at the ends of this third wire.

Answer

Solving equations 𝟏 and (𝟐) , we get Current through 𝟐𝟒𝛀 resistor

= 𝒊𝟏 + 𝒊𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟕𝑨
Eq 𝟏 × 𝟒, 𝟔𝟎𝒊𝟏 + 𝟑𝟐𝒊𝟐 = 𝟔
𝟔𝟎𝒊𝟏 +𝟏𝟎𝟓𝒊𝟐 =𝟏𝟓
Eq 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟓, Potential difference at the ends of 𝟐𝟒𝛀 wire =
−𝟕𝟑𝒊𝟐 =−𝟗
𝒊𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟑 𝑨 𝒊𝟏 + 𝒊𝟐 𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟕 × 𝟐𝟒
Substituting 𝒊𝟐 value in eq (𝟐),
𝟒𝒊𝟏 + 𝟕 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟑 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝑽𝟐𝟒𝛀 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟖𝟓 𝑽
𝟒𝒊𝟏 = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟏
𝒊𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟕 𝑨
 Current Electricity
8 Three resistors each of resistance 10 ohm are connected. In turn, to obtain
(i) Minimum resistance (ii) Maximum resistance. Compute
(a) The effective resistance in each case
(b) The ratio of minimum to maximum resistance so obtained.

Answer

a) Given 𝑹𝟏 = 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑹𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎𝛀
(i) To obtain minimum resistance, they are connected in parallel
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
= + + = + + =
𝑹 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝟏𝟎
⇒ 𝑹𝒆𝒒 = 𝛀
𝟑

(ii) To obtain maximum resistance they are connected in series

𝑹 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑
𝑹𝒆𝒒 = 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟑𝟎 𝛀
 Current Electricity
8 Three resistors each of resistance 10 ohm are connected. In turn, to obtain
(i) Minimum resistance (ii) Maximum resistance. Compute
(a) The effective resistance in each case
(b) The ratio of minimum to maximum resistance so obtained.

Answer

b) The ratio of minimum resistance to maximum,

𝑹𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
= =
𝑹𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟑×𝟑𝟎 𝟗𝟎

𝑹𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟏
=
𝑹𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟗
 Current Electricity
9 State Kirchhoff's law for an electrical network. Using these laws deduce the condition for balance
in a Wheatstone bridge.
Answer

Kirchhoff’s current law (or) first law:

“The algebraic sum of the currents meeting at any junction in a circuit is zero”
෍𝒊 = 𝟎

𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟑 + 𝑰𝟓 = 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝟒
 Current Electricity
9 State Kirchhoff's law for an electrical network. Using these laws deduce the condition for balance
in a Wheatstone bridge.
Answer

Kirchhoff’s voltage law (or) second law:

“In any closed circuit the algebraic sum of the products of currents and resistances is equal to the
algebraic sum of emf’s”
෍ 𝒊𝑹 = ෍ 𝜺

“In any closed circuit the algebraic sum of the

potential differences of equal to zero.”

෍𝑽 = 𝟎
 Current Electricity
9 State Kirchhoff's law for an electrical network. Using these laws deduce the condition for balance
in a Wheatstone bridge.
Answer
Wheatstone bridge: Wheatstone bridge consists of four resistances 𝑷, 𝑸, 𝑹 and 𝑺
connected as shown in figure to form four junctions 𝑨, 𝑩, 𝑪 and 𝑫.

Between junctions 𝑨 and 𝑪 a battery of emf 𝜺 is connected.

Between junctions 𝑩 and 𝑫, a galvanometer 𝑮 is connected.

Applying Kirchhoff’s first law for the junction 𝑩, 𝒊𝟏 − 𝒊𝒈 − 𝒊𝟑 = 𝟎 → (𝟏)

For junction 𝑫, 𝒊𝟐 + 𝒊𝒈 − 𝒊𝟒 = 𝟎 → (𝟐)

 Current Electricity
9 State Kirchhoff's law for an electrical network. Using these laws deduce the condition for balance
in a Wheatstone bridge.
Answer
Applying Kirchhoff’s second for a closed mesh 𝑨𝑩𝑫𝑨,
𝒊𝟏 𝑷 + 𝒊𝒈 𝑮 − 𝒊𝟐 𝑹 = 𝟎 → (𝟑)

Applying Kirchhoff’s second for a closed mesh 𝑩𝑪𝑫𝑩,

𝒊𝟑 𝑸 + 𝒊𝟒 𝑺 − 𝒊𝒈 𝑮 = 𝟎 → (𝟒)

When no current passing through the galvanometer,

𝒊𝒈 = 𝟎 the bridge is said to be balanced.

Using 𝒊𝒈 = 𝟎 in above equation, 𝒊𝟏 = 𝒊𝟑 → 𝟓 , 𝒊𝟐 = 𝒊𝟒 → (𝟔)

𝒊𝟏 𝑷 = 𝒊𝟐 𝑹 → 𝟕 , 𝒊𝟑 𝑸 = 𝒊𝟒 𝑺 → (𝟖)
 Current Electricity
9 State Kirchhoff's law for an electrical network. Using these laws deduce the condition for balance
in a Wheatstone bridge.
Answer
𝒊𝟏 𝑷 𝒊𝟐 𝑹 𝒊𝟏 𝑷 𝒊𝟐 𝑹
Dividing equation (𝟕) by 𝟖 , = = =
𝒊𝟑 𝑸 𝒊𝟒 𝑺 𝒊𝟏 𝑸 𝒊𝟐 𝑺

𝑷 𝑹
= This is the principle of Wheatstone bridge.
𝑸 𝑺
 Current Electricity
10 State the working principle of potentiometer explain with the help of circuit diagram how emf of two
primary cells are compared by using the potentiometer.

Answer

Principle: It works on the principle that potential difference across any part is directly proportional to the
length.
𝜺∝𝒍
𝜺 = 𝝓𝒍 where 𝝓 =Potential drop per unit length.
Comparison of emf’s of two cells:
1. Figure shows two cells of emf’s 𝜺𝟏 and 𝜺𝟐 . The point marks 1, 2,
3 form a two-way key.

2. Consider the first position of the key where 1 and 3 are

connected, so the galvanometer is connected to 𝜺𝟏
 Current Electricity
10 State the working principle of potentiometer explain with the help of circuit diagram how emf of two
primary cells are compared by using the potentiometer.

Answer
3. The jockey is moved along the wire till at a point 𝑵𝟏 , the balancing
length 𝒍𝟏 from A is measured. 𝜺𝟏 = 𝝓𝒍𝟏 → (𝟏)

3. Now the second position of the key where 2 and 3 4are connected,
so the galvanometer is connected to 𝜺𝟐 .

4. The jockey is moved along the wire till at a point 𝑵𝟐 , the balancing
length 𝒍𝟐 from A is measured.
𝜺 + 𝟐 = 𝝓𝒍𝟐 → (𝟐)
 Current Electricity
10 State the working principle of potentiometer explain with the help of circuit diagram how emf of two
primary cells are compared by using the potentiometer.

Answer
Dividing equation (𝟏) equation (𝟐)
𝜺𝟏 𝝓𝒍𝟏
=
𝜺𝟐 𝝓𝒍𝟐

𝜺𝟏 𝒍𝟏
= → (𝟑)
𝜺𝟐 𝒍𝟐

Using the above formula, the emf’s of two given

cells is compared.
 Current Electricity
11 State the working principle of potentiometer explain with the help of circuit diagram how the
11
potentiometer is used to determine the internal resistance of the given primary cell.

Answer

Principle: It works on the principle that potential difference across any point is directly proportional to the
length.
𝜺∝𝒍
𝜺 = 𝝓𝒍
Determination of internal resistance of a primary cell:
For this the cell (emf 𝜺) whose internal resistance 𝒓 is to be determined is
connected across a resistance box through a key 𝒌𝟐 .

1. When the key 𝒌𝟐 is open, the balancing 𝒍𝟏 is measured.

𝜺 = 𝝓𝒍𝟏 → 𝟏 𝝓 is a constant.
 Current Electricity
11 State the working principle of potentiometer explain with the help of circuit diagram how the
11
potentiometer is used to determine the internal resistance of the given primary cell.

Answer

2. When 𝒌𝟐 is closed, again the balancing length is measured.

𝜺 𝝓𝒍𝟏
𝑽 = 𝝓𝒍𝟐 → (𝟐), we get =
𝑽 𝝓𝒍𝟐
𝜺 𝒍𝟏
= → (𝟑)
𝑽 𝒍𝟐
But 𝜺 = 𝒊(𝑹 + 𝒓) and 𝑽 = 𝒊𝑹.
𝜺 𝒊 𝑹+𝒓 𝑹+𝒓
This gives = = → (𝟒)
𝑽 𝒊𝑹 𝑹
 Current Electricity
11 State the working principle of potentiometer explain with the help of circuit diagram how the
11
potentiometer is used to determine the internal resistance of the given primary cell.

Answer
𝑹+𝒓 𝒍𝟏
From equation (𝟑) and (𝟒), =
𝑹 𝒍𝟐

𝒓 𝒍𝟏
𝟏+ =
𝑹 𝒍𝟐

𝒓 𝒍𝟏 𝒍𝟏 −𝒍𝟐
= −𝟏=
𝑹 𝒍𝟐 𝒍𝟐

𝒍𝟏 −𝒍𝟐
∴𝒓= 𝑹
𝒍𝟐

Using this formula, internal resistance of the cell is measured.

 Current Electricity
12 Show the variation of current versus graph for GaAs and mark the
(i) Non-linear region (ii) Negative resistance region

Answer

Figure shows variation of current verses voltage for GaAs.

Decrease of current is possible with increase in voltage shown in GaAs
graph. This fact cannot be explained with ohm’s law. Hence GaAs are
widely used in electronic circuits.

i) In non-linear region, voltage increases, current also increases.

ii) In negative resistance region, voltage increases current decreases.
 Current Electricity
13 A student has two wires of iron and copper pf equal length and diameter. He first joins two wires in
series and passes and electric current through the combination which increases gradually. After that
he joins two wires in parallel and repeats the process of passing current. Which wire will glow first in
each case?

Answer

1. For a given length and area of cross-section, 𝑹 ∝ 𝝆, 𝝆𝒊𝒓𝒐𝒏 > 𝝆𝒄𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓

When two wires are joined in series, heat generated,
𝑯 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹 ⇒ 𝑯 ∝ 𝑹, 𝑯 ∝ 𝝆.
So, iron wire glows first.

2. When the wires are connected in parallel, heat generated,

𝑽𝟐 𝒕 𝟏 𝟏 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
𝑯= ⇒𝑯∝ ⇒𝑯∝ ; 𝑹=
𝑹 𝑹 𝝆 𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝟐
Effective resistance decreases, so copper wire glows first.
 Current Electricity
14 Three identical resistors are connected in parallel and total resistance of the circuit is R/3. Find the
value of each resistance.
Answer

𝑹
Given 𝑹𝟏 = 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑹𝟑 and 𝑹𝒆𝒒 = 𝑹𝟑
𝟑

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + + 𝑹𝟐
𝑹 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑

𝟏 𝟑 𝑹𝟏 𝑹 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟏
= ⇒ 𝑹𝒆𝒒 = ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑹𝟏 = 𝑹
𝑹𝒆𝒒 𝑹𝟏 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑

∴ 𝑹𝟏 = 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑹𝟑 = 𝑹