GAD100

WEEK 2 Female
● Child-bearing
GENDER AWARENESS - SEX VS GENDER ● Gestation
● Childbirth
Sex
● Lactation or breastfeeding
● Refers to the categories of being Male and
Female - needed for the act of mating to result
Gender
in biological reproduction.
● Differentiated social roles, behaviors,
● Biologically determined differences between
capacities, intellectual, emotional, and social
men and women.
characteristics attributed by a given culture to
● Constant across time, across different
women and men.
societies and cultures.
● Differences between women and men that are
socially determined.
Male
● Learned
● Penis and testicles
● Changes over time
● Androgen and testosterone
● Varies between cultures
● XY chromosomes
● Masculine vs Feminine
● Underdeveloped breasts

Gender
Female
● Roles assigned by society to males and
● Vagina and ovaries
females.
● Estrogen and progesterone
● Activities deemed by society as appropriate
● XX chromosomes
for males and females.
● Fully developed breasts
● Behaviors expected of males and females.
● Characteristics expected of males and
Sex
females.
● Functions or roles which a male or female
assumes because of the basic physiological
In short . . . Gender is a social construct.
or anatomical differences between the sexes.
● Biologically determined
Are men born masculine?
● Can be performed exclusively by only one of
Are women born feminine?
the sexes.
● Male of female roles are not exchangable.
SOGIESC - Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and
Expression, Sex Characteristics
Male
● Ovum fertilization
● Chromosomes determine sex of the child

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> Identity / Gender Identity
● Refers to each person’s deeply felt internal and
individual experience of gender, which may or
may not correspond with the sex assigned at
birth.
● Answers the question “Who am I?”

Cisgender - a person whose gender identity and

biological sex assigned at birth matched.
Gender Fluid - a person who is gender fluid may
always feel like a mix of the two traditional genders
> Sex / Biological Sex
(man and woman).
● Biological
Transgender - a person whose gender identity does
● Physical traits that indicate biological sex such
not align or is different from the sex assigned at birth.
as chromosomes, genitalia, gonads, hormones,
Agender - a person without gender identity or doesn't
and reproductive organs.
identify with a particular gender.
● Male, Female, or Intersex

> Expression / Gender Expression

> Attraction / Sexual Orientation
● The way in which a person expresses gender
● Each person’s capacity for profound emotional,
identity, typically through their appearance,
affectional, and sexual attraction to, and
dress, and behavior.
intimate and sexual relations with
● Feminine, Androgynous, Masculine
● Answer the questions: “To whom am I attracted
to?” and “Who do I love?”
A. In general terms, sex refers to the biological
differences between males and females, such as the
Heterosexual - attracted to a person of genitalia and genetic differences.
different/opposite gender identity.
Homosexual - attracted to a person of same gender a. Sex refers to the anatomical and
identity. physiological characteristics of maleness and
Bisexual - attracted to persons of two or more femaleness. It is a combination of bodily
genders; attracted to person of any two or more characteristics.
genders.
Pansexual - attracted to people of all genders and/or i. Chromosomes
do not concern gender when attracted towards ii. Hormones
someone. iii. Reproductive organs
Asexual - A person who doesn't have sexual attraction iv. Secondary sex characteristics
to anyone.

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b. Sex is composed of the biological for men. This often results in the two genders
characteristics definite between male and being valued differently, often reinforcing the
female. It is natural, you are born with that sex idea that women are inferior and subordinate
(biological set up), and it cannot be changed, to men.
unless with medical treatment/operation.
d. Gender is a socially constructed definition of
c. It is biologically determined as female or women and men, it is not the same as sex
male according to certain identifiable physical (biological characteristics of women and men).
features which are fixed. Gender is determined by the conception of
tasks, functions and roles attributed to women
d. Sex is biologically and physiologically and men in society and in public and private
determined based on an individual's anatomy life.
at birth. It is typically binary, meaning that
one's sex is either male or female. e. Gender is how a person's biology is culturally
valued and interpreted into locally accepted
B. Definition of Gender ideas of what it is to be a woman or man.
Gender and the hierarchical power relations
a. Gender is the state of being male or female between women and men based on this are
in relation to the social and cultural roles that socially constructed and not derived directly
are considered appropriate for men and from biology.
women.

f. It is a social construct. An individual's gender

b. It refers to the socially constructed is their social identity resulting from their
characteristics of women and men such as culture's conceptions of masculinity and
norms, roles and relationships of and between femininity. Gender exists on a continuum.
groups of women and men. It varies from
society to society and can be changed. g. Gender is not the same as sex.

c. It refers to the socially determined ideas and
practices as to what it means to be female or
male. In different societies, there are different
sets of rules, norms, customs and practices by
which differences between males and females
are translated into socially constructed
differences between women and men, boys
and girls. These culturally determined gender
identities define rights and responsibilities and
what is "appropriate" behavior for women and
Historically, the terms "sex" and "gender" have been
used interchangeably, but their uses are becoming
increasingly distinct, and it is important to understand
the differences between the two.
C. Sexuality is about who you are attracted to
sexually and romantically - dating and sexual
activity
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Types of Sexuality WEEK 3
1. Straight/Heterosexual - attracted mostly to
people of the opposite sex or gender. GENDER DEVELOPMENT: CONCEPTS AND
DEFINITIONS
2. Gay/Homosexual - attracted mostly to people
of the same sex or gender.
Culture – the distinctive patterns of ideas, beliefs, and
3. Lesbian - attracted mostly to people of same
norms which characterize the way of life and relations
sex or gender (refers to women).
of a society or group within a society culturally
4. Bisexual - attracted to both men and women.
determined gender ideologies define rights and
5. Pansexual - attracted to romantic and sexual
responsibilities and what “appropriate” behavior is for
partners of any gender, sex or sexual identity.
women and men. They also influence access to and
6. Polysexual - attracted to romantic and sexual
control over resources and participation and decision
partners of many but not all genders, sexes or
making. These gender ideologies often reinforce male
sexual identities.
power and the idea of women’s inferiority.
7. Asexual - not really sexually attracted to
anyone.
Gender Analysis – the systematic gathering and
examination of information on gender differences and
Gender Concepts and Definitions
social relations in order to identify, understand, and
redress inequities based on gender.
General concepts about gender
i. Gender is learned.
ii. Gender is collaborative.
iii. Gender is not something that individuals have, but
something they do.
iv. Gender is asymmetrical.

Gender can be divided into a number of different

components relating to ideas of masculinity and
femininity
i. Gender identity - the sense of ourselves as men,
women, or other gendered beings.
ii. Gender presentation - acted behaviors associated
with masculinity and femininity: speech, dress,
movement.
iii. Gender roles - the social roles expected of men and
Gender Discrimination – the systematic, unfavorable
women in a particular society.
treatment of individuals on the basis of their gender,
which denies them rights, opportunities or resources.
Across the world, women are treated unequally and

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less value is placed on their lives because of their
gender. Women’s differential access to power and
control of resources is central to this discrimination in
all institutional spheres, i.e. the household, community,
market and state.
Discrimination - Prejudice against a person based on
arbitrarily attributed characteristic (gender pay gap,
glass ceiling).
denotes the equivalence in life outcomes for women
and men, recognizing their different needs and
interests, and requiring a redistribution of power and
resources.
Gender Mainstreaming – an organizational strategy
to bring a gender perspective to all aspects of an
institution’s policy and activities, through building
gender capacity and accountability.

Gender Division of Labor – the socially determined Gender Needs – shared and prioritized needs
ideas and practices which define what roles and identified by women that arise from their common
activities are deemed appropriate for women and experiences as a gender. Strategic gender needs are
men. This results in context specific patterns of who those needs identified by women that require
does what by gender and how this is valued. strategies for challenging male dominance and
privilege. These needs may relate to inequalities in the
gender division of labor, in ownership and control of
Gender Division of Labor
resources, in participation and decisionmaking, or to

Productive Role Reproductive Role experiences of domestic and other sexual violence.

Production of goods and Biological reproduction

services for exchange and tasks usually Practical gender needs (PGN)
rather than for personal associated with it. ● Related to immediate needs of living, such as
or immediate
consumption, usually for These are necessary for food, drinking water, health care, and medical
a corresponding fee, survival but given no support.
salary, or economic economic value is given
value. to it.
Strategic gender needs (SGN)

Community Role ● Related to gender divisions of labor, equal

wages, resources and education, and women's

Total value of paid work: P9.3 trillion, with women's control over their bodies.

contribution at 40%. Total value of unpaid work: P2.5 ● Necessary to encompass social and political

trillion, with women's contribution at 76% (PIDS, 2019). reforms for ensuring power and control, legal
rights, and reduce domestic violence.

Gender Equality and Equity – the term “gender ● These measures are seen as relatively

equity” is often used interchangeably with “gender long-term objectives.

equality”. Gender equality denotes women having the

same opportunities in life as men, including the ability
to participate in the public sphere. Gender equity

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Gender Planning – the technical and political
processes and procedures necessary to implement
gender-sensitive policy and practice. This is to ensure
gender-sensitive policy outcomes through a
systematic and inclusive process.

Gender Relations – hierarchical relations of power

between women and men that tend to disadvantage
women. Gender relations constitute and are
constituted by a range of institutions, such as the
family, legal systems, or the market.

Gender Training – a facilitated process of developing

awareness and capacity on gender issues to bring
about personal or organizational change for gender
equality.

Gender Violence – an act or threat by men or

male-dominated institutions, that inflicts physical,
sexual, or psychological harm on a woman or girl
because of their gender.
Patriarchy – systemic societal structures that
Gender-Based Violence institutionalize male physical, social, and economic
power over women.

● A culture that systematically privileges a

certain group – rich, male, white, heterosexual,
masculine, able-bodied, young - while
disadvantaging all others.

88% of women age 18 to 24 have experienced sexual

harassment on the streets (Social Weather Station,
2016)
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Women’s Empowerment – a “bottom-up” process of expressions. Gender identity is often thought of as a
transforming gender power relations, through spectrum, with individuals identifying as male, female,
individuals or groups developing awareness of both, neither, or anywhere along the continuum
women’s subordination and building their capacity to between these categories. Gender roles and
challenge it. expectations vary across different cultures and can
change over time.
Women’s Human Rights – the recognition that
women’s rights are human rights and that women In summary, sex typically refers to biological
experience injustices solely because of their gender. characteristics, while gender refers to socially and
culturally constructed roles, behaviors, and identities.
ADDITIONAL LECTURE FOR WEEK 2
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
SEX vs GENDER
Sexual orientation refers to a person’s enduring
Sex and gender are often used interchangeably, but emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to other
they refer to different concepts: people. It encompasses an individual’s pattern of
attraction, whether towards people of the same
Sex - This typically refers to the biological gender, different genders, or multiple genders. Sexual
characteristics that define male and female bodies. orientation can be categorized into several main
These include chromosomes, reproductive organs, and types:
secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair,
breast development, and voice pitch. In most cases, Heterosexuality This refers to an enduring pattern of
sex is categorized as either male or female, based on emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to people of
the presence of certain anatomical features. However, a different gender. For example, a man who is
it’s important to note that there are intersex exclusively attracted to women or a woman who is
individuals who may possess variations in sex exclusively attracted to men would be considered
characteristics that do not fit typical definitions of heterosexual.
male or female.

Homosexuality Homosexuality refers to an enduring

Gender - Gender, on the other hand, is a social and
cultural construct that refers to the roles, behaviors,
activities, and attributes that a given society considers
appropriate for men, women, and people of other
genders. Gender identity is a deeply held sense of
being male, female, or something else, which may or
may not correspond to the sex assigned at birth.
Unlike sex, which is primarily biological, gender is
largely shaped by societal norms, expectations, and
pattern of emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to
people of the same gender. For instance, a man who is
exclusively attracted to other men or a woman who is
exclusively attracted to other women would be
considered homosexual.
Bisexuality Bisexuality refers to an enduring pattern
of emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to people
of both their gender and other genders. Bisexual
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individuals may be attracted to people of the same
gender as well as people of different genders.
Pansexuality Pansexuality refers to an enduring
pattern of emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to
people regardless of their gender identity or biological
sex. Pansexual individuals may be attracted to
individuals who identify as male, female, transgender,
genderqueer, or any other gender identity.
Asexuality Asexuality refers to a lack of sexual
attraction or interest in sexual activity. Asexual
individuals may still experience emotional or romantic
attraction to others and may engage in romantic
relationships, but they do not experience sexual
attraction.
Sexual orientation is considered to be a fundamental
aspect of a person’s identity, and it can have a
significant impact on various aspects of their life,
including relationships, social interactions, and
self-concept. It is important to recognize and respect
the diversity of sexual orientations and to create
inclusive and supportive environments for individuals
of all sexual orientations.
GENDER IDENTITY
Gender identity refers to a deeply held sense of one’s
gender, which may or may not correspond to the sex
assigned to them at birth. It’s a fundamental aspect of
a person’s identity and may be experienced as male,
female, a combination of both, neither, or something
else entirely. Gender identity is distinct from biological
sex and encompasses a complex interplay of
psychological, cultural, social, and personal factors.
Key points about gender identity include:
Innate Sense Gender identity is often understood as
an innate sense of being male, female, or another
gender, which can manifest early in life and persist
throughout one’s lifespan.
Not Necessarily Aligned with Biological Sex While
for many people, their gender identity aligns with the
sex they were assigned at birth (cisgender), for others,
it does not (transgender). Transgender individuals
identify with a gender different from the one they
were assigned at birth.
Spectrum of Identities Gender identity exists on a
spectrum rather than in a strictly binary manner. Some
people may identify as exclusively male or female,
while others may identify as both, neither, or as a
different gender altogether.
Fluidity and Exploration Gender identity can be fluid
and may evolve. Some individuals may explore
different aspects of their gender identity before
settling on a label or may identify with different
gender identities at different points in their lives.
Cultural and Social Influences Gender identity is
influenced by cultural and social factors, including
societal expectations, norms, and attitudes toward
gender roles. These influences can vary widely across
different cultures and historical contexts.
Respect and Affirmation It’s essential to respect and
affirm individuals’ gender identities, regardless of
whether they conform to traditional expectations or
societal norms. Providing support, validation, and
acceptance can have a significant positive impact on
the well-being and mental health of transgender and
gender-nonconforming individuals.
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Overall, gender identity is a complex and multifaceted
aspect of human identity that plays a crucial role in
shaping individuals’ experiences, relationships, and
sense of self.
GENDER EXPRESSION
Gender expression refers to how individuals present
their gender identity to others through behavior,
clothing, appearance, mannerisms, and other outward
expressions. It encompasses the outward
manifestations of one’s internal gender identity and
can vary greatly from person to person. Gender
expression is a form of self-expression and can be
influenced by cultural, social, and personal factors.
Key points about gender expression include:
Varied and Diverse Gender expression is diverse and
can include a wide range of behaviors, appearances,
and styles. For example, someone may express their
gender identity through clothing choices, hairstyle,
body language, speech patterns, and interests.
Not Necessarily Tied to Gender Identity Gender
expression is not necessarily tied to a person’s gender
identity. Some individuals may express their gender in
ways that align with societal expectations for their
gender identity, while others may intentionally defy or
challenge these expectations.
Fluid and Changing Like gender identity, gender
expression can be fluid and may change over time or
in different contexts. Some individuals may
experiment with different expressions of gender or
may express different aspects of their gender identity
depending on the situation.
Cultural and Social Influences Gender expression is
influenced by cultural and social factors, including
societal norms, expectations, and stereotypes about
gender roles and behaviors. These influences can vary
widely across different cultures and communities.
Personal Authenticity Expressing one’s gender
authentically and in a way that feels true to oneself is
an important aspect of gender expression. For many
individuals, being able to express their gender identity
openly and without fear of judgment or discrimination
is essential for their well-being and self-esteem.
Respect and Acceptance Respecting and accepting
individuals’ gender expression is crucial for creating
inclusive and supportive environments. Everyone
should have the freedom to express their gender in a
way that feels comfortable and authentic to them,
regardless of whether it conforms to traditional or
societal expectations.
Overall, gender expression is a complex and
multifaceted aspect of human identity that plays a
significant role in how individuals interact with the
world and how they are perceived by others. It is an
essential component of diversity and should be
recognized, respected, and celebrated.
ADDTIONAL LECTURE FOR WEEK 3
CULTURE
Culture in the context of gender and development
refers to the complex system of beliefs, values, norms,
practices, and traditions within a society that shape
and influence the roles, behaviors, opportunities, and
power dynamics of individuals based on their gender.
Culture plays a significant role in constructing and
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perpetuating gender norms, expectations, and exist between different genders within a given
inequalities, impacting various aspects of context.
development such as access to education,
employment, healthcare, decision- making, and overall This analysis typically involves collecting and
well-being. analyzing data disaggregated by gender to identify
patterns, disparities, and underlying causes of
In many societies, cultural norms and traditions often inequality. It also involves examining the roles,
prescribe specific roles and behaviors for individuals responsibilities, and expectations associated with
based on their gender, reinforcing stereotypes and each gender within various social, economic, and
limiting opportunities for women and girls while political structures.
privileging men and boys. These gendered cultural
norms can result in unequal access to resources, Gender analysis is crucial for informing policies,
unequal distribution of labor within households, programs, and interventions aimed at promoting
restricted mobility, limited participation in gender equality and addressing gender-based
decision-making processes, and various forms of disparities. It helps policymakers, development
discrimination and violence against women and girls. practitioners, and researchers understand the specific
needs, challenges, and opportunities faced by
Gender and development initiatives seek to address different genders and develop targeted strategies to
these cultural norms and practices by promoting address them effectively. Additionally, gender analysis
gender equality, challenging harmful stereotypes, and plays a vital role in monitoring and evaluating the
fostering social change to create more inclusive and impact of interventions on gender equality outcomes.
equitable societies. This involves engaging with local
communities, religious leaders, cultural influencers, GENDER DISCRIMINATION
and other stakeholders to challenge and transform
existing gender norms and promote positive changes Gender discrimination refers to the unfair treatment or

that benefit all individuals, regardless of their gender. unequal opportunities based on an individual’s gender
or perceived gender identity. It involves actions,

GENDER ANALYSIS policies, attitudes, or behaviors that systematically

disadvantage or privilege individuals based on their
Gender analysis is a systematic approach used to gender, often to the detriment of one gender over
examine how gender roles, norms, and relations another. Examples of gender discrimination include:
influence people’s lives, opportunities, and
experiences. It involves examining the ways in which Unequal pay Paying individuals differently for the
social, economic, cultural, and political factors same or similar work based on their gender.
intersect with gender to shape outcomes and
disparities. Gender analysis seeks to understand the Limited job opportunities Denying individuals access
power dynamics, inequalities, and discrimination that to certain job roles or career advancement
opportunities because of their gender.
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Gender-based violence Physical, sexual,
psychological harm inflicted on individuals because of
their gender, including domestic violence, sexual
harassment, and rape.
Stereotyping Making assumptions about individuals’
abilities, interests, or characteristics based on their
gender, which may result in discrimination
employment, education, or social interactions.
Unequal access to education Denying individuals
access to education or limiting their educational
opportunities based on their gender.
Gender-based restrictions Imposing restrictions or
limitations on individuals’ rights, freedoms, or mobility
solely because of their gender, such as restrictions on
women’s right to travel or drive in certain societies.
Discrimination in healthcare Providing inferior or
limited healthcare services to individuals based on
their gender, or failing to address their specific
healthcare needs.
Gender discrimination is a violation of human rights
and undermines efforts to achieve gender equality
and promote social justice. It perpetuates inequalities,
limits individuals’ opportunities and choices, and
contributes to the perpetuation of harmful gender
stereotypes and norms.
GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR
The gender division of labor refers to the allocation of
different types of work and responsibilities within a
society based on gender norms and expectations. It
encompasses the ways in which tasks, roles, and
responsibilities are assigned to individuals based on
or their gender, often resulting in distinct patterns of
work participation, distribution of labor, and access to
resources.
In many societies, the gender division of labor tends
to be characterized by:
in Traditional roles Historically, certain tasks and
responsibilities have been associated with specific
genders. For example, men are often associated with
paid work outside the home, while women are
typically responsible for unpaid domestic work such as
caregiving, cooking, and cleaning.
Economic activities Men and women may participate
in different economic activities, with men more likely
to be engaged in formal wage labor, agriculture, or
skilled trades, while women may be more involved in
informal sector work, part-time employment, or
subsistence farming.
Unpaid care work Women disproportionately bear
the burden of unpaid care work, including childcare,
eldercare, and household chores. This often limits
women’s participation in paid employment, education,
and other activities outside the home.
Decision-making Gender norms may also influence
decision-making within households and communities,
with men often having greater control and authority
over financial matters and important household
decisions.
Access to resources Gender divisions of labor can
impact individuals’ access to resources such as land,
education, healthcare, and credit, with women often
facing greater barriers and inequalities in accessing
these resources compared to men.
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Reproductive roles Women are typically expected to
bear the primary responsibility for reproduction and
child-rearing, which can further reinforce traditional
gender roles and limit women’s opportunities for
economic and social participation.
The gender division of labor is influenced by cultural,
social, economic, and political factors, and it varies
across different contexts and societies. Addressing
gender inequalities in the division of labor is essential
for promoting gender equality, economic
empowerment, and social justice. This involves
challenging traditional gender norms, redistributing
unpaid care work more equitably, promoting women’s
participation in the formal labor market, and ensuring
equal access to resources and opportunities for all
genders.
GENDER EQUALITY
Gender equity refers to the principle of fairness and
justice in the distribution of resources, opportunities,
and responsibilities between individuals of different
genders. It involves recognizing and addressing the
specific needs, challenges, and barriers faced by
different genders in order to ensure equal outcomes
and opportunities for all. Key aspects of gender equity
include:
Equal access Ensuring that individuals of all genders
have equal access to resources, opportunities, and
services, such as education, healthcare, employment,
and decision-making positions.
Fair treatment Providing fair and unbiased treatment
to individuals of all genders, regardless of social or
cultural norms, stereotypes, or expectations.
Addressing disparities Identifying and addressing
existing disparities and inequalities between genders,
including disparities in education, employment,
income, and political representation.
Redistributive justice Implementing policies and
programs that aim to redistribute resources and
opportunities in ways that promote equal outcomes
for individuals of all genders, particularly those who
have been historically marginalized or disadvantaged.
Promoting diversity and inclusion Recognizing and
valuing the diversity of experiences, perspectives, and
contributions of individuals of all genders, and actively
working to create inclusive environments where all can
thrive.
Empowerment Promoting the empowerment of
individuals of all genders by providing them with the
knowledge, skills, resources, and support they need to
make informed choices, exercise their rights, and fulfill
their potential.
Gender equity acknowledges that achieving equality
may require different treatment or interventions to
address existing disparities and level the playing field
for individuals of different genders. It is essential for
creating a more just, inclusive, and equitable society
where everyone has the opportunity to thrive and
contribute to their full potential.
GENDER MAINSTREAMING
Gender mainstreaming is a strategy for promoting
gender equality and integrating gender perspectives
into all aspects of policies, programs, and initiatives. It
involves systematically considering the implications of
gender in the design, implementation, monitoring, and
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evaluation of policies and programs, with the goal of policymakers and program managers accountable for
addressing gender inequalities and promoting gender achieving gender mainstreaming objectives.
equity. Key elements of gender mainstreaming
include: Gender mainstreaming recognizes that gender
inequalities are pervasive and intersect with other
Integration Incorporating gender considerations into forms of discrimination and disadvantage, such as
all stages of policy and program development, from race, ethnicity, class, and disability. By mainstreaming
planning and budgeting to implementation and gender perspectives, policymakers and practitioners
evaluation. can better address the diverse needs and experiences
of individuals of all genders and contribute to creating
Analysis Conducting gender analysis to identify and more inclusive and equitable societies.
understand the different needs, experiences, and
priorities of individuals of different genders, and using GENDER NEEDS
this analysis to inform decision-making and resource
allocation. Gender needs refer to the specific requirements,
priorities, and challenges faced by individuals of

Action Taking proactive steps to address gender different genders within a given context. These needs

inequalities and promote gender equity by are shaped by social, cultural, economic, and political

implementing targeted measures and interventions factors and may vary based on factors such as age,

that address the specific needs and barriers faced by ethnicity, disability, and socioeconomic status.

different genders. Understanding and addressing gender needs are

essential for promoting gender equality and ensuring

Institutionalization Embedding gender equality that policies, programs, and interventions effectively

principles and practices into the structures, processes, meet the diverse needs and experiences of individuals

and systems of organizations and institutions, and of all genders. Examples of gender needs include:

ensuring that they are mainstreamed across all levels

and functions. Healthcare Access to gender-sensitive healthcare
services that address the unique health concerns and

Participation and empowerment Engaging with reproductive rights of individuals of different genders,

diverse stakeholders, including women’s organizations, including sexual and reproductive health services,

civil society groups, and marginalized communities, to maternal healthcare, and mental health support.

ensure their meaningful participation in

decision-making processes and promote their Education Equal access to quality education and

empowerment. training opportunities for individuals of all genders,

free from discrimination, harassment, and

Accountability Establishing mechanisms for gender-based violence. This may include initiatives to

monitoring, evaluating, and reporting on progress promote girls’ education, support for women in STEM

towards gender equality goals, and holding fields, and gender-sensitive curriculum development.
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Employment and economic empowerment Equal empower marginalized groups, and create more
opportunities for employment, income generation, and inclusive and equitable societies for all.
economic empowerment for individuals of all genders,
including measures to address gender wage gaps, GENDER PLANNING
promote women’s entrepreneurship, and support
equitable access to resources and economic Gender planning is an approach to development

opportunities. planning that aims to promote gender equality and

address the specific needs, priorities, and interests of

Safety and security Protection from gender-based individuals of all genders. It involves integrating

violence, harassment, and discrimination, and access gender perspectives into all stages of the planning

to safe and supportive environments for individuals of process, from problem identification and analysis to

all genders, both in public and private spaces. This policy formulation, implementation, and evaluation.

may include initiatives to address domestic violence, Key elements of gender planning include:

sexual harassment, trafficking, and violence against

LGBTQ+ individuals. Gender analysis Conducting a systematic analysis of
the ways in which gender roles, norms, and

Political participation and representation Equal inequalities intersect with other social, economic, and

opportunities for political participation, leadership, political factors to shape development outcomes. This

and representation for individuals of all genders in analysis helps to identify the gender-specific

decision-making processes and institutions, including challenges, constraints, and opportunities within a

measures to address barriers to women’s political given context.

participation and promote gender-balanced

representation in government and public life. Gender-sensitive goals and objectives Setting goals
and objectives that explicitly address gender

Social and cultural rights Recognition and protection inequalities and promote gender equality, such as

of the social and cultural rights of individuals of all increasing women’s access to education, reducing

genders, including the right to freedom of expression, gender wage gaps, and promoting women’s

cultural participation, and the preservation of cultural leadership and decision-making roles.

heritage, free from discrimination and gender-based

stereotypes. Gender-responsive strategies Developing strategies
and interventions that are responsive to the specific

Addressing gender needs requires a comprehensive needs and priorities of individuals of all genders,

and intersectional approach that considers the diverse including measures to address gender-based

experiences and identities of individuals of all genders discrimination, promote women’s empowerment, and

and prioritizes actions to address the root causes of challenge harmful gender stereotypes and norms.

gender inequalities and discrimination. This may

involve targeted policies, programs, and interventions Inclusive participation Ensuring the meaningful

that are designed to promote gender equality, participation of individuals of all genders, including
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women, men, and gender-diverse individuals, in the given society or social context. These relations are
planning process. This may involve consulting with shaped by social, cultural, economic, and political
diverse stakeholders, including women’s organizations, factors and influence various aspects of people’s lives,
civil society groups, and marginalized communities, including their opportunities, experiences, and
and creating spaces for their voices to be heard and identities. Key elements of gender relations include:
their perspectives to be incorporated into
decision-making. Power dynamics Gender relations often involve
unequal power dynamics between different genders,
Resource allocation Allocating resources, including with one gender group having greater access to
financial, human, and technical resources, in ways that resources, decision-making authority, and social
prioritize gender equality objectives and support the status than others. These power dynamics may be
implementation of gender-responsive strategies and reinforced by social norms, traditions, and institutional
programs. structures.

Monitoring and evaluation Establishing mechanisms Division of labor Gender relations determine how
for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of tasks, responsibilities, and roles are divided between
gender planning initiatives in achieving gender individuals of different genders within households,
equality outcomes. This may involve collecting communities, and workplaces. This division of labor
sex-disaggregated data, tracking progress towards may be based on traditional gender norms and
gender-related indicators, and conducting regular expectations, with men typically assigned to roles
reviews to assess the impact of interventions on associated with paid work and public life, while
individuals of all genders. women are expected to perform unpaid care work and
domestic duties.
Gender planning recognizes that gender inequalities
are pervasive and intersect with other forms of Socialization and social norms Gender relations are
discrimination and disadvantage. By integrating influenced by socialization processes and cultural
gender perspectives into development planning norms that prescribe and reinforce specific gender
processes, policymakers and practitioners can better roles, behaviors, and expectations. These norms shape
address the diverse needs and experiences of individuals’ identities, attitudes, and behaviors, and
individuals of all genders and contribute to creating may contribute to the perpetuation of gender
more inclusive, equitable, and sustainable inequalities and stereotypes.
development outcomes.
Interpersonal relationships Gender relations
GENDER RELATIONS influence the nature and dynamics of interpersonal
relationships between individuals of different genders,
Gender relations refer to the ways in which power, including romantic relationships, friendships, and
roles, and interactions are structured and negotiated family dynamics. These relationships may be
between individuals of different genders within a characterized by power imbalances, communication
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patterns, and expectations that are influenced by personally and professionally. Key aspects of gender
gender norms and expectations. training include:

Access to resources and opportunities Gender Awareness-raising Gender training begins by raising
relations impact individuals’ access to resources, awareness about the concept of gender, including its
opportunities, and social participation based on their social construction, the impact of gender norms and
gender identity. This may include access to education, stereotypes, and the ways in which gender intersects
employment, healthcare, property rights, and political with other forms of discrimination and disadvantage.
representation, with individuals of certain genders
facing greater barriers and inequalities than others. Understanding gender dynamics Gender training
helps participants develop a deeper understanding of
Resistance and change Gender relations are not the ways in which gender operates within different
static and can be contested, negotiated, and contexts, including how it influences power dynamics,
transformed over time. Individuals and groups may social relations, and access to resources and
challenge traditional gender norms, advocate for opportunities.
gender equality, and work to shift power dynamics
and social structures in order to create more inclusive Promoting gender equality Gender training aims to
and equitable societies. promote the principles of gender equality by
challenging harmful gender norms and stereotypes,
Understanding gender relations is essential for advocating for the rights and empowerment of
addressing gender inequalities, promoting gender marginalized genders, and promoting inclusive and
equality, and fostering social change. By critically equitable practices and policies.
examining the ways in which gender operates within
different contexts, policymakers, practitioners, and Building skills and capacity Gender training equips
activists can develop more effective strategies to participants with practical skills and strategies for
challenge discrimination, empower marginalized promoting gender equality in their personal and
groups, and create environments where all individuals professional lives. This may include communication
can thrive regardless of their gender. skills, conflict resolution techniques, advocacy
strategies, and gender-sensitive programming and
GENDER TRAINING policymaking.

Gender training is an educational process aimed at Creating inclusive environments Gender training
increasing awareness, understanding, and skills helps organizations and institutions create inclusive
related to gender issues, equality, and social justice. It and supportive environments where individuals of all
involves providing individuals with the knowledge, genders feel valued, respected, and empowered to
tools, and resources to recognize and address gender participate fully. This may involve addressing
inequalities, stereotypes, and discrimination, both institutional barriers and biases, promoting diversity

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and inclusion, and fostering a culture of gender Sexual violence Any form of unwanted or
equality. non-consensual sexual activity or contact, including
rape, sexual assault, sexual harassment, and sexual
Monitoring and evaluation Gender training programs exploitation. This may occur in both private and public
often include mechanisms for monitoring and settings, perpetrated by intimate partners,
evaluating their impact on participants’ attitudes, acquaintances, or strangers.
knowledge, and behaviors related to gender equality.
This helps ensure that training efforts are effective Gender-based harassment Verbal, physical, or online
and contribute to meaningful change over time. harassment that is motivated by a person’s gender
identity or expression, including sexist comments,
Gender training can take various forms, including derogatory language, threats, and stalking behavior.
workshops, seminars, online courses, and capacity-
building programs. It is often targeted at diverse Honor-based violence Violence or abuse perpetrated
audiences, including policymakers, government against individuals, usually women, who are perceived
officials, educators, healthcare providers, community to have violated cultural or social norms related to
leaders, and activists. By increasing awareness and gender, sexuality, or family honor. This may include
building capacity around gender issues, gender practices such as honor killings, forced marriages, and
training plays a critical role in advancing gender female genital mutilation.
equality and creating more just and inclusive societies
for all genders. Trafficking The recruitment, transportation, or
exploitation of individuals, often women and children,
GENDER VIOLENCE for the purposes of forced labor, sexual exploitation,
or other forms of exploitation. Trafficking
Gender violence refers to any form of violence, abuse, disproportionately affects women and girls and is
or harm that is perpetrated against individuals based often driven by gender inequalities and economic
on their gender identity or perceived gender. It vulnerabilities.
encompasses a wide range of behaviors and actions
that are used to exert power and control over Reproductive coercion Coercive or controlling
individuals, often resulting in physical, sexual, behavior aimed at controlling individuals’ reproductive
psychological, or economic harm. Examples of gender choices and autonomy, including forcing or pressuring
violence include: someone to have or not have children, coercing
individuals into sterilization, or sabotaging
Domestic violence Physical, sexual, or psychological contraception.
abuse that occurs within intimate partner relationships
or within families, including behaviors such as physical Gender violence is a violation of human rights and is
assault, sexual coercion, emotional manipulation, and rooted in unequal power dynamics, harmful gender
financial control. stereotypes, and social norms that perpetuate
inequality and discrimination. Addressing gender
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violence requires comprehensive strategies that
address the root causes of violence, challenge harmful
attitudes and behaviors, and provide support and
resources to survivors. It also involves promoting
gender equality and empowering individuals of all
genders to challenge violence and build safe and
respectful communities.
PATRIARCHY
Patriarchy is a social system in which men hold
primary power and authority, and dominate in roles of
political leadership, moral authority, social privilege,
and control of property. In patriarchy, societal norms
and institutions are structured to uphold and
perpetuate male dominance and privilege, while
subordinating and marginalizing women and other
genders. Key characteristics of patriarchy include:
Male dominance Patriarchal societies prioritize the
interests, needs, and perspectives of men over those
of women and other genders. Men typically hold
positions of power and authority in government,
business, religion, and other social institutions.
Gender hierarchy Patriarchy enforces a rigid gender
hierarchy, with men placed at the top and women and
non-binary individuals relegated to subordinate roles.
This hierarchy is reinforced through social norms,
cultural beliefs, and institutional practices that uphold
and reinforce gender stereotypes and inequalities.
Control of resources In patriarchy, men typically have
greater access to and control over resources such as
land, wealth, education, and healthcare, while women
and marginalized genders face barriers to accessing
these resources and are economically dependent on
men.
Gender roles and expectations Patriarchal societies
prescribe traditional gender roles and expectations for
men and women, with men expected to be strong,
assertive, and independent, while women are
expected to be nurturing, submissive, and caregiving.
These gender roles limit individuals’ opportunities and
autonomy based on their gender identity.
Violence and discrimination Patriarchy perpetuates
violence and discrimination against women and
marginalized genders, including sexual harassment,
domestic violence, gender-based violence, and other
forms of abuse. These forms of violence serve to
maintain men’s power and control over women and
reinforce gender inequalities.
Patriarchy is a system of oppression that affects
individuals and communities on multiple levels,
including social, economic, political, and cultural
dimensions. Challenging and dismantling patriarchy
requires collective action to address the root causes of
gender inequality, promote gender justice, and create
more equitable and inclusive societies for all genders.
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
Women empowerment refers to the process of
enabling women to have control over their lives,
exercise their rights, and fulfill their potential as equal
and active members of society. It involves increasing
women’s access to resources, opportunities, and
decision-making power, and challenging the structural
barriers and discriminatory norms that limit their
participation and agency. Key elements of women
empowerment include:
Equal access to education Ensuring that women and
girls have equal access to quality education and
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lifelong learning opportunities, including formal partnerships and families. Empowering women to
schooling, vocational training, and skills development assert their rights and negotiate power dynamics in
programs. their relationships is essential for their overall
empowerment.
Economic independence Promoting women’s
economic empowerment by providing access to Women empowerment is not only a matter of social
financial resources, credit, employment opportunities, justice and human rights but also crucial for achieving
and entrepreneurship support. This includes sustainable development and creating more equitable
addressing gender wage gaps, discriminatory labor and inclusive societies. By investing in women’s
practices, and barriers to women’s participation empowerment, communities and nations can unlock
in the workforce. the full potential of women as agents of change and
drivers of progress in their families, communities, and
Political participation and leadership Increasing societies.
women’s representation and participation in
decision-making processes, governance structures, WOMEN’S HUMAN RIGHTS
and political institutions at all levels. This involves
promoting women’s leadership skills, supporting Women’s human rights refer to the fundamental rights

women’s political mobilization, and removing legal and freedoms that are inherent to all human beings,

and social barriers to women’s political participation. regardless of their gender, and are specifically focused
on addressing the unique needs, experiences, and

Health and well-being Ensuring women’s access to challenges faced by women and girls. These rights are

comprehensive healthcare services, including sexual enshrined in international human rights instruments,

and reproductive health services, maternal healthcare, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,

and mental health support. Empowering women to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of

make informed decisions about their health and Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), and other

well-being is essential for their overall empowerment. treaties and agreements. Key aspects of women’s
human rights include:

Legal rights and protection Promoting women’s legal

rights and protection against discrimination, violence, Right to equality Women have the right to equal

and exploitation. This includes enforcing laws and treatment and non-discrimination in all areas of life,

policies that guarantee women’s rights, such as laws including access to education, employment,

against gender-based violence, sexual harassment, healthcare, and participation in public and political

and discrimination in employment and education. life. This includes the right to be free from
discrimination based on gender, race, ethnicity,

Gender equality in relationships Promoting religion, sexual orientation, disability, or other status.

gender-equitable relationships and challenging

harmful gender norms and stereotypes that Right to freedom from violence Women have the

perpetuate inequality and violence within intimate right to live free from all forms of violence, abuse, and
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discrimination, including domestic violence, sexual Women’s human rights are essential for promoting
assault, trafficking, and harmful traditional practices gender equality, social justice, and sustainable
such as female genital mutilation and child marriage. development. Ensuring the realization of women’s
States have an obligation to prevent, investigate, and human rights requires concerted efforts by
prosecute acts of violence against women and provide governments, civil society organizations, international
support and protection to survivors. agencies, and individuals to address the root causes
of gender inequality, discrimination, and violence, and
Reproductive rights Women have the right to make to create more inclusive and equitable societies for all.
decisions about their own bodies, sexuality, and
reproductive health, free from coercion,
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discrimination, and violence. This includes access to
comprehensive sexual and reproductive healthcare
services, including contraception, maternal
healthcare, and safe abortion services.

Right to health Women have the right to the highest

attainable standard of physical and mental health,
including access to healthcare services that are free
from discrimination, stigma, and violence. This
includes addressing gender-specific health needs and
disparities, such as maternal mortality, HIV/AIDS, and
gender-based violence.

Right to education Women have the right to equal

access to education and lifelong learning
opportunities, including access to quality primary and
secondary education, vocational training, and higher
education. States have an obligation to eliminate
barriers to girls’ education and promote gender
equality in education.

Right to participation and representation Women

have the right to participate fully and equally in all
aspects of public and political life, including
decision-making processes, leadership roles, and civil
society activism. This includes ensuring women’s
representation in government, parliaments, and other
decision-making bodies.
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