International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET)

$6WXG\5HSRUWRQ5DSLG7RROLQJ3URFHVV
1+DULQL
Assistant professor, department of mechanical,
KGRCET


$EVWUDFW  5DSLG 7RROLQJ 57 GHVFULEHV D SURFHVV WKDW LV WKH UHVXOW RI FRPELQLQJ 5DSLG 3URWRW\SLQJ
WHFKQLTXHVZLWKFRQYHQWLRQDOWRROLQJSUDFWLFHVWRSURGXFHDPROGTXLFNO\RUSDUWVRIDIXQFWLRQDOPRGHOIURP
&$'GDWDLQOHVVWLPHDQGORZHUFRVWUHODWLYHWRWUDGLWLRQDOPDFKLQLQJPHWKRGV5DSLG7RROLQJFDQDFWDVD
SURGXFWLRQLQMHFWLRQPROGHGSDUWV5DSLG7RROLQJ57W\SLFDOO\HLWKHUXVHVD5DSLG3URWRW\SLQJ53PRGHO
DV D SDWWHUQ RU XVHV WKH 5DSLG 3URWRW\SLQJ SURFHVV GLUHFWO\ WR IDEULFDWH D WRRO IRU D OLPLWHG YROXPH RI
SURWRW\SHV([SHQVLYHWRROLQJFRVWFDQEHZHOOMXVWLILHGMXVWZKHQWKHSURGXFWLRQTXDQWLW\LVPDVVLYH$FWXDOO\
WKH ZD\ WR SURGXFH WRROLQJ TXLFNHU DQG PRUH HFRQRPLFDOO\ HVSHFLDOO\ IRU VPDOO TXDQWLW\ PDQXIDFWXULQJ
EHFRPHV D VLJQLILFDQW TXHVWLRQ $GGLWLRQDOO\ LQ WKH SURGXFW GHYHORSPHQW F\FOH UHTXLUHV DOZD\V VRPH
LQWHUPHGLDWH WRROLQJ WR SURGXFH D VPDOO TXDQWLW\ RI SURWRW\SHV RU IXQFWLRQDO WHVWV VDPSOHV IRU PDUNHWLQJ
HYDOXDWLRQ SXUSRVH RU SURGXFWLRQ SURFHVV GHVLJQ 57 EHFRPHV PRUH DQG PRUH LPSRUWDQW WR QRZDGD\V
PDQXIDFWXULQJLQGXVWU\7KHPDLQDGYDQWDJHVDUHWRROLQJWLPHLVPXFKVKRUWHUWKDQIRUDFRQYHQWLRQDOWRRO
7LPHWRILUVWDUWLFOHFDQEHOHVVWKDQRQHILIWKWKDWRIFRQYHQWLRQDOWRROLQJWRROLQJFRVWLVPXFKOHVVWKDQIRUD
FRQYHQWLRQDOWRRO&RVWFDQEHEHORZILYHSHUFHQWRIFRQYHQWLRQDOWRROLQJFRVW7KHPDLQFKDOOHQJHVDUHWRRO
OLIHLVOHVVWKDQIRUFRQYHQWLRQDOWRROVDQGWROHUDQFHVDUHZLGHUWKDQIRUFRQYHQWLRQDOWRROV

, ,1752'8&7,21
5DSLGWRROLQJLVDQDSSOLFDWLRQRI5DSLG3URWRW\SLQJWKDWUHIHUVWRXVLQJUDSLGSURWRW\SLQJWHFKQRORJLHVWR
SURGXFHSURWRW\SLQJRUSUHSURGXFWLRQWRROVRUPROGV7KLVDXWRPDWLFEXLOGLQJW\SLFDOO\UHGXFHVWKHDPRXQWRIWLPH
QHHGHGWRSURGXFHVXFKWRROVE\OHVVWKDQRIWKHWLPHQHHGHGLQWKHW\SLFDOPDQXIDFWXULQJSURFHVV7KHFRVWRI
EXLOGLQJWRROVLQWKLVPDQQHUFDQEHVLJQLILFDQWO\OHVVFRVWO\WKDQSURGXFWLRQWRROLQJ+RZHYHUWKHVHWRROVWHQGWR
KDYHDVKRUWHUOLIHVSDQ

5DSLGWRROLQJLVDSSURSULDWHIRUGLIILFXOWDQGFRPSOH[JHRPHWULHVPRUHHDVLO\KDQGOHGE\WUDQVIHUULQJWKH
GHVLJQRIWKHWRROGLUHFWO\IURPDGHVLJQVRIWZDUHDSSOLFDWLRQGLUHFWO\WRDPDQXIDFWXULQJSURFHVVRUWHFKQLTXH7KLV
SURFHVV LV HVSHFLDOO\ VXLWDEOH IRU VLPSOH WRROV GXH WR WKH DELOLW\ WR PRUH DFFXUDWHO\ UHSUHVHQW VXFK WRROV
SURJUDPPDWLFDOO\

7KHUHDUHWZRW\SHVRIUDSLGWRROLQJDUHLQGLUHFWDQGGLUHFW

,Q,QGLUHFW7RROLQJPRGHOVFUHDWHGIURPWKHSURFHVVDUHXVHGDVSDWWHUQVWRFUHDWHWKHPROGV7KHVHLQGLUHFWWRROLQJ
SURFHVVHVLQFOXGH

Vacuum Casting:7KHPRGHOLVVXVSHQGHGLQDYDWRIOLTXLGVLOLFRQHRUURRPWHPSHUDWXUHYXOFDQL]LQJ579UXEEHU

7KH PROG WKDW IRUPV DURXQG WKH PRGHO DV WKH UXEEHU KDUGHQV LV UHPRYHG E\ FXWWLQJ LW LQ KDOI DQG WKH PRGHO LV
UHPRYHGOHDYLQJDFDYLW\7RROVSURGXFHGE\WKLVSURFHVVKDYHYHU\JRRGDFFXUDF\(SR[\DQGXUHWKDQHPDWHULDOV
FDQEHSRXUHGLQWRWKHFDYLW\WRSURGXFWSURWRW\SHSDUWV

Sand Casting: $ VDQG PROG LV EXLOW E\ SDFNLQJ D VDQG PL[WXUH DURXQG WKH PRGHO WR IRUP WKH PROG FDYLW\ DQG
SRXULQJDFDVWLQJOLTXLGLQWRWKHFDYLW\7KLVWHFKQLTXHLVW\SLFDOO\XVHGIRUSURWRW\SHRUSUHSURGXFWLRQPHWDOSDUWV
:KHQYHU\OLPLWHGTXDQWLWLHVDUHQHHGHGWKHSDUWVFDQDOVREHXVHGIRUSURGXFWLRQSDUWV

Special Issue NCRTEEFOSS-2016 299 ISSN: 2319 – 1058

 International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET)

Investment Casting:$FHUDPLFVKHOOLVIRUPHGDURXQGWKHSURWRW\SHZD[PRGHO7KHPRGHOPXVWQRWH[SDQGGXULQJ
WKH DXWRFODYH SURFHVV ZKLFK KDUGHQV WKH VKHOO LQ RUGHU WR IRUP WKH PROG 7KH ZD[ PRGHO LV UHPRYHG E\ PHOWLQJ
OHDYLQJDFDYLW\DVWKHWRRO0ROWHQPHWDOLVSRXUHGLQWKHFDYLW\WRIRUPWKHSDUW

Injection Molding: $ PROG LV IRUPHG E\ HQFDSVXODWLQJ WKH PRGHO ZLWK D FRPSRVLWH RU DOXPLQXP ILOOHG HSR[\
PDWHULDOWRIRUPWKHWRROLQJ7KHUHVXOWLQJWRROLQJLVXVHGLQWKHLQMHFWLRQPROGLQJSURFHVV

In Direct ToolingWKHWRROLQJLVSURGXFHGGLUHFWO\IURPWKHSURWRW\SLQJSURFHVV6RPHDYDLODEOHWHFKQLTXHVIRUWKLV
SURFHVVLQFOXGH

Rapid Tool$PHWDOPROGLVFUHDWHGXVLQJWKH6/6WHFKQRORJ\WKDWFDQSURGXFHXSWRLQMHFWLRQPROGLQJV

Laser-Engineered Net Shaping (LENS):&UHDWHVPHWDOWRROVIURP&$'GDWDE\XVLQJDODVHUEHDPWRPHOWWKHDUHDRI

WKHWRROZKHUHPDWHULDOLVWREHDGGHG7KHWRROLVEXLOWOD\HUE\OD\HUE\DGGLQJWKHGHVLUHGPDWHULDOWRWKHPHOWHG
DUHD7KLVSURFHVVLVRQO\DSSOLFDEOHWRWRROVZLWKVLPSOHXQLIRUPFURVVVHFWLRQV

Sand Molding:6DQGPROGVDUHFRQVWUXFWHGGLUHFWO\IURP&$'GDWD

Indirect Rapid Tooling – Silicone rubber tooling Silicone Rubber Tooling


7KLV LV D VWDQGDUG PHWKRG RI PDNLQJ VPDOO TXDQWLWLHV RI SRO\PHU SDUWV $Q\ UDSLG SURWRW\SLQJ JHQHUDWHG
SDUWFDQEHXVHGDVDSDWWHUQWRPDNHVLOLFRQHUXEEHUWRROLQJ7KHVHWRROVFDQEHXVHGWRPRXOGVPDOOWRPHGLXP
TXDQWLWLHVRISDUWVLQDODUJHYDULHW\RIXUHWKDQHHSR[\RURWKHUSRO\PHUV6RPHRIWKHVHSRO\PHUVKDYHSURSHUWLHV
ZKLFK HPXODWH SDUWLFXODU HQJLQHHULQJ WKHUPRSODVWLFV DQG LW
V DOVR SRVVLEOH WR ILOO WKHP IRU DGGHG VWUHQJWK 7KH
PHWKRG GRHVQ
W SURGXFH D SDUW ZKLFK LV LGHQWLFDO WR DQ LQMHFWLRQ PROGHG SDUW KRZHYHU EHFDXVH WKH FRQGLWLRQV RI
PDQXIDFWXUH DUHQ
W WKH VDPH ,QMHFWLRQ PROGHG SDUWV PD\ KDYH IXQFWLRQDOO\LPSRUWDQW DQLVRWURSLF PHFKDQLFDO
SURSHUWLHVWKDWGHSHQGRQKRZWKHPDWHULDOIORZVLQWKHPRXOGDQGFRROVIRUH[DPSOH1HYHUWKHOHVVVLOLFRQHUXEEHU
WRROLQJLVLQH[SHQVLYHRIIHUVJRRGDFFXUDF\DQGILQLVKDQGWKHSDUWVSURGXFHGDUHRIWHQDGHTXDWHIRUSURWRW\SHVRU
VPDOOSURGXFWLRQUXQV7KHPDWHULDOVDUHRIWHQXVHGLQDQDWXUDOVWDWHEXWSDLQWLQJDQGRWKHUVHFRQGDU\RSHUDWLRQV
FDQUHVXOWLQSDUWVWKDWDUHYHU\DWWUDFWLYH
6LOLFRQHWRROVFDQW\SLFDOO\EHXVHGWRPROGVHYHUDOSDUWVEHIRUHLWEHFRPHVQHFHVVDU\WRUHSODFHWKHP7KH
QXPEHU GHSHQGV RQ DFFXUDF\ DQG ILQLVK UHTXLUHPHQWV DQG WKH VSHFLILF JHRPHWU\ RI WKH LWHP SURGXFHG ,W PD\ EH
SRVVLEOHWRPDNHPDQ\GR]HQVRIVLPSOHRUQRQFULWLFDOSDUWVIURPDVLQJOHVLOLFRQHUXEEHUPROGEXWWHQWRWZHQW\LV
W\SLFDO LI WKH SDUWV DUH PRUH FRPSOH[ :HDU RI WKH PROG RFFXUV GXH WR WKH H[RWKHUPLF DQG UHDFWLYH QDWXUH RI WKH
SRO\PHUV DQG EHFDXVH RI WKH QHFHVVLW\ WR PHFKDQLFDOO\ GHIRUP WKH PROG WR UHPRYH WKH SDUW ,W PD\ RIWHQ EH
QHFHVVDU\WRUHSODFHWKH53JHQHUDWHGSDWWHUQDVZHOOGHSHQGLQJRQWKHQXPEHURIPROGVWREHPDGHDQGVLPLODU
DFFXUDF\DQGJHRPHWULFFRQVLGHUDWLRQV
7KH SURFHVV LV FDUULHG RXW E\ SODFLQJ WKH 53JHQHUDWHG SDWWHUQ LQ D IUDPH XVXDOO\ PDGH RI ZRRG 7KH
SDWWHUQLWVHOIXVXDOO\PXVWXQGHUJRVHFRQGDU\RSHUDWLRQVWREULQJLWWRWKHGHVLUHGVWDWHRIDFFXUDF\DQGILQLVKEHIRUH
LW FDQ EH XVHG 6HH WKH VHFWLRQ RQ 53JHQHUDWHG SDWWHUQV 6LOLFRQH UXEEHU URRP WHPSHUDWXUH YXOFDQL]LQJ 579
PROGLQJFRPSRXQGLVWKHQSRXUHGDURXQGWKHSDWWHUQ,WPD\EHQHFHVVDU\WRDSSO\DYDFXXPWRWKHDVVHPEO\WRSXOO
DLUEXEEOHVRXWRIWKHUXEEHUDQGLQVXUHILGHOLW\WRWKHSDWWHUQ2QFHWKHUXEEHUKDVVROLGLILHGWKHSDWWHUQLVUHPRYHG
DQGWKHPROGLVUHDG\WREHXVHG

Special Issue NCRTEEFOSS-2016 300 ISSN: 2319 – 1058

 International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET)

Indirect Rapid Tooling – Aluminum filled Epoxy tooling


$OXPLQXPILOOHGHSR[\WRROLQJLVDJRRGFKRLFHIRUVKRUWSURWRW\SHRUSURGXFWLRQUXQVIRUDSSOLFDWLRQVWKDWUHTXLUH
DQHQJLQHHULQJWKHUPRSODVWLFDVDILQDOPDWHULDO,WFDQEHWKRXJKWRIDVRQHVWHSXSIURPVLOLFRQHUXEEHUWRROLQJDQG
ZKLOHLW
VIDEULFDWLRQLVVLPLODULQFRQFHSWLQSUDFWLFHLW
VPRUHFRPSOLFDWHGDQGH[SHQVLYH0ROGVPDGHLQWKLVZD\
DUHXVHGLQLQMHFWLRQPROGLQJPDFKLQHU\EXWDVZLWK579UXEEHUPROGVWKHSDUWVIDEULFDWHGZRQ
WEHLGHQWLFDOWR
WKRVHFUHDWHGLQDKLJKYROXPHPROG&\FOHWLPHPXVWEHFRQVLGHUDEO\ORQJHUGXHWRWKHSRRUHUWKHUPDOFRQGXFWLYLW\
RIWKHPDWHULDOFRPSDUHGWRPHWDODQGORZHUSUHVVXUHVPXVWEHXVHGWRDFFRPPRGDWHLWVORZHUVWUHQJWK7KHSURFHVV
ZRUNV EHVW IRU UHODWLYHO\ VLPSOH VKDSHV 7RRO OLIH LV $GHTXDWH IRU DQ\ZKHUHIURP  WR SDUWVGHSHQGLQJRQ
UHTXLUHPHQWV

7KHIROORZLQJLVDVRPHZKDWVLPSOLILHGGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHSURFHVVZKLFKKDVPXFKLQFRPPRQZLWKWKDW

XVHGWRIDEULFDWHDQ579UXEEHUPROG

$Q53JHQHUDWHGSDWWHUQLVHPEHGGHGLQDZRRGHQIUDPHDORQJDSDUWLQJOLQH$OXPLQXPILOOHGHSR[\LV
SRXUHGDURXQGLWWRFUHDWHWKHILUVWKDOIRIWKHPROG,W
VXVXDOO\QHFHVVDU\WRVHFXUHWKHSRVLWLRQLQJRIWKHSDWWHUQ
ZLWK VSHFLDOO\IDEULFDWHG ZRRGHQ VXSSRUWV DQG RIWHQ VSHFLDOO\PDFKLQHG PHWDO LQVHUWV DUH SODFHG LQ DUHDV RI WKH
PROG WKDW PLJKW QHHG VWUHQJWKHQLQJ 7KH SDUWLQJ OLQH PLJKW DOVR EH D IDLUO\ FRPSOH[ JHRPHWU\ UDWKHU WKDQ MXVW D
VLPSOHSODQHUHTXLULQJDGGLWLRQDOIDEULFDWLRQVWHSV$IWHUWKHPL[WXUHKDUGHQVWKHHQWLUHDVVHPEO\LVLQYHUWHGDQG
WKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKHPROGLVFDVWDJDLQVWWKHILUVW$IWHUWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKHPROGLVFRPSOHWHGWKHSDWWHUQLV
UHPRYHG

$OXPLQXPILOOHGHSR[\PROGVDUHW\SLFDOO\XVHGLQDPROGIUDPHDQGZDWHUFRROLQJOLQHVFDQDOVREH
LQFOXGHGGXULQJWKHIDEULFDWLRQSURFHVV

Indirect Rapid tooling – Spray Metal tooling

6SUD\PHWDOWRROLQJLVPDGHLQDVLPLODUIDVKLRQWRDOXPLQXPILOOHGHSR[\WRROLQJ,QWKLVFDVHDQHSR[\RU
ORZPHOWLQJWHPSHUDWXUHPHWDODOOR\WRROLVSUHSDUHGE\FDVWLQJWKLVPDWHULDODJDLQVWDQ53JHQHUDWHGSDWWHUQ$WKLQ
PHWDO FRDWLQJ LV WKHQ DUFVSUD\HG RQ WKH UHVXOWDQW PROG
V ZRUNLQJ VXUIDFH WR JLYH LW JUHDWHU VWUHQJWK 7RRO OLIH LV
DERXWWKHVDPHDVIRUDOXPLQXPILOOHGHSR[\EXWWKHPHWKRGFDQDFFRPPRGDWHODUJHUSDUWV

Indirect Rapid tooling – Cast Kirk site tooling

Special Issue NCRTEEFOSS-2016 301 ISSN: 2319 – 1058

 International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET)

 .LUNVLWHWRROLQJLVDGYDQWDJHRXVIRUPRUHFRPSOH[JHRPHWULHVEXWLW
VJHQHUDOO\OHVVDFFXUDWHDQGPRUH
H[SHQVLYHWKDQDOXPLQXPILOOHGHSR[\RUVSUD\PHWDOWRROLQJ.LUNVLWHLVD]LQFEDVHGDOOR\DQGWKHWRROPDNLQJ
SURFHVVDOVRVWDUWVZLWKDQ53JHQHUDWHGSDWWHUQEXWKDVPRUHWUDQVIHUVWHSVWKDQHLWKHURIWKRVHPHWKRGV.LUNVLWH
WRROVKDYHDERXWWKHVDPHOLIHDVVSUD\PHWDORUDOXPLQXPILOOHGHSR[\WRROV

Indirect Rapid Tooling – 3D Keltool tooling 3D Keltool T M

3D KeltoolTM LVDPHWKRGRIFUHDWLQJDPRGHUDWHWRKLJKYROXPHWRRO7KHSURFHVVZDVGHYHORSHG2YHU
WZHQW\ILYH\HDUVDJRE\0EXWODQJXLVKHGIRU\HDUVXQWLOWKHDELOLW\WRPDNHDFFXUDWH3DWWHUQVHFRQRPLFDOO\E\
53FDPHLQWREHLQJ,W
VSUHVHQWO\RZQHGDQGOLFHQVHGE\'6\VWHPVEXWLVQRZRQO\DYDLODEOHIURPDKDQGIXORI
OLFHQVHHVLQWKH86DQG(XURSH

$Q\W\SHRI53JHQHUDWHGSDWWHUQFDQEHXVHG,WRIIHUVJRRGDFFXUDF\DQGILQLVKIURPDORQJODVWLQJVWHHO
WRRODQGPDQ\XVHUVKDYHPDGHPRUHWKDQDPLOOLRQSDUWVIURPD.HOWRROPROG7KHPDLQOLPLWDWLRQVDUHWKDWWKH
VL]HRIPROGLQVHUWVWKDWFDQEHFUHDWHGDUHIDLUO\VPDOORQWKHRUGHURIDFXEHVL[LQFKHVRQDVLGHDQGWKLQZDOOHG
VHFWLRQVPD\QRWEHSRVVLEOHWRIDEULFDWH6RPHFXVWRPHUVKDYHXVHGPXOWLSOHPROGVMRLQHGWRJHWKHUWRJHWDURXQG
WKHVL]HOLPLWDWLRQ

7KHSURFHVVVWDUWVZLWKDQ53SDWWHUQIURPZKLFKDUXEEHUPROGLVFUHDWHG7KHUXEEHUPROGLVWKHQXVHGWR
FDVWDVWHHOSRZGHUDQGSRO\PHUELQGHUPL[WXUHLQWRWKHPROGJHRPHWU\ZKLFKDIWHUKDUGHQLQJLVLQDJUHHQVWDWH
7KH JUHHQ PROG LV ILUHG DQG FRSSHU LQILOWUDWHG UHVXOWLQJ LQ D WRRO ZLWK DERXW  VWHHO DQG  FRSSHU FRQWHQW
(MHFWRUSLQVFRROLQJOLQHVDQGRWKHUDFFHVVRULHVPD\EHDGGHGLQILQDOPDFKLQLQJDQGSROLVKLQJVWHSV,QVRPHFDVHV
OLWWOHRUQRILQLVKLQJLVUHTXLUHG

7KHLQVHUWVDUHVWURQJHQRXJKWRZLWKVWDQGW\SLFDOLQMHFWLRQPROGLQJWHPSHUDWXUHDQGSUHVVXUHFRQGLWLRQV
DQG LW
V SRVVLEOH WR XVH ILOOHG SODVWLFV DQG SHUIRUP GLH FDVWLQJ ZLWK WKHP 7KH PHWKRG LV DGYDQWDJHRXV IRU VPDOO
FRPSOH[PROGVWKDWZRXOGUHTXLUHPXFKWLPHWRPDNHZLWK&1&RU('0WHFKQLTXHV

'KDVEHHQWUHDWLQJ3D KeltoolTM ZLWKEHQLJQQHJOHFWFRQFHQWUDWLQJLWVHIIRUWVRQRWKHUWHFKQRORJLHVLWKDVVLQFH

DFTXLUHGVXFKDVVHOHFWLYHODVHUVLQWHULQJ

Special Issue NCRTEEFOSS-2016 302 ISSN: 2319 – 1058

 International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET)

Direct Rapid Tooling – Direct AIM tooling Stereo lithography-based Tooling

6HYHUDO HIIRUWV KDYH EHHQ PDGH RYHU WKH \HDUV WR GLUHFWO\ IDEULFDWH PROGV XVLQJ HSR[\EDVHG VWHUHR
OLWKRJUDSK\PDWHULDOVDirect AIM TM IURP'6\VWHPVKDVSUREDEO\UHFHLYHGWKHPRVWDWWHQWLRQEXWKDVQRWEHHQ
ZLGHO\DGRSWHGEHFDXVHRILWVOLPLWDWLRQV$VSHFLDOVWHUHROLWKRJUDSK\EXLOGVW\OHLVXVHG$,0VWDQGVIRU$&(6
,QMHFWLRQ0ROGDQG$&(6LVDQDFURQ\PIRU$FFXUDWH&OHDU(SR[\6ROLG7KHPHWKRGKDVEHHQVDLGWREHXVHIXOWR
PDQXIDFWXUHVKRUWUXQRUSURWRW\SHTXDQWLWLHVXSWRDSSUR[LPDWHO\SLHFHVRIVPDOOOHVVFRPSOH[WKHUPRSODVWLF
SDUWV'HSHQGLQJRQWKHSDUWJHRPHWU\LWPD\EHQHFHVVDU\WREDFNWKHPROGZLWKHSR[\WRSURYLGHVWUHQJWK7KH
PROGVW\SLFDOO\UHTXLUHVHFRQGDU\ILQLVKLQJRSHUDWLRQVEHIRUHXVHWRUHPRYHVWDLUVWHSSLQJDQGLPSURYHILQLVK

0ROGV PDGH XVLQJ VWHUHR OLWKRJUDSK\ DUH XVHG LQ LQMHFWLRQ PROGLQJ PDFKLQHU\ EXW KHUH DJDLQ WKH SDUWV
IDEULFDWHGZRQ
WEHLGHQWLFDOWRWKRVHFUHDWHGLQDKLJKYROXPHPROG&\FOHWLPHPXVWEHFRQVLGHUDEO\ORQJHUGXHWR
WKH SRRUHU WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ RI WKH PDWHULDO FRPSDUHG WR PHWDO DQG ORZHU SUHVVXUHV PXVW EH XVHG WR
DFFRPPRGDWH LWV ORZHU VWUHQJWK 7KH VORZHU FRROLQJ F\FOH UHTXLUHG PD\ DFWXDOO\ SURYLGH DGYDQWDJHV IRU VSHFLILF
SDUW JHRPHWULHV DQG PDWHULDOV *ODVVILOOHG SODVWLFV DUHQ
W UHFRPPHQGHG DQG LWV YHU\ LPSRUWDQW WR VWXG\ WKH
OLPLWDWLRQVRIWKHSURFHVVDVLWDSSOLHVWRWKHVSHFLILFDSSOLFDWLRQ


7KHGHOLFDWHQDWXUHRIDPROGIDEULFDWHGXVLQJVWHUHROLWKRJUDSK\FDQOHDGWRIDLOXUHRQWKHYHU\ILUVWVKRWDFFRUGLQJ
WR VRPH XVHUV VR DSSUHFLDEOH FDXWLRQ LV QHFHVVDU\ 7KH LQWURGXFWLRQ RI KLJKHU VWUHQJWK DQG WHPSHUDWXUHUHVLVWDQW
FRPSRVLWHSKRWRSRO\PHUVPD\EUHDWKHQHZOLIHLQWRWKLVPHWKRG

Direct Rapid tooling – Copper Polyamide Rapid tooling

Special Issue NCRTEEFOSS-2016 303 ISSN: 2319 – 1058

 International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET)

7KH&RSSHU3RO\DPLGHWRROLQJSURFHVVIURP'70$XVWLQ7H[DVLQYROYHVWKHVHOHFWLYHODVHUVLQWHULQJRI

D FRSSHU DQG SRO\DPLGH SRZGHU PDWUL[ WR IRUP D WRRO $OO RI WKH VLQWHULQJ LV EHWZHHQ WKH SRO\DPLGH SRZGHU
SDUWLFOHV

7KH SURFHVV ERDVWV DQ LQFUHDVH LQ WRRO WRXJKQHVV DQG KHDW WUDQVIHU RYHU VRPH RI WKH RWKHU VRIW WRROLQJ
PHWKRGV7KHVHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDUHSURYLGHGE\WKHFRSSHUDQGFDQJLYHWKHXVHUWKHEHQHILWVRIUXQQLQJDWRROZLWK
SUHVVXUHDQGWHPSHUDWXUHVHWWLQJVWKDWDUHFORVHUWRSURGXFWLRQVHWWLQJV7KHSULPDU\GLVDGYDQWDJHLVWKHORZPDWHULDO
VWUHQJWK

Indirect Rapid Tooling – 3D Keltool tooling 3D Keltool T M

3D KeltoolTM LVDPHWKRGRIFUHDWLQJDPRGHUDWHWRKLJKYROXPHWRRO7KHSURFHVVZDVGHYHORSHG2YHU
WZHQW\ILYH\HDUVDJRE\0EXWODQJXLVKHGIRU\HDUVXQWLOWKHDELOLW\WRPDNHDFFXUDWH3DWWHUQVHFRQRPLFDOO\E\
53FDPHLQWREHLQJ,W
VSUHVHQWO\RZQHGDQGOLFHQVHGE\'6\VWHPVEXWLVQRZRQO\DYDLODEOHIURPDKDQGIXORI
OLFHQVHHVLQWKH86DQG(XURSH

$Q\W\SHRI53JHQHUDWHGSDWWHUQFDQEHXVHG,WRIIHUVJRRGDFFXUDF\DQGILQLVKIURPDORQJODVWLQJVWHHO
WRRODQGPDQ\XVHUVKDYHPDGHPRUHWKDQDPLOOLRQSDUWVIURPD.HOWRROPROG7KHPDLQOLPLWDWLRQVDUHWKDWWKH
VL]HRIPROGLQVHUWVWKDWFDQEHFUHDWHGDUHIDLUO\VPDOORQWKHRUGHURIDFXEHVL[LQFKHVRQDVLGHDQGWKLQZDOOHG
VHFWLRQVPD\QRWEHSRVVLEOHWRIDEULFDWH6RPHFXVWRPHUVKDYHXVHGPXOWLSOHPROGVMRLQHGWRJHWKHUWRJHWDURXQG
WKHVL]HOLPLWDWLRQ

7KHSURFHVVVWDUWVZLWKDQ53SDWWHUQIURPZKLFKDUXEEHUPROGLVFUHDWHG7KHUXEEHUPROGLVWKHQXVHGWR
FDVWDVWHHOSRZGHUDQGSRO\PHUELQGHUPL[WXUHLQWRWKHPROGJHRPHWU\ZKLFKDIWHUKDUGHQLQJLVLQDJUHHQVWDWH
7KH JUHHQ PROG LV ILUHG DQG FRSSHU LQILOWUDWHG UHVXOWLQJ LQ D WRRO ZLWK DERXW  VWHHO DQG  FRSSHU FRQWHQW
(MHFWRUSLQVFRROLQJOLQHVDQGRWKHUDFFHVVRULHVPD\EHDGGHGLQILQDOPDFKLQLQJDQGSROLVKLQJVWHSV,QVRPHFDVHV
OLWWOHRUQRILQLVKLQJLVUHTXLUHG

7KHLQVHUWVDUHVWURQJHQRXJKWRZLWKVWDQGW\SLFDOLQMHFWLRQPROGLQJWHPSHUDWXUHDQGSUHVVXUHFRQGLWLRQV
DQG LW
V SRVVLEOH WR XVH ILOOHG SODVWLFV DQG SHUIRUP GLH FDVWLQJ ZLWK WKHP 7KH PHWKRG LV DGYDQWDJHRXV IRU VPDOO
FRPSOH[PROGVWKDWZRXOGUHTXLUHPXFKWLPHWRPDNHZLWK&1&RU('0WHFKQLTXHV

'KDVEHHQWUHDWLQJ3D KeltoolTM ZLWKEHQLJQQHJOHFWFRQFHQWUDWLQJLWVHIIRUWVRQRWKHUWHFKQRORJLHVLW

KDVVLQFHDFTXLUHGVXFKDVVHOHFWLYHODVHUVLQWHULQJ

'LUHFW5DSLGWRROLQJ±4XLFN&DVWSURFHVVWRROLQJ

Indirect or Secondary Processes that Utilize RP-generated Patterns

53JHQHUDWHG SDWWHUQV FDQ EH REWDLQHG IURP IXVHG GHSRVLWLRQ PRGHOLQJ )'0 LQ ZD[ VHOHFWLYH ODVHU
VLQWHULQJ6/6LQSRO\VW\UHQHRURWKHUSODVWLFVDQGLQNMHWWHFKQRORJ\LQZD[OLNHSODVWLFV

7KHVHPDWHULDOVPD\EHPHOWHGRUEXUQHGRXWRIWKHLQYHVWPHQWYHU\FOHDQO\7KHSDWWHUQVIURPWKHVHSURFHVVHVWHQG
WREHVPDOOWRPHGLXPLQVL]HDQGHVSHFLDOO\IRULQNMHWVRIIHUWKHKLJKHVWUHVROXWLRQDQGGHWDLO

6WHUHROLWKRJUDSK\LVDOVRXVHGWRSURGXFHSDWWHUQVIRULQYHVWPHQWFDVWLQJEXWWKHSKRWRSRO\PHUPDWHULDOV
XVHGLQWKDWSURFHVVDUHPRUHGLIILFXOWWREXUQRXWWKDQWKHPDWHULDOVXVHGLQRWKHUVPHQWLRQHGDERYHDQGDOVRKDYHD
WHQGHQF\ WR H[SDQG DQGFUDFN WKH PROG 7R JHW DURXQG WKHVHSUREOHPV '6\VWHPV KDV SURGXFHG DVSHFLDO EXLOG
VW\OH IRU WKLV DSSOLFDWLRQ ZLWK WKH WUDGH QDPH QuickCastTM 7KH 53JHQHUDWHG SDWWHUQ LV EXLOW LQ KROORZ WKLQ
VHFWLRQV ZKLFK WHQG WR FUXPSOH GXULQJ EXUQ RXW UDWKHU WKDQ H[SDQG DQG DOVR UHVXOWV LQ D VPDOOHU PDVV RI SDWWHUQ
PDWHULDOWRUHPRYH

Special Issue NCRTEEFOSS-2016 304 ISSN: 2319 – 1058

 International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET)

7KHSURFHVVKDVEHHQGHYHORSHGRYHUDQXPEHURI\HDUVLQSDUWQHUVKLSZLWKODUJHIRXQGU\FRPSDQLHVDQG
FXVWRPHUV

Direct Rapid Tooling – Copper Polyamide Rapid tooling

7KH&RSSHU3RO\DPLGHWRROLQJSURFHVVIURP'70$XVWLQ7H[DVLQYROYHVWKHVHOHFWLYHODVHUVLQWHULQJRI

D FRSSHU DQG SRO\DPLGH SRZGHU PDWUL[ WR IRUP D WRRO $OO RI WKH VLQWHULQJ LV EHWZHHQ WKH SRO\DPLGH SRZGHU
SDUWLFOHV

7KH SURFHVV ERDVWV DQ LQFUHDVH LQ WRRO WRXJKQHVV DQG KHDW WUDQVIHU RYHU VRPH RI WKH RWKHU VRIW WRROLQJ
PHWKRGV7KHVHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDUHSURYLGHGE\WKHFRSSHUDQGFDQJLYHWKHXVHUWKHEHQHILWVRIUXQQLQJDWRROZLWK
SUHVVXUHDQGWHPSHUDWXUHVHWWLQJVWKDWDUHFORVHUWRSURGXFWLRQVHWWLQJV7KHSULPDU\GLVDGYDQWDJHLVWKHORZPDWHULDO
VWUHQJWK

'LUHFW5DSLG7RROLQJ±'LUHFW0HWDO/DVHU6LQWHULQJ'0/6

Laser Sintering from EOS GmbH and 3D Systems Soft Tooling Using Metals

7KH(26*PE+Direct Metal Laser Sintering TM '0/6SURFHVVFDQXVHDEURQ]HDOOR\ZKLFKRIIHUVD

VWHSXSLQVRIWWRROLQJRYHUSODVWLFEDVHGVWHUHROLWKRJUDSK\PHWKRGV+DUGHUPRUHWKHUPDOO\FRQGXFWLYHPDWHULDOV
PHDQ WKDW LW
V SRVVLEOH WR UXQ DQ LQMHFWLRQ PROGLQJ PDFKLQH FORVHU WR ILQDO PROG FRQGLWLRQV 7KHUH ZLOO VWLOO EH
GLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQSDUWVPDGHZLWKEURQ]HDOOR\DQGWRROVWHHOPROGVEXWQRWDVJUHDWDVWKDWZLWKHSR[\WRROV7KH
UHVXOWDQW PROG FRUH DQG FDYLW\ LQVHUWV DUH SRURXV DQG LW PD\ EH QHFHVVDU\ WR LQILOWUDWH WKHP ZLWK HSR[\ RU ORZ
PHOWLQJWHPSHUDWXUHPHWDOSULRUWRXVH

$V PDQ\ DV VHYHUDO WKRXVDQG UHODWLYHO\ VLPSOH SDUWV KDYH EHHQ SURGXFHG IURP VXFK '0/6 PROGV ,Q
DGGLWLRQWROLPLWHGOLIHVRIWPHWDOWRROVJHQHUDOO\FDQ
WUHSURGXFHILQHGHWDLODQGPXVWEHILQLVKHGEHIRUHXVH

'6\VWHPVIRUPHUO\RIIHUHGDVLPLODUSURFHVVXVLQJDFRSSHUSRO\DPLGHPDWHULDO

Hard Tooling and Metal Parts

'6\VWHPV
VHOHFWLYHODVHUVLQWHULQJSURFHVVIRUPHWDOVXVHVSRO\PHUFRDWHGVWHHOSRZGHUV7KHUHVXOWDQW
JUHHQ SDUW LV EXUQHG RXW VLQWHUHG DQG LQILOWUDWHG ZLWK EURQ]H LQ VHFRQGDU\ IXUQDFH RSHUDWLRQV WR SURGXFH D IXOO\
GHQVHPROGZLWKDERXWVWHHOFRQWHQW7KHVHEXUQRXWDQGLQILOWUDWLRQSURFHGXUHVW\SLFDOO\WDNHDERXWDGD\7KH
6/6 PHWDO SDUW IDEULFDWLRQ SURFHVV KDVEHHQ JUHDWO\ LPSURYHGRYHU WKH\HDUV WR LPSURYH DFFXUDF\ DQGUHVROXWLRQ
DQGUHGXFHVWDLUVWHSSLQJ7KHODWWHUDUHFULWLFDOLPSURYHPHQWVIRUKDUGWRROVEHFDXVHLWGRHVQ
WPDNHPXFKVHQVHWR
EH DEOH WR TXLFNO\ SURGXFH D KDUG VWHHO WRRO LI OHQJWK\ KDQG ILQLVKLQJ DQG ILQDO PDFKLQLQJ HDW XS WKDW DGYDQWDJH
FRPSDUHGWR&1&

(26
V FRPSHWLQJ'0/6 SURFHVV IRU EURQ]H DOOR\V DQG VWHHO SRZGHUV GRHVQ
W UHTXLUHVHFRQGDU\ VLQWHULQJ
DQGEXUQRXWF\FOHVLQDIXUQDFHEHFDXVHWKHSDUWVSURGXFHGDUHDOUHDG\DWGHQVLW\

7KLVLVDUHVXOWRIDGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHEDVLFSKLORVRSK\RIKRZHDFKFRPSDQ\KDVGHVLJQHGLWVPDFKLQHU\
(26KDVFKRVHQWREXLOGVHSDUDWHO\RSWLPL]HGV\VWHPVIRUSODVWLFVDQGPHWDOVZKLOH'KDVFKRVHQWREXLOGPRUH
IOH[LEOH V\VWHPV ZKLFK FDQ XWLOL]H ERWK FODVVHV RI PDWHULDOV 7KH (26 PHWDO SDUW SURGXFLQJ PDFKLQHV XVH PRUH
SRZHUIXO ODVHUV ZKLFK UHVXOW LQ LQFUHDVHG GHQVLW\ DIWHU VLQWHULQJ ,QGHHG LQ VRPH VFDQQLQJ DUHDV WKH PHWDO LV
FRPSOHWHO\IXVHG

(26KDVDOVRSDLGDJUHDWGHDORIDWWHQWLRQWROLPLWLQJWKHDPRXQWRIVHFRQGDU\ILQLVKLQJUHTXLUHGDQGWKH\
FODLP WKDW FXVWRPHUV RIWHQXVH WKHLU PROGVIRUSURGXFWLRQDIWHU VLPSO\ D TXLFN VKRW SHHQLQJ %RWK VWHHO DQG DOOR\
PHWDOSRZGHUVDUHDYDLODEOHWKDWSURGXFHPLFURQLQFKHVOD\HUV

Special Issue NCRTEEFOSS-2016 305 ISSN: 2319 – 1058

 International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET)

7KHVH VWHHOEDVHG SURFHVVHV RIIHU WKH JUHDWHVW EHQHILW IRU VPDOO FRPSOH[ JHRPHWU\ SDUWV WKDW ZRXOG EH
GLIILFXOWWRPDFKLQH&RQIRUPDOFRROLQJFKDQQHOVFDQEHLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWRWKHPROGVZKLFKVKRXOGODVWIRUKXQGUHGV
RIWKRXVDQGVRIVKRWVRIDOPRVWDQ\SODVWLF6RPHWKRXJKWKDVWREHJLYHQWRFRQIRUPDOFRROLQJFKDQQHOJHRPHWU\
KRZHYHUWRPDNHFHUWDLQWKDWXQFRQVROLGDWHGEXLOGSRZGHUFDQEHUHPRYHGDIWHUIDEULFDWLRQ

(26 LQWURGXFHG D FREDOWFKURPH DOOR\ LQ $XJXVW  ZKLFK ZDV LQLWLDOO\ GHYHORSHG IRU GHQWDO
DSSOLFDWLRQV%HWWHURSHUDWLRQRISDUWVDWHOHYDWHGWHPSHUDWXUHVDQGZLWKLPSURYHGVWUHQJWKDQGFRUURVLRQUHVLVWDQFH
DUH VDLG WR UHVXOW 7KH FRPSDQ\ LQGLFDWHV LW LV DOVR ZRUNLQJ RQ WLWDQLXP DQG ' 6\VWHPV KDV VXSSRUWHG PXFK
UHVHDUFKLQDOXPLQXPPDWHULDOVDW4XHHQVODQG8QLYHUVLW\$XVWUDOLD

'LUHFW5DSLG7RROLQJ±'LUHFW0HWDO/DVHU6LQWHULQJ'0/63520(7$/5$3,'722/,1*0$&+,1(

Pro Metal TM from ExOne Company

Pro Metal TM WHFKQRORJ\ LV DQ DSSOLFDWLRQ RI 0,7

V 7KUHH 'LPHQVLRQDO 3ULQWLQJ 70 SURFHVV WR WKH
IDEULFDWLRQRILQMHFWLRQPROGV6WHHOSRZGHUOD\HUVDUHERQGHGE\SKRWRSRO\PHUVHOHFWLYHO\DSSOLHGE\DZLGHDUHD
LQNMHWKHDG7KHSKRWRSRO\PHULVFXUHGOD\HUZLVHE\D89ODPSPRXQWHGRQWKHKHDGDVVHPEO\7KHJUHHQSDUWWKXV
IRUPHG LV WKHQ VLQWHUHG WR IRUP D SRURXV VWHHO PDWUL[ ZKLFK LV VXEVHTXHQWO\ LQILOWUDWHG ZLWK EURQ]H &RQVLGHUDEOH
VXUIDFHILQLVKLQJLVVDLGWREHUHTXLUHG0ROGVFDQEHXVHGWRPDNHKXQGUHGVRIWKRXVDQGVRISDUWVRXWRIQHDUO\DQ\
SODVWLF


([2QH&RPSDQ\ZDVIRUPHGE\VSLQQLQJRXWVHYHUDOGLVSDUDWHWHFKQRORJLHVIURP([WUXGH+RQHLQ
ZKHQWKDWFRPSDQ\ZDVSXUFKDVHGE\.HQQDPHWDO([2QH&RPSDQ\ZDVIRUPHGE\VSLQQLQJRXWVHYHUDOGLVSDUDWH
WHFKQRORJLHVIURP([WUXGH+RQHLQZKHQWKDWFRPSDQ\ZDVSXUFKDVHGE\.HQQDPHWDO

'LUHFW5DSLG7RROLQJ±6DQGFDVWLQJWRROLQJ

Direct Fabrication of Sand Casting Patterns

,W
V SRVVLEOH WR VNLS WKH VWHS RI EXLOGLQJ D SDWWHUQ IRU D VDQG FDVWLQJ PROG DOWRJHWKHU 7KLV PD\ EH
DGYDQWDJHRXV LQ WKH HDUO\ VWDJHV RI D SURMHFW EHIRUH ILQDO GLPHQVLRQV DQG RWKHU SDUDPHWHUV PD\ KDYH EHHQ
GHWHUPLQHGRULIYHU\IHZFDVWLQJVDUHUHTXLUHGPDNLQJWKHFRVWRISURGXFLQJDSDWWHUQSURKLELWLYH

6HOHFWLYHODVHUVLQWHULQJ6/6V\VWHPVDUHDYDLODEOHWKDWIXVHSRO\PHUFRDWHGVDQGOD\HUE\OD\HUWRIRUP

VDQGFDVWLQJPROGV(26*PE+KDVGXEEHGWKLVPHWKRGDirectCroningTM2QHOLPLWDWLRQLVWKHVL]HRIPROGVWKDW
FDQEHSURGXFHG

$ VROXWLRQ IRU PXFK ODUJHU SDUWV LV RIIHUHG E\ 3UR0HWDO 5&7 *PE+ 5DSLG &DVWLQJ 7HFKQRORJ\ RI
*HUPDQ\7KHLUPDFKLQHXVHDZLGHDUHDLQNMHWWRERQGOD\HUVRIVDQGLQWRVDQGFDVWLQJDQGFRUHSDWWHUQVDQGKDVD
EXLOGYROXPHRI[[LQFKHV7KHPHWKRGLVUHPLQLVFHQWRIWKH'LPHQVLRQDO3ULQWLQJSURFHVVGHYHORSHGE\
0,7$EXLOGFKDPEHUIXOORIVDQGZHLJKVVHYHUDOWRQV

'LUHFW5DSLG7RROLQJ±/DPLQDWHWRROLQJ

Laminated Tooling and Part Fabrication

$QRWKHU WHFKQLTXH ZKLFK KDV UHFHLYHG TXLWH D ELW RI GHYHORSPHQW RYHU WKH \HDUV LV ODPLQDWHG WRROLQJ
6HYHUDOODPLQDWHGWRROLQJPHWKRGVKDYHEHHQDYDLODEOHIRU\HDUVRQDOLPLWHGEDVLVRUKDYHEHHQXVHGVWULFWO\LQ
KRXVHDVSURSULHWDU\WHFKQRORJLHVSDUWLFXODUO\LQ(XURSH

/DPLQDWHGWRROLQJLVHVVHQWLDOO\WKHDGDSWDWLRQRIWKHODPLQDWHGREMHFWPDQXIDFWXULQJ/20SURFHVVWRWKH

SUREOHP :RUN GDWHV EDFN WR WKH HDUOLHVW GD\V RI WKH 53 ILHOG FLUFD  ZKHQ /20 SLRQHHU ILUP +HOLFHV WKHQ
NQRZQDV+\GURPHWULFVZDVEHLQJLQSDUWVXSSRUWHGE\WKH-RKQ'HHUH&R

Special Issue NCRTEEFOSS-2016 306 ISSN: 2319 – 1058

 International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET)

,QJHQHUDOSURILOHVDUHFXWXVLQJYDULRXVPHDQVIURPPHWDOVWULSVRUVKHHWVZKLFKDUHWKHQHLWKHUERQGHG
OD\HUZLVHRUWLJKWO\KHOGLQDIUDPHWRIRUPLQMHFWLRQPROGLQJVWDPSLQJRURWKHUWRROV:RUNKDVDOVREHHQFDUULHG
RXWDWXQLYHUVLWLHVLQWKH8.WKH)UDXQKRIHU,QVWLWXWHVLQ*HUPDQ\0HWDO/DPLQDWHG7RROLQJSURFHVV0(/$72
DQGLQWKH86DW0,7DQGHOVHZKHUHRQVLPLODUWHFKQRORJLHV

2QHDGYDQWDJHLVWKDWWKHPHWKRGFDQSURYLGHVRPHZKDWODUJHUWRROVWKDQRWKHUDGGLWLYHWHFKQRORJLHV

Laminated Tooling

/DPLQDWHG WRROLQJ LV DQ DOWHUQDWLYH WR EXLOGLQJ FDYLWLHV GLUHFWO\ RQ DQ 53 PDFKLQH 8VLQJ WKH VLPLODU
SULQFLSOHVWRWKH/DPLQDWHG2EMHFW0DQXIDFWXULQJ/20SURFHVVOD\HUVRIVKHHWPHWDODUHFXWWRUHSOLFDWHVOLFHV
WKURXJKD&$'PRGHO/DVHUFXWWLQJRUZDWHUMHWWHFKQRORJLHVJHQHUDOO\SURGXFHWKHSURILOHV

7RSURGXFHDPROGWRROWKH&$'PRGHOPXVWWDNHWKHIRUPRIWKHUHTXLUHGFDYLW\%\FXWWLQJDOORIWKH
VOLFHV RI WKH FDYLW\ LQ VKHHW PHWDO D VWDFN RI ODPLQDWHV FDQ EH PDGH WR UHSOLFDWH WKH RULJLQDO &$' PRGHO 8VLQJ
HLWKHUFODPSLQJRUGLIIXVLRQERQGLQJLWLVSRVVLEOHWRFUHDWHDSVHXGRVROLGFDYLW\LQKDUGHQHGWRROVWHHOZLWKRXWWKH
QHHGIRU FRPSOH[ SRVW SURFHVV FXWWHUSDWKSODQQLQJ'XHWR WKHXVH RI UHODWLYHO\ WKLFN ODPLQDWHV  W\SLFDOO\ 
LQFKPPWKHVXUIDFHILQLVKRIWKHWRROVLVJHQHUDOO\SRRUWKHUHIRUHVRPHIRUPRIILQLVKPDFKLQLQJLVJHQHUDOO\
UHTXLUHG

/DPLQDWHG WRROV KDYH EHHQ XVHG VXFFHVVIXOO\ IRU D YDULHW\ RI WHFKQLTXHV LQFOXGLQJ SUHVV WRROV EORZ
PROGLQJLQMHFWLRQPROGLQJDQGWKHUPDOIRUPLQJ5HVHDUFKDOVRLVEHLQJSHUIRUPHGLQWRWKHXVHRIODPLQDWHWRROVLQ
SUHVVXUHGLH FDVWLQJ7RRO OLIH LV D IXQFWLRQ RI WKH LQLWLDO VKHHW PDWHULDO ZKLFK FDQEH KDUGHQHG DIWHU FXWWLQJ DQG
ODPLQDWLRQ+RZHYHUSDUWFRPSOH[LW\LVERXQGHGE\OD\HUWKLFNQHVV

2QHVLJQLILFDQWDGYDQWDJHRIODPLQDWHGWRROLQJLVWKHDELOLW\WRFKDQJHWKHGHVLJQRISDUWVTXLFNO\E\WKH
UHSODFHPHQWRIODPLQDWHVLIXQERQGHG&RQIRUPDOFRROLQJFKDQQHOVDOVRDUHHDVLO\LQFRUSRUDWHGZLWKLQWKHWRRO
GHVLJQDQGODPLQDWHGWRROLQJLVJRRGIRUODUJHWRROVDVZHOO7KHQHHGIRUILQLVKPDFKLQLQJWRUHPRYHWKHVWDLUVWHSV
LVWKHPDLQGLVDGYDQWDJHRIWKLVSURFHVV

5()(5(1&(6

>@ ZZZKRZVWXIIZRUNVFRP
>@ ZZZGLHVHOQHWLQ
>@ ZZZDXWRFRP
>@ ZZZZLNLSHGLDFRP

Special Issue NCRTEEFOSS-2016 307 ISSN: 2319 – 1058