Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PSK DQGWZR*HQHUDO(OHFWULF
)HQJLQHVWKDWDUHW\SLFDOO\
QRWRQWKHZLQJIRUORQJSHUL-
RGVRIWLPH7KH\ŞUHUHPRYHG
cleaned, disassembled and in-
VSHFWHGDQGSDUWVDUHUHSODFHG
DIWHURQZLQJHQJLQHRSHUDWLRQ
KRXUV
:KLOHWKHPDLQWHQDQFHDS-
SURDFKIRUPLOLWDU\HQJLQHVLV
YHU\LQWHQVLYHWKHVLWXDWLRQLV
YHU\GLƢHUHQWIRUFLYLOHQJLQHV
)RUH[DPSOHRQD%RHLQJ
ZLWKWRSVSHHG0DFK
PSK OHVV WKDQ PLOLWDU\
Figure 3. Jet oil specification timeline. (Figure courtesy of ExxonMobil.) SODQHVLWŞVWZR&)0%HQ-
JLQHVDUHOHIWRQZLQJIRUYDVWO\
ORQJHUSHULRGVRIWLPHZLWKRXW
EHLQJ UHPRYHG 2QZLQJ HQ-
JLQH RSHUDWLRQ ZHOO H[FHHGV
UHVLVWDQFHWRR[LGDWLRQPHHW- base stocks and had the same DSSURYDOSURFHVVDQGKRZOX- KRXUV0DLQWHQDQFHLV
LQJ D KLJKHU VHW RI GHPDQGV YLVFRVLW\DWF6WDW&EXW EULFDQWVZRXOGSHUIRUPLQWKHLU KDQGOHG RQ WKH DLUIUDPH EXW
WKDQWKHƂXLGV KDGDGGLWLYHHQKDQFHPHQWVLP- KDUGZDUH see Figure 3 GLVDVVHPEO\LVRQO\SHUIRUPHG
7KH VSHFLI LFDWLRQ SURYLQJWKHUPDODQGR[LGDWLYH $ FLYLO VSHFLI LFDWLRQ ZDV LI QHFHVVDU\ 7U\LQJ WR NHHS
FRQWLQXHGWRHYROYHDQGLQWKH VWDELOLW\ necessary because military WKHHQJLQHVLQFLYLOVHUYLFHIRU
HDUO\VDQHZVHFWLRQZDV %\WKHODWHVFRPPHU- DQG FLYLO JDV WXUELQH HQJLQH ORQJSHULRGVSXWVDGLƢHUHQWGH-
ZULWWHQ 0,// 35) FLDOPDQXIDFWXUHUVRIHQJLQHV GHVLJQVDQGUHTXLUHPHQWVGL- mand on the lubricant than in
+76DVWKH861DY\GHVLUHG DQG DLUFUDIW EHFDPH GLVVDWLV- YHUJHGDQGERWKZHUHRSHUDW- WKHPLOLWDU\7KHUHIRUH2(0V
EHWWHUKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHWKHU- ƁHGZLWKWKH0,/35) HGDQGPDLQWDLQHGYHU\GLƢHU- GHFLGHGWKH\QHHGHGWKHLURZQ
PDOVWDELOLW\7KLUGJHQHUDWLRQ VSHFLƁFDWLRQDQGWKHIDFWWKDW HQWO\)RUH[DPSOHWKH)$ VSHFLƁFDWLRQ
7\SH ,,+76 OXEULFDQWV RI- WKURXJKRXWPRVWRIWKHKLVWRU\ +RUQHWSULPDULO\XVHGE\WKH 7KHPRGHUQMHWRLOVSHFLƁ-
IHUHG HQKDQFHG SHUIRUPDQFH RIWXUELQHOXEULFDQWVWKHPLOL- 861DY\EXWDOVRXVHGE\WKH FDWLRQ6$($6ZDVZULWWHQ
RYHU 7\SH ,, RLOV IRU HQJLQHV WDU\PDGHDSSURYDOGHFLVLRQV 0DULQH&RUSVDQGRWKHUVKDV LQWKHHDUO\VWRDGGUHVV
WKDWZRUNHGDWKRWWHUWHPSHUD- $FLYLOVSHFLƁFDWLRQHPHUJHG KLJKSHUIRUPDQFHLQƂLJKWD QH[WJHQHUDWLRQ HQJLQH UH-
WXUHV 7KH\ XVHG SRO\ROHVWHU DV2(0VZDQWHGDVD\LQWKH WRSVSHHGRI0DFK TXLUHPHQWV7KHKLJKHUWKHUPDO
VWUHVVLQQHZHQJLQHVGHPDQGV
OXEULFDQWVZLWKLPSURYHGR[LGD-
WLYHSHUIRUPDQFHDQGORDGFDU-
U\LQJZLWKRXWGDPDJLQJVHDOV
DQGHODVWRPHUV
6$($6LVHVVHQWLDOO\D
VXSSOHPHQWWR0,/35)
ZKLFKLVVWLOOLQHƢHFWDQGZLOO
EHZLGHO\XVHGLQWRWKHIXWXUH
6$($6KDVDGGLWLRQDOWHVW
UHTXLUHPHQWV WKDW UHIOHFW WKH
UHDOLW\RIFRPPHUFLDODYLDWLRQ
DSSOLFDWLRQV LQFOXGLQJ ORQJ
WHUPVHDOFRPSDWLELOLW\DQGGH-
SRVLWLRQWHVWV$6FUHDWHV
WZRSHUIRUPDQFHFDWHJRULHVWR
TXDOLI\ MHW RLOV VWDQGDUG SHU-
IRUPDQFHFDSDELOLW\FODVVDQG
Figure 4. Military and civil gas turbine engine designs and requirements diverged, creating the need for new indus- KLJKSHUIRUPDQFH FDSDELOLW\
try standards. (Figure courtesy of ExxonMobil.) FODVV see Figure 4
1HZWXUELQHRLOVPXVWEHEDFN-
ZDUGFRPSDWLEOHZLWKH[LVWLQJ
OXEULFDQWVVLQFHWKHSUHIHUHQFH
LQWKHFRPPHUFLDODYLDWLRQLQ-
GXVWU\LVIRUEURDGDSSOLFDWLRQ
0DQDJLQJPXOWLSOHWXUELQHRLOV
IRUPXOWLSOHHQJLQHVEHFRPHV
DVLJQLƁFDQWFKDOOHQJHIRUDLU-
OLQHV6RWKHDELOLW\WRXVHDVLQ-
JOHOXEULFDQWLQDVPXFKRIWKH
KDUGZDUHDVSRVVLEOHLVJUHDWO\
GHVLUHGPDNLQJXQLYHUVDODS-
SURYDOKLJKO\GHVLUDEOH
*HQHUDO WUHQGV LQ HQJLQH
WHPSHUDWXUHV LQ WHUPV RI JDV
SDWK FRQWLQXH WR LQFUHDVH Figure 6. Hydraulic fluid evolution. (Figure courtesy of ExxonMobil.)
ZKLFKPD\WUDQVODWHLQWRVWLOO
KLJKHUOXEULFDQWWHPSHUDWXUHV
:KLOHDOWHUQDWLYHFKHPLVWULHV FDWLRQ LQGXVWU\ LV H[WUHPHO\ PHUFLDODLUFUDIW2YHUWKHSDVW I LHG E\ FRPPHUFLDO DLUOLQH
are being assessed, the high FRQVHUYDWLYHDQGFDUHIXOZKLFK 60 years as large commercial PDQXIDFWXUHUVVLQFHQRPLOLWDU\
KHDWFDSDFLW\RIHVWHUVLVRQH LVZK\LWFDQWDNH\HDUVIRU jets became more common, VSHFLƁFDWLRQH[LVWV7KH\PXVW
UHDVRQZK\WKH\FRQWLQXHWREH QHZSURGXFWVWRJHWDSSURYHG WKHSKRVSKDWHHVWHUFKHPLVWU\ PHHW DLUIUDPH 2(0 WHVWLQJ
XVHGRYHUDOWHUQDWHFKHPLVWULHV ,WŞVDOODERXWVDIHW\ HYROYHGDQGLVQRZZKDWLVXVHG DJDLQVWYDULRXVVSHFLƁFDWLRQV
The materials in engines LQDOOFRPPHUFLDOODUJHMHWV,WV DQG VSHFLDOL]HG 2(0 WHVWV
WKHPVHOYHVDOVRDUHFKDQJLQJ $YLDWLRQK\GUDXOLFƂXLGV XVH ZDV SURPSWHG E\ KLJKHU VXFKDVKRWPDQLIROGDQGKLJK
7KHUHDUHQHZDOOR\VXVHGLQ DLUFUDIWVSHHGVGXULQJODQGLQJ SUHVVXUH VSUD\ %RHLQJ %06
bearings, gears and accessory $YLDWLRQK\GUDXOLFƂXLGVKDYH ZLWKKLJKHUEUDNHWHPSHUDWXUHV LVDQH[DPSOHRIDQ2(0
JHDU ER[HV VR QHZ DGGLWLYH GLƢHUHQWVHWVRIUHTXLUHPHQWV DQGPRUHFRQFHUQVDERXWƁUHV VSHFLƁFDWLRQ
SODWIRUPV DUH XVHG 7KHUHŞV )RUPLQHUDORLOEDVHGDYLDWLRQ +\GUDXOLFƂXLGXVHGWRDF- 3KRVSKDWHHVWHUK\GUDXOLF
DOVRDQLQFUHDVHGXVHRIQRQ K\GUDXOLF IOXLGV WKH PLOLWDU\ tuate brakes and landing gear ƂXLGVHYROYHGVLPLODUO\WRWXU-
PHWDOOLFFRPSRQHQWV2LOVPXVW VSHFLILFDWLRQ 0,/35) LVSUHVVXUL]HGIURP ELQH RLOV RYHU WLPH 7\SHV ,
KDYH LPSURYHG FRPSDWLELOLW\ LVLQHƢHFW3URGXFWVNQRZQDV SVL,ILWZHUHWROHDNQHDUDQ ,,DQG,,,DUHQRORQJHUXVHG
ZLWK VHDOV SDLQW DQG YDULRXV ŠUHGRLOšWKDWPHHWWKLVVSHFLƁ- ignition source, like a hot brake, 7\SH9ƂXLGVXVHGWRGD\W\SL-
FRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOV$GGLWLYHV cation are used in the landing WKHUHVXOWLQJIRJRIƂXLGFRXOG FDOO\KDYHORQJHUƂXLGOLYHVDQG
DUHH[SHFWHGWRSURGXFHOHVV JHDU RI PRGHUQ FRPPHUFLDO LJQLWHKHQFHWKHQHHGIRUƁUH VRPHKDYHORZHUGHQVLW\DQG
YRODWLOHDQWLR[LGDQWVDQGEHW- DLUFUDIWDVŠVWUXWƂXLGVšDQGLQ UHVLVWDQFH OHVVZHLJKWZKLFKLVLPSRUWDQW
WHUDQWLZHDUDORQJZLWKKLJKHU ROGHUPLOLWDU\DLUFUDIW 3KRVSKDWHHVWHUƂXLGVXVH LQDYLDWLRQ7KH\DOVRFDQPDQ-
ORDGLQJ RI GHJUDGDWLRQ SURG- 6SHFLI LFDWLRQV IRU QHZHU WULDONO\OSKRVSKDWHVWKDWKDYH DJH WKH VWUHVVHV RI WKH PRUH
XFWVZKLOHSURWHFWLQJHODVWRPHU SRO\DOSKDROHILQ 3$2 EDVHG H[FHOOHQWORZWHPSHUDWXUHSHU- GHPDQGLQJSVLK\GUDXOLF
VHDOVRYHUORQJSHULRGV I OXLGV DUH JLYHQ LQ 0,/ IRUPDQFHDQGZLOOIXQFWLRQDW V\VWHPVRQWKH%RHLQJ$LU-
7KHPLOLWDU\VHFWRULVSHU- 35) DQG DUH W\SLFDO WHPSHUDWXUHVDVORZDV& EXV$DQG$DLUFUDIW see
IRUPLQJUHVHDUFKRQHQKDQFHG SURGXFWVIRXQGLQPRVWPLOLWDU\ ZLWKSRXUSRLQWVDURXQG& Figure 6
HVWHUVHVWHUEDVHGRLOVWKDWSUR- DLUFUDIW$QRWKHUVSHFLƁFDWLRQ 7KH\RƢHUPDQ\EHQHƁWVRYHU
YLGHKLJKHUORDGFDUU\LQJ7KHUH 0,/35) H[LVWV IRU RWKHUW\SHVRIK\GUDXOLFƂXLGV Aviation greases
DOVRDUHVHYHUDOH[RWLFV\QWKHWLF ORZHUYLVFRVLW\ƂXLGVWKDWDUH But the main reason they are
chemistries under consideration PRUH IODPPDEOH WKDQ XVHGLVIRUWKHLUƁUHUHVLVWDQFH *UHDVHLVXVHGLQPDQ\DLUIUDPH
WKDWKDYHSURPLVHIRUWXUELQH ƂXLGV%RWKDUHOHVVƂDPPDEOH SURSHUWLHV7KH\DUHVHOIH[WLQ- DSSOLFDWLRQV,WOXEULFDWHVGULYH
HQJLQHDSSOLFDWLRQV and more stable than MIL- JXLVKLQJƂXLGVZLWKKLJKDXWR VFUHZV LQ K\GUDXOLFDOO\ SRZ-
1HZ RLO WHFKQRORJLHV LQ 35) LJQLWLRQWHPSHUDWXUHVDQG]HUR HUHGDFWXDWRUVWKDWPRYHƂLJKW
FRPPHUFLDODYLDWLRQIROORZWKH Flammability is the most ƂDPHSURSDJDWLRQ)ODPHVZLOO controls and landing gear,
PLOLWDU\H[SHULHQFHZKHUHWKH\ LPSRUWDQWUHDVRQWRWDOO\GLƢHU- QRWVSUHDGZLWKWKHVHƂXLGV see WUDFNZD\VIRUƂDSVDLOHURQV
KDYHPRUHODWLWXGHWRWDNHULVNV HQW IODPHUHVLVWDQW K\GUDXOLF Figure 5 leading-edge slats, rudder and
7KHFRPPHUFLDODYLDWLRQOXEUL- ƂXLGVDUHXVHGLQPRGHUQFRP- 7KHVHSURGXFWVDUHTXDOL- HOHYDWRUOLQNDJHV