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CHAPTER 1 documents, eyewitness, results, experiment, data,
BACKGROUND OF THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY
History - came from the Greek term ‘’historia’’ means
‘’inquiry or research.’’ Inquiries of events that
happened in the past.
According to Aristotle, the father of logic, history is a
systematic arranged in their chronologically order.
Herodotus (Father of History) – defined history as
past of mankind.
Jawaharlal Nehru - man’s growth from barbarism to
civilization.
IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY
(1) It is said that history is to the human race whereas
memory is to each man.
(2) Past events helping the person to understand
himself by being acquainted with other people.
(3) Helps the person or the government avoid the
pitfalls.
(4) Makes a person’s life richer and fuller by giving
meaning to the books he reads (specially history
books.)
(5) Understanding various races, cultures, rituals,
ceremonies.
(6) Because of the events, one has to turn to history
for a complete answer.
(7) Help political scientist.
(8) As Allen Nerins put it, history is like a bridge that
connects the past with present and ‘’pointing the road
to the future.’’
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES
Primary Sources - firsthand evidences regarding an
object, person, or work of art. Historical and legal
video recordings etch.
Empirical studies – research or direct observation.
Secondary Sources - describe, discuss, interpret,
comment upon analyze, evaluate, and process primary
sources. Newspaper or popular magazines, books,
movies or evaluate someone else’s original research.
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CRITICISM
According to Dr. Lynn Sims, a history professor at John
Tyler Community College noted two ways of applying
set of data.
Internal Criticism – Looks within the data itself to try
to determine the truth – facts and ‘’reasonable’’
interpretation.
External Criticism – applies ‘’science to a document’’.
It involves physical and technical test as dating paper
a document is written on.
REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES
National Archives of the Philippines – the
documents, records, and other primary sources are
basic components of cultural heritage and collective
memory
- Home of 60 million documents.
- The archives is created by R.A. 9470
(Record-Keeping System)
- Other local repositories of primary sources
could be found in museums, provinces and
localities.
CHAPTER 2
THE PRE-COLONIAL YEARS
The period of Pre-Colonial society is the source of the
self-pride and true identity of the Filipino. The
Philippines before the Spanish Conquest was indeed
civilized, with good diplomatic relationship in
neighboring countries. Pre colonial society is based on
the primary sources written by the Chinese
(Chau-Ju-Kua and Juan Ta Yuan)
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GOVERNMENT
Baranganic Society composed of 30 to 100 families
and the Datu who had Legislative, Judicial and
Executive powers.
Maginoo - composed of elders and legislative body.
Umalohocan - announcer of the created laws.
The Datu has Judicial powers. He could imposed
punishment and gave pardon. The executive power of
the Datu could be seen during the season of planting.
Datu was the most powerful person in the Barangay.
Qualification should meet the demand of his
responsibility. The barangay could declare war against
the other barangay to extend their territory.
SULTANATE OF MINDANAO
In the Middle of the 14th Century, Mudum was able to
establish a Muslim community in Malacca in 1380.
After the death of Raja Baginda, Abu Bakr became
the ruler as the Sultan of Sulu.
The Sultanate became the government of the people
in Mindanao. Their laws was the religion of Islam.
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
Social stratification or social classes.
Maharlika group was the highest class. It was
composed of the Datu and his family and relatives.
They are exempted from paying taxes. They could be
identified by their clothing, fine garments and
accessories.
The Timawa was the second class; they were the
common people and the tax payers. Merchants and
could also own an alipin.
Alipin was the lowest class; they were the workers and
servants in the society.
Two classes of Alipin:
Aliping Namamahay - Who had their own house and
properties.
Aliping Saguiguilid - Who lived in the house of their
master. They could be sold to another master.
Permission before they could marry.
Ayuey – alipin who own alipin. Captive in war, if he or
she could not pay his/her debt.
ECONOMY
Occupation was based on their class and in gender.
Female assumed responsibilities inside the house. Male
assumed responsibilities as farmers, merchants,
hunter, warriors, etch.
Chinese was one of the most active traders in the
Philippines. They bought some of their products like
umbrella, fan, silk, porcelain, cuisine etch.
Their tradition like the use of: ‘’Po’’ and ‘’Opo’’ / Filial
Piety / Ate, Ditse and Dikong.
RELIGION
The early Filipino practice Animism and Paganism.
They worshipped different gods.
Tagalogs had their Bathala. Visayas had their
Kanlaon. Also, other Filipinos worshipped ancestors.
The leader of their religion as a female or the
Babaylan.
MARRIAGE
Divorce was allowed. The parents usually arranged the
marriage. Allowed mixed marriage coming from the
different social classes. The marriage ritual was
initiated by the Babaylan.
Before the Marriage
(1) The man need to serve the family of his future wife
for weeks during the ‘’Paninilbihan period’’
- He would not be allowed to see his future wife
- He need to satisfy his future wife in laws
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(2) Giving of Dowry or Bigay Kaya
- The family of future wife would ask for Gold or
Land
(3) Payment of ‘’Panghihimuyat’’
- Given to the mother as her effort to bringing
her child to womanhood
(4) Payment of Bigaysuso or the wet nurse
(5) The payment of Himaraw
- For the spent food of their daughter during
infancy
During the Ceremony of the Marriage
(1) Brought the wife to their house
(2) The wife would pretend that she did not want to go
upstair
(3) Groom and wife would drink in one cup
(4) The Babaylan asked them to bow the guest
(5) They would eat rice in one plate
(6) Throw the grains
- Alipin marriage was no ceremony but the
simple acceptance that they loved each other
MODE OF DRESSING
The mode of dressing could reflect the social status of
the Early Filipino.
The Maharlika and Timawa wear Cangan and
Bahague or Patadyong and Putong as headdress.
For alipin, they were topless and the bahague for the
lower part.
BURIAL AND DEATH
Early Filipinos gave respect to their deceased
relatives. They give proper ceremonies to give honor
to the dead.
They had primary and secondary burial: Primary is
Wooden Coffin. Secondary is Burial Jar.
BELIEFS OF THE EARLY FILIPINOS TOWARDS
DEATH AND MOURNING
(1) The dead body should be guarded. Gold Plates and
Gold face mask.
(2) The relatives hired professional mourners or
moratal to chant the achievements and contribution
of the dead person.
(3) The 9th day after the death of the person was also
celebrated.
DWELLING OR RESIDENCE
Their house was made of bamboo, wood, and nipa hut.
Constructed above the ground, because spirits were
under the ground. Stairs made from bamboo and
there was no division inside. The location of the house
depended on their livelihood.
CHAPTER 3
EARLY PHILIPPINE RELATIONS WITH ASIAN
NEIGHBORS
FIRST MAN IN THE PHILIPPINES
During the Ice age, the Dawn Man found his way to
the Philippines.
The ‘’Dawn Man’’ had no knowledge of agriculture. He
lived by means of gathering wild edible plants, fishing
and hunting. Hand axes. Vanished without living the
trace.
So far, the oldest human fossil found in the Philippines
is the skull cap discovered by Dr. Robert Fox, an
Archeologist, Tabon Cave, Palawan on 1962.
THE COMING OF THE PYGMIES
After the disappearance of Dawn Man, the Pygmies
from Asia peopled Philippines, 25,000 to 30,000 years
ago. They were believed to be the smallest people on
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earth. 5 ft, black skin, dark kinky hair. They were called About 25% of the word in the present national
‘’Negritos’’ by Spanish Colonizers. Aetas, Ati. language of the Philippines came from India’s Sanskrit

Pygmies were primitive people of Paleolithic (Old CHINESE ENCOUNTERS

Stone Age). They wandered in the forest and lived by
hunting, fishing and eating wild fruits. Their homes
were tempo shades made from leaves and branches.
They wore little clothing. No government, writing,
literature and arts. Had no pottery and never cooked
their food. World’s best archers.
Trade relation with the Chinese started in 19th century,
Sung Dynasty. Chinese Trade their porcelain products
for the Philippine wares. Chinese influences on Filipino
life were mainly economic, whose interest lay in
profits.

ARAB ENCOUNTERS The following table shows some of the words in

Tagalog which have their origins in Chinese:
The greatest gift of Arabia to the Filipinos was Islam.
Mindanao and Sulu. The Sarimanok Design is Arabic TAGALOG CHINESE
origin. Some Arabic words included in the Tagalog
Language: Pilat (Scar), Sulat (Letter). AMPAW AM-PAPU

ATE A-CHI
INDIAN ENCOUNTER
BIHON BI-HUM

Indian Influences reflected in the languages. BIKO BO-KOE

BILAO BI-WO
The terms in Sanskrit doesn’t mean that there was
direct contact between the ancient Fil and Ind.
Following words represent the borrowings from Filipino learned the use of umbrellas, gongs, and
Sanskrit, the ancient language of India. porcelain, the manufacture of gunpowder.
- Arranging the marriages of children by parents
was probably Chinese origin.
TAGALOG SANSKRIT
- Mourning was shown by wearing white shirts
AHAS AHI - Various forms of gambling including jueteng
- Musical gongs and porcelain vases
ASAWA SWAMIN

BAHAGI BHAGI China improved the culinary art and diet of the
Filipinos.
INDIA’S CULTURAL INFLUENCES - Learn how to roast pigs
- To brew tea for drinking
The term ‘’Bathala’’ originated from the Sanskrit - Lumpia, mami, pansit and ukoy
Bhattara Guru meaning ‘’the highest of the gods’’.
Certain Filipino customs came from China:
The sarong and the putong of the ancient Filipinos (1) Hiring of a go-between in arranging a marriage
were Indian Origin.
between two families

Filipino superstitious beliefs came from India.
- Placing garland around the neck of visitors as
a symbol of friendship and hospitality.
- Giving dowry
- Showering rice after the wedding ceremony
(2) Hiring of professional mourners during funeral.
(3) Veneration of ancestors
(4) Filial respect by children to their parents and elders
(5) Exploding fireworks

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It is said that 10% of the Filipino today are Chinese THE FACTORS THAT LED TO THE COLONIZATION
descent. OF THE WEST TO THE EAST

Samples of Chinese words included in the present The Development of Navigation

vocabulary of the Filipino people: - King Henry VII, the monarch of Portugal
initiated the school of navigation for
FILIPINO CHINESE modernization of ships.
- Historian called him as ‘’Father of Navigation”
BAKYA BAK-KIAH
- Ventures in every parts of the world
BANTAY BANG-TAI
The Crusades
GINTING KAU-TING
- The Holy war of the Christians to gain back
PINTO PIN-TO Jerusalem from the Muslim gave way to the
meeting of the East and West.

JAPANESE ENCOUNTERS
The Silk Road
- The silk road during the Han dynasty was the
They taught the Filipinos certain industries such as:
trading route from China to Europe.
Manufacture of arms and tools, Tanning of dee-skin,
- Products were able to reach Europe.
and Artificial breeding of ducks and fishes. Japan’s
- Bring excitement to the Europeans.
greatest legacy to the early Filipinos.

The Book Written by Marco Polo about China

INDONESIAN ENCOUNTERS
- Marco Polo was a Venetian traveler during
Yuan Dynasty.
The Indonesians, First Sea Immigrants.
- The dynasty allowed Marco Polo to travel
inside the China.
After the submerge of the land bridges, another Asian
- He wrote about the brilliance of the Chinese
people migrated to the Philippines. They were
culture and products.
maritime Indonesians who belong to Mongolian and
Caucasian race. They were tall with height ranging
The Expedition of Vasco de Gama to India
from 5-6 feet. They belong to New Stone Age
- Vasco the Gama is known as ‘’The father of all
(Neolithic). They practice dry agriculture (Kaingin
navigation’’
System) and raised upland rice.
- Calicut India to Portugal.

MALAYSIAN ENCOUNTERS
The Rise of Mercantilism
- It is a principle wherein the basis of power of a
Malays were the first discoverers and colonizers of the
country was the amount of gold that they have.
Pacific world. Malays belonged to the brown race.
- They believed that east lands have a lot gold.
Straight black hair, dark brown lips and flat noses.
Hairless bodies.
THE REASONS OF COLONIZATION

Introduce the highland method of rice cultivation,

In the early 1500, Spain and Portugal could be
system of irrigation, and domestication of animals.
summarize into 3 Gs.

CHAPTER 4
1. God
THE AGE OF DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS
2. Glory
THE COMING OF THE WEST
3. Gold

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THE VOYAGE OF FERDINAND MAGELLAN
Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese. He gave his
service to the King of Spain, King Charles V.
King Carlos I of Portugal reject him. Spain and
Portugal agreed in the Treaty of Tordesillas which
divide the world into two: Western part was for Spain
and Eastern part was for Portugal.
This treaty was followed by Papal Bull of 1493.
September 20, 1519, the Troops of Magellan left San
Lucas, Spain with 235 men and five ships named:
1. Victoria
2. Santiago
3. Trinidad
4. Concepcion
5. San Antonio
They travelling southern part of Latin America. They
experience storm in pacific ocean which destroy ship.
With 3 ships, they reach Guam, but they did not
accept.
March 16, 1521, they reach the Island of Homonhon in
Samar. When they landed on Homonhon, they have
trading. The hospitality of the people of Homonhon
was misunderstood by Magellan.
Raja Humabon accepted the truce with Magellan.
March 31, 1521, mass was first celebrated in Limasawa
with Father Pedro Valderama. Raja Humabon and
Hara Humamay were baptized as Catholics.
In April 27, 1521, they reach the Island of Mactan.
When they reach the shore, the troops of Lapu-Lapu
attacked them.
Ferdinand Magellan lost his life so his troops retreated
went back to Raja Humabon. Poisoned the remaining
soldiers. Only the ship Victoria survived to go back in
Spain with Sebastian del Cano and 18 more.
They gave title to Ferdinand Magellan as the first
person who was circumnavigate the world.
OTHER EXPEDITION AFTER FERDINAND
MAGELLAN
Expedition of Ferdinand Magellan open door for the
Europeans to navigate Asia.
Many navigators attempted to establish the Spanish
Supremacy.
In 1529, Treaty of Zaragoza, gave the right to the
Spaniards to settle in the Philippines.
Ruy Lopez de Villalobos reached the eastern part of
Mindanao. He named the island as ‘’Las Islas
Filipinas.”
MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI AS ADELANTADO DE
FILIPINAS
After Ferdinand Magellan, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
have successful expedition. He received order to
establish Spanish government in the Philippines.
Blood compact with Raja Sikatuna.
He offered the following for the chieftains:
1. The Spanish government would recognize the
power of Datu, in return, they also recognize
the power of Spanish government.
2. Local rulers exempted from taxes.
3. Local rulers would receive a monthly salary
from Spanish Government.
In 1565-1606, the Spanish government sent regular
missions.
Dominicans, Augustinians, Franciscans, Jesuits and
Recollects.
Legazpi’s successful establishment of Spanish
government. He is a first governor-general in the
country.
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ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONS
History is the study of human activities in the past.
This definition makes history a unique discipline.
The meaning and characteristics of history change
from the ancient period to the present. These changes
were dependent on the purpose that history served.
History is a scientific discipline that relies on different
sources.
Several issues resolved around the meaning and
function of history as a discipline. This issue relates to
different aspect of discipline such as meaning method
and use.
Positivism - The philosophy that a particular
knowledge can only be true if it can be observed in a
sensorial manner.
Historiography - The study of history as a historical
discipline.
Historicism - The belief that history should be studied
only for its own sake.
Historians produce historical knowledge through
rigorous historical research that involves finding and
interpreting historical sources and evidence.
Historians are inevitably influenced by context and
circumstances. Their context may inform the way they
conduct historical research.
Despite the inherent subjectivity of historians,
historical knowledge can still be scientific by adhering
to rigorous historical methodology and through
collaboration with peers in the discipline.
Historian - Primary responsible for the production of
historical knowledge through continuous research and
rethinking of history.
Historical Interpretation - Making sense of given
primary sources and historical documents through
content and contextual analyses.
Bias / Subjectivity - A disposition brought together
by once context that influences historians’ historical
interest and selection of sources and methodology.
Primary and secondary sources serve different
function, and both are important for historians and
student of history.
Primary sources important representation of the past
that are analyzed and interpreted by historians.
Forced to be classified as primary, it should be
produced in the same period as a subject or by
witnesses. Present in the period being studied.
Secondary sources are historical texts read by student
to gain historical knowledge and by historian as
related text to their research. These sources are
product of historian’s work using primary sources.
Historians should employ internal and external
criticism to debunk false historical claims such as the
Code of Kalantiaw and Marcos fake war medals.
Primary sources - Historical sources that were
produced and created in the same period as historical
subjects being studied.
Secondary sources - Historical work that was written
and produced through the use of primary sources.
Internal criticism - The kind of criticism employed in
analyzing the content of primary sources.
External criticism - The kind of criticism done to
establish the authenticity of primary sources.
Kasaysayan - Narrative of the past that is significant
to the community where it belongs.
Nationalist Historiography - History that focuses on
the masses and not on the colonizers.
Pantayong Pananaw - The philosophical anchor of
bagong kasaysayan. It the need to foster an internal
discourse among the masses in writing their history
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_______ 1. Nationalist historiography emerged as a _______ 20. The history is a product of the
reaction to the colonial interpretation of history. discipline’s evolution across time.
_______ 2. Kasaysayan was derived from the root
word saysay which could mean sense or 1T
significance. 2T
_______ 3. Historiography is a discipline or a field of 3F
study and investigation that is primarily 4F
concerned with human activities done in the past. 5T
_______ 4. According to Reynaldo Ileto, history 6F
should be processed, written, and taught in the 7F
Filipino language for the Filipino people 8F
_______ 5. History is a scientific discipline that relies 9F
on different sources. 10 T
_______ 6. Historia is a Latin term means knowledge 11 T
acquired through inquiry or investigation. 12 F
_______ 7. External criticism analyzing the content of 13 T
primary source 14 T
_______ 8. Historiography gives us history a better 15 T
and deeper understanding of the present time. 16 T
_______ 9. Rizal believes that history should be 17 F
processed, written, and taught in the Filipin language 18 F
for the Filipino people. 19 T
_______ 10. Positivism is an essential philosophy that 20 T
would serve as a vital anchor of the scientific
method. Early Philippine society had political and social
_______ 11. Secondary sources are product of structures, beliefs, a system of writing and trade
historical research that other historians use for practices.
additional information.
_______ 12. Teodoro Agoncillo somehow for told the Filipinos regularly traded with China and the rest of
next intellectual movement in the Philippines the Southeast Asia. These populous thriving
historiography. communities in the Philippines were the ones that the
_______ 13. Teodoro Agoncillo, a nationalist historian Magellan expedition encountered upon arrival.
agreed that Spanish colonization was a
repression and regression for the Filipinos. Analyzing historical sources requires other disciplines.
_______ 14. Zeus Salazar introduced a new
philosophy that would guide a new historical and The Spanish expedition was set out to colonized new
social territory for sources such as spice, gold, and vast land
scientific scholarship tradition. to expand their empire.
_______ 15. Historian task to convert historical
sources to historical knowledge. Social structure - Patterns of social arrangements in
_______ 16. A historian is someone who continuously society when individual are group into a structurally
for historical knowledge related class or sets of roles with different functions,
_______ 17. Historical sources were pioneered by the meanings or purposes.
ancient Greek historian Socrates.
_______ 18. Internal criticism establishes the Maritime Trade - The exchange of goods transported
authenticity of primary sources by the sea vessels between territories, mainly thriving
_______ 19. Historiography the object of study is in pre-sixteenth century Southeast Asia.
history itself.

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Age of European Exploration - A period between the
fifteenth and the seventeenth centuries when
European voyaged to new territories in search of
trading goods such as gold, silver and spices.
JUAN DE PLASENCIA CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOG
Upon the arrival of the Spaniards in 1521 and
colonization in 1565, followed by the establishment of
Manila as the capital of the Spanish colony in the
Philippines by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the practical
move was to study the subjects of the new colony.
Several Spanish writers wrote about the Filipinos
during the mid-millennium. Foremost among them
belonged to the religious orders, such as the
Franciscan missionary Juan de Plasencia. This same
priest authored the first book ever printed in the
archipelago in 1593, the Doctrina Cristiana. He was
known to have lived modestly and was concerned with
the welfare of the Filipinos, even suggesting that aside
from Christian doctrine, reading and writing in Spanish
should also be taught to Filipinos. Plasencia asserted
that in the process of compiling the customs, he had to
sift out much of the foolishness in regard to their
government, administration of justice, inheritances,
slaves, and dowries.
He closed his letter with the following:
"Others, perchance, may offer a more extended
narrative, but leaving aside a relevant matter
concerning government and justice among them, a
summary of the whole truth is contained in the above.
I am sending the account in this clear and concise
form because I have received no order to pursue the
word further. Whatever may be decided upon, it is
clearly important that it should be given to the
alcaldes-mayor accompanied by an explanation."
ANTONIO DE MORGA’S SUCESOS DE LAS ISLA
FILIPINAS
Antonio de Morga studied canon and civil law in Spain
and was called to serve as an assistant to the
Governor General in the Philippines in 1593, arriving in
Manila in 1595. In 1598, he proposed and realized the
establishment of the Audiencia, the highest tribunal in
the colony, which he led until 1603 when he was
assigned to Mexico. It was in Mexico that he published
his experiences and observations in "Sucesos de las
Islas Filipinas" (Events in the Philippine Islands) in
1609. The book has eight chapters, the last of which
talks lengthily about all his observations in the places
that he had known. He mentioned most provinces in
Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, describing their
location, trade products, flora and fauna, food,
houses, clothing, weapons, and language, among
others.
He described the natives throughout the island as
being able to write excellently with certain characters
almost like the Greeks or Arabs. He explained about
chiefs, slaves, marriage, inheritance, loans, crime,
religion, the coming of Islam, the arrival of the
Spaniards, and the foundation of Manila:
"The city of Manila was founded by adelantado Miguel
Lopez De Legazpi, the first governor of the Filipinos in
the island of Luzon. It occupies the same site where
Rajamora had his settlement and fort. The whole site
was occupied by the new settlement, and Legazpi
apportioned it to the Spaniards in equal building lots.
It was laid out with well-arranged streets and squares,
straight and level. A sufficiently large main square was
left, fronting which were erected the cathedral church
and municipal buildings. He left another square, that
of arms, fronting which was built the fortress as well as
the royal buildings. He gave sites for the monasteries,
hospitals, and chapels, which were to be built as a city
which would grow and increase continually as already
it has done; in the course of the time that has passed,
the city has flourished as much as the best of all the
cities in those regions."
Summary
The Spanish studied and wrote about the Filipinos to
know how best to colonize and govern them and
intercept their trade. Most of them reflected the
European lens in looking at indigenous concept and
practices.
The Spanish established several economic policies
such as tax, polo (forced labor), and galleon trade,
which became the precursor of globalization.
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The Spaniards subdued most of Luzon and Visayas
into pueblo which came under the power of Spanish
colonial government in the Philippines.
True colonization and the process of creolization, the
drastic changed the political, economic, and
socio-cultural landscape of the archipelago.
Colonialism - A practice of people dominating
another by subjugation and economically exploiting
the colony.
Reduccion - A community set up by the Spaniards
under ecclesiastical or royal authority to facilitate
colonization and relocate the inhabitants from
scattered villages into new area of settlement.
Mercantilism - A economic idea that trade and
exchange goods generates wealth, which encourage
the extraction of resources to sell and protectionism of
their supply.
KARTILLA NG KATIPUNAN
The Philippine Revolution is one of the most important
points in Philippine history. It signaled the end of the
long Spanish era and served as the climax of the
occasional revolts that occurred during centuries of
Spanish colonization. Andres Bonifacio, the father of
the Philippine Revolution and once the President of the
Supreme Council of the Katipunan, penned the "Duties
of the Sons of the People," a list of duties and
responsibilities to be strictly followed by every
member of the organization. The revolution started in
August 1896 upon the discovery of the Katipunan. This
secret organization led the revolution through
Bonifacio's leadership. Later, internal conflicts in the
movement escalated to the tragic execution of
Bonifacio in May 1897 and the leadership takeover by
Emilio Aguinaldo.
The Kataastaasan Kagalanggalang Na Katipunan Ng
Mga Anak Ng Bayan (KKK) or Katipunan is the most
crucial organization formed in Philippine history. It
was only this organization that envisioned a united
Filipino nation that would revolt against the Spaniards
for the total independence of the country from Spain.
None before the Katipunan envisioned a unified
Filipino nation revolting against the colonizer; on the
other hand, the imagination of the nation was mostly
absent in the aspirations of the locals before the
Katipunan.
The propaganda movement led by the illustrados such
as Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and
Jose Rizal did not envision the total separation of the
Philippines from Spain. Instead, they only demanded
equal rights, representation, and protection from the
abuses of the friars.
FILIPINO GRIEVANCES AGAINST GOVERNOR
WOOD
"Filipino Grievances Against Governor Leonard Wood"
is not the work of an individual author but a collective
output of a group of Filipino politicians who were
forced by circumstances to unite against a common
political enemy. The draft of the document was
attributed to two leading lawyers at that time, Jose
Abad Santos and Jorge Bocobo. On November 17,
1926, the upper and lower houses of the Philippine
legislature adopted the draft as a joint resolution.
Since the time the Americans arrived in the Philippines
in 1898, Filipinos persistently demanded
independence. American colonial officials did not
outright deny their demands, as doing so would surely
derail their efforts to pacify them. Instead, they
appointed Filipino politicians to key government
positions, hoping that by doing so, the desire for
independence would diminish. The appointment of
Francis Burton Harrison as governor-general and the
passage of the Jones Law in 1916 changed the
political landscape in the Philippines. The Jones Law
categorically stipulated that the American
government would grant independence to the Filipinos
once they had established a stable government. No
specific date was given, but for Quezon and other
officials, the written promise was already a significant
achievement. They were further elated when the
Retirement Act was passed in 1915, which offered an
attractive financial package to Americans who would
voluntarily give up their positions in the Philippines.
This paved the way for the Filipinization of the
bureaucracy.
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 ‧˚₊⋅ ୨୧ ⋅₊˚‧ READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY ‧˚₊⋅ ୨୧ ⋅₊˚‧
Governor Wood tried to win back the support of those
Filipino officials who had given up their positions in his
government. However, his gesture was not
reciprocated, prompting him to accept their
resignations and replace them with their deputies. At
the height of the crisis, various accusations were
raised against Wood.

Summary

Revolt and uprisings were permanent features of the

Spanish colonial period.

The KKK was guided by a set of rules and guidelines

derived from their criticism of the colonial society and
their vision of Filipino society without the colonizer.

The Philippine independence proclaimed in 1898

happened in the context of action in the rank of
Filipino revolutionaries and looming us colonialis.

Revolt - An attempt to end the authority of a person

or to take violent action against authority or to refuse
to be controlled or ruled.

British Occupation of Manila - An episode when the

British occupy the Spanish colonial capital of manila
and the nearby principal port of Cavite between 1762
and 1764.

Millennial Movement - An indigenous social or

political group or movement inspired by the teachings
of Christianity towards the defeat of enemy and
transformation of society.

KKK or Katipunan - A Philippine revolutionary society

founded by anti- Spanish colonialism Filipino whose
primary goal was independence from Spain.

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