● Leadership

Readings In Philippine History ● Legacy

GE2 - L1: Meaning and Importance of

GE2 - L2: Historical Sources
History
- Historian’s most important tools.
History
- The sources that our history is studied
- derived from the Greek word ‘historia’
and written.
which means ‘knowledge acquired
through inquiry or investigation
Primary Sources
- in classical Latin: the account of the
- original ‘first hand’ or ‘eye-witness’
past of a person or group of people
account offering an inside view
through written documents and
- contains new information (new at the
historical evidences
time it was created) that has not been
- in Filipino, rooted in words ‘salaysay’
interpreted, evaluated, paraphrased, or
(narrative or story) and ‘saysay’
condensed
(meaning) - Ambeth Ocampo
- created during or very close to the time
of the events they report on
Traditional historians lived with the mantra, “No
- author typically provides direct
documents, no history.”
impressions

History might be written on:

Secondary Sources
● papyrus
- provides ‘second hand’ information
● walls
- often written well after the events they
● Temples
report on and can put past information
● coliseums
into its historical context
● sphynx

Historian - person who studies and writes about Primary Sources Secondary Sources
the past and is regarded as an authority
- Diaries - Books with Endnotes
- Interviews and Footnotes
Archeologist - a person who studies human
- Letters - Biographies
history and prehistory through the excavation
- Raw Data - Reprints of Artwork
of sites and analysis of artifacts and other
- Official Documents - Journal or
physical remains
- Photographs Magazine Article
- Articles (which interprets or
Anthropologist - a person engaged in the
- Newspaper reviews previous
practice of anthropology
- Autobiographies findings)
- Speech - Conference
Anthropology - study of various aspects of
- Creative Works Proceedings
humans within past and present societies
(Novels, Plays, Music, - Literary Criticism
Art, etc.) - Book Reviews
Social and Physical Anthropology - study the
- Artifacts - Works Incorporating
norms and values of societies
- Memorabilia Primary Sources
- Memoirs
Reasons Why The Study Of History Is Essential
- Manuscript
● To identify
● To critically think
● To our vital places to live and work
● To economic development
● To our future engaged citizens
 Ways To Examine Historical Sources
➢ Internal Criticism
- looks within the data itself to try
determine the truth, facts and
the reasonable interpretation
- includes looking at the personal
data provider’s apparent or
possible motives
- indicates the accuracy,
trustworthiness, and integrity of
the materials to which historical
data will be based
- evaluates the authenticity and
genuineness of the data
Questions To Ask:
1. Was it written by eyewitnesses or a
secondhand account?
2. Why was it written?
3. Is there consistency?
4. What are the connotations?
5. What is the literal meaning?
6. What is the meaning in context?
➢ External Criticism
- applies experimental science to
certify the authenticity of the
material that holds the data in
which historical information will
be based
- it entails such physical and
technical tests as the dating of
paper when a document is
written
- involves knowledge of when
certain things existed, or it
supports the claim whether it is
possible or impossible to exist
Questions To Ask:
1. When was it written?
2. Where was it written?
3. Who was the real author?
4. Why did it survive?
5. What were the materials used?
6. Were the language and words used in
the document consistent with the
language and words being used during
those times?
7. Is it authentic?
Customs of Tagalog
Governing System
➢ Chieftain (Datu) - chief, captain of wars
who governed, obeyed and
reverenced
➢ Nobles (Maharlika)
- free-born, they do not pay taxes
or tribute but they are obliged to
accompany the Datu to wars at
their own expenses
- if they marry a commoner or a
slave, the children will be divided
➢ Commoners (Aliping Namamahay)
- live in their own houses or ords
whom they owe their property
and gold
- they cannot be transferred to
another barangay unless by
inheritance
➢ Slaves (Aliping Saguiguilid) - serving a
master and help cultivate their land; are
treated like a property that can be sold
Administration of Justice
A process by which the legal system of a
government is executed. This administration
aims to provide justice for all those accessing
the legal system.
- includes implementing laws, ensuring
order and giving protection to his
subjects
- disputes between individuals were
settled by a court made up of the
chieftain and council of elders
Mode of Dressing
For Males
symbolizes the
Headgear:
number of persons
Putong
the wearer had killed
a collarless jacket for
Top:
males with short
Kanggan
sleeves whose length
 ● inheritance - if the parents are slave, it
was slightly below
can be inherited by their children
the waist
● purchase - a slave can be sold to other
a strip of cloth people by their master
wrapped at the waist ● committing a crime - breaking a law
of men and tied can be also one of the reason of
Bottom:
under and around enslavement
Bahag
their legs. Their thighs
and legs were left - Slaves can buy their freedom by
exposed offering something in exchange for it

Slaves can be emancipated through:

For Females ● forgiveness
● paying debt
Top: jacket for women
● bravery (where a slave may become a
Baro or Camisa that had sleeves
Datu) or by marriage
the lower portion of a
loose skirt for women, Marriage Customs
it was a piece of Men were in general, monogamous; while their
Bottom: cloth wrapped wives are called Asawa. Marriage between
Saya (Tagalog) or around the waist couples belonging to different social classes
Patadyong was not common.
(Visayans) some women wore a
piece of red or white ➔ Courtship begins with Paninilbihan
cloth on top of their ➔ Pamamanhikan - asking permission to
skirt called Tapis wed the affianced pair at the same
time seeking for the blessings before
they get married
➔ Ornaments ➔ Dowry - land, gold or property that a
- to look attractive man brings to the family of his bride
- kalumbiga, pendants, bracelets, ➔ Bigay-Kaya - given by the man's family
and leglets made of gold to the woman's family. The amount of
- some wore gold fillings between dowry is based on the man's wealth or
teeth status (piece of land, gold)
➔ Tattoos - exhibit a man’s war record ➔ Panghihimuyat - certain amount of
money to be given to the bride-to-be's
Inheritance parents as payment for the mother's
The 1st son of the barangay chieftain inherits efforts in rearing the girl to womanhood
his father's position; if the 1st son dies, the 2nd ➔ Himaraw
son succeeds their father; in the absence of - another payment payable in
male heirs, it is the eldest daughter that gold or in land for the brides’
becomes the chieftain. mother
- compensation for the mother for
A person becomes a slave by: all the sleepless nights lost while
● captivity in war - if they suffered a the bride was an infant. Including
military defeat the bride’s wet nurse received a
● reason of debt - it can be a sum of share of dowry
money, property, reciprocal
indebtedness or what we call “utang na If the boy's family does not meet the
loob'' in Filipino. requirements of the dowry system, a
paninilbihan (pangagad), or servitude may be
resorted to. Pangagad involves the serving of
the boy in the household of the girl doing
chores like chopping firewood, fetching water,
helping in the farm, doing house repairs, etc.
This usually lasts for months or even a year.
Superstition
Namaligno - a Filipino belief that an illness is
caused by the involvement of a supernatural
or mystical being
Maligno
- spirits that haunt different locations or
people
- can mimic ordinary people
Sumpa (Curse)
- placed by a human person
- its influence is shared with the entire
family and extends to the next
generation
- to counteract, you may engage in
ceremonial rituals and wear amulets
such as anting-anting
Economic Life
These are the sources of an economic growth
which could improve the lives of the natives:
➢ Agriculture in plain lands, because the
Philippines is rich and abundant in
natural resources, particularly
agricultural crops such as rice, banana,
and sugarcane. It is the major source of
their livelihood.
➢ For Filipinos living in coastal villages,
fishing is a major source of livelihood.
Fishing is one of the economic activities
that has fed and met the needs of
millions of Filipinos due to the
archipelago's long coastline and bodies
of water.
➢ Shipbuilding and logging are other
thriving industries. This ability may be
explained by the archipelago's
abundance of rainforests rich in
hardwoods.
➢ Domestic trade existed between
barangays and islands. Foreign trade of
the Filipinos was with China, Japan,
Siam (now Thailand), Borneo, Sumatra,
Cambodia, and other islands of old
Malaysia.
Manner of Burying
➢ Chief
- placed under a little porch which
they established just for his
purpose
- before putting him on the porch,
they will mourn for four days, and
afterwards, he will be put in a
boat which will serve as his coffin
or bier
- instead of rowers, various animals
will be placed at the
oar(paddle) in pairs - one male
and female, and the slave's
responsibility is to ensure that the
animals are fed
➢ Warrior
- a living slave was tied
underneath the warriors’ body
until he actually died
- for many days, the family of the
dead slave bewails the warrior
and family they will eventually
get tired over it and just accept it
➢ Aetas or Negritos
- they dug a deep square pit and
placed the body in it
- then, they will leave the head or
crown upright unburied, and they
will put half of a coconut shell to
act as a shield
Divination and Magic Charms
Divination - seeking knowledge of the future or
the unknown by supernatural means
- myths, omens, etc.
Pangatauhan or Soothsayers - one who
predicts the future, using magic, intuition or
intelligence, to tell people's fortune
- existence of aswang, mangkukulam,
maggagaway, tiyanak, tikbalang
Amulets and Charms
- anting-anting, gayuma, odom or
tagabulag, tagahupa
Language and System of Writing
Major Languages (originated from
Malaro-Polenision Language):
- Tagalog
- Ilocano
- Pangasinan
- Pangpangan (Kapampangan)
- Sugbuhanon
- Hiligaynon
- Magindanaw
- Samarnon
Syllabary or Baybayin
- system of writing
- alphabet that consist of 17 syllables. 3
vowels and 14 consonants
Entertainment
➢ Literature
● Songs and Chants - used in
witchcraft and enhancement
that teaches lesson about life
● Salawikain - reflects the hidden
meaning through the good lines
that provides good values
● Bugtong or Riddle - question or
statement that is typically
presented as a game
➢ Drama
● most of the drama in pre-colonial
are held in sambahan or places
of worship
● dealt with various subjects
including love, war, legends, the
memory of the deceased and
war heroes
➢ Music and Dance
● instruments: Kudyapi, Bansic,
Gangsa, Gongs, Bamboo Flute,
Kutibeng, Kalaleng, and Didiw-as
● native dances: Torture Dance,
Duel Dance, Lovers Dance,
Bahog-Bahog, Talip, Kinotan,
Tinikling
➢ Arts
● carvings
● jewelry
● tattoos
Religious Beliefs
There were no temples or churches back in the
day, however ceremonies and Pandots were
conducted in the house of Datu which they
called Simbahan which means "a place of
adoration".
Nagaanitos - term for the worship of our
ancestors
Idols - objects or images, such as statues, that
are worshiped as the representations of deities
or gods
➔ Bathala
- supreme being
- signifies "all powerful" or "maker of
all things"
➔ Sidapa - Visayan Sky god of death who
reaps the kalag (souls) of the dead to
give to Magwayen who brings them to
Sulad or Saad
➔ Diyan Masalanta
- goddess of love, conception and
childbirth and the protector of
lovers
- daughter of Anagolay and
Dumakulem and youngest of all
the deities
Reasons For Offering Sacrifices
● recovery of a sick person
● the prosperous voyage of those
embarking on the sea
● a good harvest in the sowed lands
● a propitious result in wars
● a successful delivery in childbirth
● a happy outcome in married life
Kartilya ng Katipunan
KKK or Kataas-taasang Kagalanggalangang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
 - most important organization formed in
the Philippines and led by Andres
Bonifacio to oppose Spanish rule and
unite the Filipino nation
- a secret society created on July 7, 1892
at the Azcarraga Street (now called
Claro M. Recto), in Tondo Manila
- founding members who performed the
solemn rite of Sanduguan or Blood
Compact:
➔ Andres Bonifacio
➔ Teodoro Plata (brother-in-law of
Andy Bonifacio)
➔ Ladislao Diwa
➔ Valentin Diaz
➔ Deodato Arellano
- only to envision:
● a united Filipino nation that
would revolt against Spaniards
for
● the total independence of the
country from Spain
Emilio Jacinto
- was only 19 when he joined the
Katipunan
- known as the brains of the Katipunan
when it comes to military matters
- his book entitled Kartilya was the one
used by the Katipuneros as their guide
in fighting the Spanish colonizers. It
contained the constitution and by-laws
of the Katipunan
Kartilya ng Katipunan
Bonifacio made a list of duties and
responsibilities to be followed strictly by every
member of the Katipunan. He named the
book Decalogue, in which the contents are all
based on his passionate beliefs. However, he
realized that Emilio Jacinto’s Kartilya ng
Katipunan (written in 1896) was much better
than the book he wrote. He recognized the
value and intellect of Jacinto and willingly
favored that the Kartilya be distributed to their
fellow katipuneros. It is then considered as the
most important Katipunan document.
The Katipuneros are required to adhere to the
code of conducts written in the book of
Jacinto. Before it was named “Kartilya ng
Katipunan”, it is known as “Manga aral nang
Katipunan ng mga A.N.B. (Anak ng Bayan)” or
“Lessons of the Organization of the Sons of
Country”.
The life that is not consecrated to a
lofty and reasonable purpose is a tree
1.
without a shade, if not a poisonous
weed.
To do good for personal gain and not
2.
for its own sake is not virtue.
It is rational to be charitable and love
one’s fellow creature, and to adjust
3.
one’s conduct, acts and words to
what is in itself reasonable.
Whether our skin be black or white, we
are all born equal: superiority in
4. knowledge, wealth and beauty are to
be understood, but not superiority by
nature.
The honorable man prefers honor to
5. personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to
honor.
To the honorable man, his word is
6.
sacred.
Do not waste thy time: wealth can be
7.
recovered but not time lost.
Defend the oppressed and fight the
8.
oppressor before the law or in the field.
The prudent man is sparing in words
9.
and faithful in keeping secrets.
On the thorny path of life, man is the
guide of women and the children, and
10. if the guide leads to the precipice,
those whom he guides will also go
there.
Thou must not look upon woman as a
11. mere plaything, but as a faithful
companion who will share with thee
 - one of the 18 men who returned to
the penalties of life; her (physical)
Spain in 1522
weakness will increase thy interest in
her and she will remind thee of the
Ferdinand Magellan
mother who bore thee and reared
- first person to circumnavigate around
thee.
the world
What thou dost not desire done unto - Portuguese explorer who set out from
thy wife, children, brothers and sisters, Spain in 1519 with a fleet of five ships to
12.
that do not unto the wife, children, discover a western sea route to the
brothers and sisters of thy neighbor. Spice Islands

Man is not worth more because he is a Five Ships (provided by King Charles V)
king, because his nose is aquiline, and ➔ Victoria
his color white, not because he is a - only ship that was able to return
priest, a servant of God, nor because to Spain in 1522
of the high prerogative that he enjoys - first ship to successfully
upon earth, but he is worth most who is circumnavigate around the
13. a man of proven and real value, who world
does good, keeps his words, is worthy ➔ Trinidad
and honest; he who does not oppress ➔ Concepcion
nor consent to being oppressed, he ➔ Santiago
who loves and cherishes his fatherland, ➔ San Antonio
though he be born in the wilderness
and know no tongue but his own.

When these rules of conduct shall be

known to all, the longed-for sun of
Liberty shall rise brilliant over this most
unhappy portion of the globe and its
rays shall diffuse everlasting joy among
the confederated brethren of the
same rays, the lives of those who have
14.
gone before, the fatigues and the
well-paid sufferings will remain. If he
who desires to enter (the Katipunan) Enrique
has informed himself of all this and - from Sumatra (present day Indonesia)
believes he will be able to perform and slave of Magellan
what will be his duties, he may fill out - translator
the application for admission.
March 15, 1521 - Philippine island was sighted

The First Voyage Around The World Homonhon - island where Magellan first landed
with the remaining 150 members of his fleet
Antonio Pigafetta
- Venetian scholar and explorer Lapu-Lapu
- joined the expedition to Spice Island led - first Filipino hero
by Ferdinand Magellan under the flag - first native to resist imperial Spanish
of King Charles I of Spain colonization
- served as Magellan’s assistant and kept - Battle of Mactan
an accurate journal which assisted him
in translating Cebuano language
 Declaration of Philippine Felipe performed his compositions for the
Independence president and his lieutenants on June 11 while
seated in front of a piano in the Aguinaldo
living room. The song was immediately called,
June 12, 1898
“the Marcha Nacional Filipina'' after Felipe,
- Official Independence Day of the
who had originally dubbed it the Marcha
Philippines
Filipina Magdalo (it was after Aguinaldo's given
- independence from Spain
name and his Katipunan faction).
- General Emilio Aguinaldo first waved
the flag on the balcony of his house in
Jose Palma
Kawit, Cavite when he declared our
- Filipino poet and soldier
independence
- wrote the lyrics
- Marcha Nacional Filipina was first heard

Lupang Hinirang
July 4, 1946
Bayang magiliw,
- Philippine Republic Day
Perlas ng silanganan,
- Philippine officially became a state with
Alab ng puso
its own:
Sa dibdib mo'y buhay.
➔ government administration
➔ territory
Lupang hinirang,
➔ citizens
Duyan ka ng magiting,
➔ sovereignty
Sa manlulupig
- USA formally recognized our
Di ka pasisiil.
independence and withdrew its
sovereignty over the country
Sa dagat at bundok,
Sa simoy at sa langit mong bughaw,
June 12, 1962
May dilag ang tula
- the day of freedom was changed from
At awit sa paglayang minamahal.
July 4 to June 12 by Diosdado
Macapagal through Proclamation No.
Ang kislap ng watawat mo'y
28, s. 1962 to commemorate Emilio
Tagumpay na nagniningning;
Aguinaldo’s proclamation of Philippine
Ang bituin at araw niya,
independence from Spain on the same
Kailan pa ma'y di magdidilim.
date in 1898

Lupa ng araw, ng luwalhati't pagsinta,

Republic Act No. 4166 (1964) - states an act of
Buhay ay langit sa piling mo;
changing the date of Philippine
Aming ligaya na 'pag may mang-aapi,
Independence day from July 4 to June 12 and
Ang mamatay nang dahil sa 'yo.
declaring July 4 as the Philippine Republic Day
and June 12 as our official Independence Day
Aguinaldo formalized the documents, “Acta
de la Proclamation de la Independencia del
Philippine National Anthem
Pueblo Filipino” (Act of the proclamation of
- first played by the band of San
Independence of the Filipino People), for the
Francisco de Malabon (which was now
proclamation of Philippine independence,
Heneral Trias)
which was also read by Ambrosio Rianzares
Bautista, its respective author. This document
June 5, 1898 - Aguinaldo hired Cavite pianist
was 21 pages long and signed by 98 Filipinos.
and composer, Julian Felipe, to create a
march for the revolutionaries
 Philippine Flag
- first thought by General Emilio
Aguinaldo (Father of our National Flag)
- sewn by Doña Marcela Marino de
Agoncillo, her daughter Lorenza and
Mrs. Delfina Herbosa de Natividad,
niece of Dr. Jose Rizal in Hongkong
where this revolutionary movement
started
➢ colors of blue, red, and white are about
commemorating the flag of the United
States of North America, as a
manifestation of our profound gratitude
towards this Great Nation for its
disinterested protection which lent us
and continues lending us

➢ triangle of Masonry and the white

triangle signifies the distinctive emblem
of the famous Society of the Katipunan,
which by means of its blood-compact
inspired the masses to rise in revolution

➢ the sun representing the gigantic steps

made by the sons of the country along
the path of Progress and Civilization

➢ the eight rays represent the first 8

provinces, which is Manila, Cavite,
Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija,
Bataan, Laguna and Batangas - which
declared themselves in a state of war as
soon as the first revolted initiated and
were put under martial law by the
Spaniards during the start of the
Philippine Revolution in 1896

➢ the three stars, signifying the three

principal islands of this Archipelago -
Luzon, Mindanao and Panay (Visayas)