Meaning and Relevance of History, - Philippine history is in and very of

Sources of Historical Data and itself very interesting

Historical Criticisms
History allows us to see beyond
textbooks and see the past through
new lenses
Historia
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- Greek Word
The Limitation of Historical
- Learning by inquiry
Knowledge
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External Criticism
- The whole history of the past
It refers to historical criticism which
(history-as-actuality) can be known
determines the authenticity of the
to historians only through the
source
surviving record of it
(history-as-record)
History
- is referred usually for accounts of
- The history-as-recorded is only the
phenomena especially human
surviving part of the recorded part,
affairs in chronological orders
of the remembered part, of the
observed past of the whole.
Theories Constructed by Historians in
Investigating History:
- History is a subjective process of
re-creation of historians. He restores
A. Factual History
the total past of mankind in terms
B. Speculative History
of his own experience.

“Geschichte”
---------- AIM OF HISTORIAN ----------
- The German word for History-
- Derived from “geschehen”
“Verisimilitude” - Latin-
-meaning “happen”
“Verisimilis”
- Geschichte is that which has
- Like the truth
happened.
- Very = “True”
- Similis = “Like“
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Why Study History?
How is history written?
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- The past aids an individual in

Historical Method and Histography
understanding who he is.
- The past aids a nation understand
HISTORICAL METHOD
its realities
- The process of critically examining
● Dia Del Galion Trade
and analyzing the records and
- Import and export
survivals of the past.
HISTOGRAPHY
- The imaginative reconstruction of
the past
- The writing of history
Historians must be sure that his
records really come from the past
and are in fact what they seem to
be and that his imagination is
directed toward re-creation, not
creation.
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Steps of Historical Analysis:
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1. The selection of the subject of
analysis
2. Collection of probable sources of
information of the subject
3. The examination of those sources
for genuineness (either in full or
part)
4. The extraction of credible
particulars from sources proved
genuine.
Sources In History
- A source by definition is one
that provides information
- Without it, reconstruction of
the past is impossible
*Hence without data, were just
another person with an opinion
*Facts and data constitute the heart
of every historical writing
DIVISIONS OF SOURCES IN HISTORY
1. Primary Sources
2. Secondary Sources
PRIMARY SOURCES
- Testimonies of eyewitnesses or
participants.
- Artifacts or Objects are also
considered as such.
- Present during an experience or
time period under study.
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Types of Primary Sources
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1. Original Documents
- Those capturing exact words
or accounts of people,
events, places, or times.
* Samples: Diaries, speeches,
manuscripts, letters, interviews, film
footage, autobiography, official
records
2. Creative Works * These removes students from
- Usually different forms of art, interpreting the primary source and
such as poetry, music, and exposes them to the author’s
paintings interpretation, opinions, and
*Even drama and novels are analysis
considered as creative works ------------------------------------------------
Examples of Secondary Sources
3. Relics or Artifacts ------------------------------------------------
- These are pieces of physical 1. History Textbooks
evidence that give historians 2. Journal Articles interpreting
some insight into the past previous research
* Example: Pottery, Furniture, 3. Criticisms
Clothing, and Buildings 4. Commentaries
5. Annotations
TAKE NOTE: Primary sources can be 6. Encyclopedia
classified into more than one of
each category Both sources are equally important
for the student of history
- Historians and students of History
would like to work on primary
Primary Source Secondary
sources in order to comprehend the Source
past on its own terms.
Account on Aid in situating
- This gives the students the how historical the context
opportunity to create an analysis event
and interpret the past from what unraveled
they have read, saw, and heard.

Directly Acquiring
SECONDARY SOURCES interpret the background
source knowledge on
- Already interpreted and analyzed a historical
data from primary sources. event
- May include graphics, quotes, and
images from primary sources.
- Often removed from the event in * Students will have an opportunity
question since it was not made to interpret a source based on their
first-hand by someone who own understanding. There will be
participated in the event. no right or wrong interpretation
only valid to invalid which is based
* Secondary sources generally offer on how close the facts that the
a different perspective compared interpretation was done.
with primary sources.
 ➢ Anachronism or
Historical Criticism
inconsistencies in reference
to the events
- Used to determine the merit ➢ Provenance or origin of
of the course. the document
- Not all sources should be ➢ Semantics (meaning of the
taken as it is. words)
* Rather, the student of history must ➢ Hermeneutics, clearness in
carefully examine and evaluate meaning or ambiguity
them.

- In order for it to be used as 2. Internal Criticism/evaluation

evidence in history, basic matters - Deals with the source’s
about its form and content must be CREDIBILITY and the
settled. TRUSTWORTHINESS of the
contents of the source
------------------------------------------------ - Tackles the source’s credibility
Evaluations of Historical Criticism by identifying the author in
------------------------------------------------ order to determine:
1. External Criticism/evaluation ➢His Reliability
- Deals with the source’s ➢Mental Processes
AUTHENTICITY and the ➢Personal Attitudes
GENUINENESS of the source
■ Moreover, his ability and
- Revolves around the source’s
willingness, to tell the truth,
authenticity, this means that
should be considered.
through this type of
criticism/evaluation the ➢Nearness to the event
students will be able to
determine if the source is ➢Competence of witness
FORGED, FAKED, FABRICATED,
HOAX, or MISINTERPRETATION. ➢Degree of attention

➢Conscious or unconscious
- Students will be determining
telling of a falsehood
the FACTORS:
■ Corroboration of historical
➢ Determine the date facts such as the independent
➢ Determine the author’s testimonies of two or more
handwriting, signature, or reliable witnesses or sources.
seal
➢ Anachronism or
inconsistencies in writing style
(use of grammar, idioms,
punctuations, autography)
 Students of history must not take a
source as it is, much like in the
contemporary time, one must
analyze, examine, and evaluate
information before subscribing to its
idea. In doing so, the student in
history will develop critical thinking
and analytical skills which will
eventually aid them in the
assessment of sources in
reconstructing the history of the
Filipino people.