UNIDAD 1 - STARTING FROM THE

BEGINNING
DOWNLOADABLE HANDOUT:
GENDER, NUMBER, DEMONSTRATIVES...
1. GENDER: MASCULINE, FEMININE, NEUTRAL

In English there are three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. In spite of this triple
distinction, nouns are accompanied by the same articles, regardless of their gender, so it is
really quite simple to use them in comparison with Spanish.

In English almost all tie nouns that refer to PEOPLE have the same form for the masculine
and the feminine: doctor; driver; cook; teacher; student; secretary…

There are some others that distinguish between masculine and feminine:
waiter-waitress, prince-princess, actor-actress, uncle-aunt, nephew-niece, husband-wife,
brother-sister, son-daughter.

2. NUMBER: SINGULAR OR PLURAL

Almost every noun in English adds an -S to form the plural:

book-books; train-trains; student-students; table-tables; dog-dogs.

However, there are some exceptions that break that break this rule:

Ending in Ending in Ending in Ending in

CH, S, SS, SH, X O -F, -FE consonant +y

Match-matches
Leaf-leaves
Bus-buses Potato-potatoes Baby-babies
Wife-wives
Watch-watches Tomato-tomatoes Country-countries
Knife-knives
Box-boxes Hero-heroes Library-libraries
Thief-thieves
Eyelash-eyelashes

IRREGULAR PLURALS

man-men; child-children; woman-women; foot-feet; person-people; tooth-teeth; fish-fish;

sheep-sheep; deer-deer; mouse-mice

3. COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

In English, nouns can be countable or uncountable. The most important difference between
them is that countable nouns can be singular or plural and uncountable nouns can only be
singular.

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 Countable nouns Uncountable nouns

tree, book, student, chair, cat, man, television, milk, money, water, oil, bread, weather,
street, bedroom, tables butter, advice, information

Uncountable nouns can be made countable with the following expressions:

a piece of, a packet of, a glass of, a bottle of, etc.

Some words ending in –s are not plural, they are SINGULAR words:
news, physics, athletics, mathematics…

Some words that are countable nouns in Spanish are uncountable in English:
news, furniture, advice…

And other words are just used in plural:

clothes, scissors, glasses, spectacles, pyjamas, trousers…

4. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES

Near Far

Singular This That

Plural These Those

5. QUANTIFIERS

In English, there are different ways to express quantity.

Countable Uncountable

SOME SOME
Affirmative
I have some friends in Paris. There is some water in the bottle.

ANY ANY
Negative
They don’t have any friends in Rome. She doesn’t have any money.

ANY ANY
Interrogative
Have you got any books in your house? Is there any coffee in the coffee pot?

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SOME- / ANY- COMPOUNDS

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

Person SOMEONE / SOMEBODY ANYONE / ANYBODY ANYONE / ANYBODY

Thing SOMETHING ANYTHING ANYTHING

Place SOMEWHERE ANYWHERE ANYWHERE

A LOT OF / MANY / MUCH / (A) FEW / (A) LITTLE

Countable Uncountable

A LOT OF / (A) FEW A LOT OF / (A) LITTLE

They visit a lot of places. She has a lot of money
Affirmative
I have a few friends (unos pocos). I need a little help (un poco).
I have few friends (pocos). I need little help (poca).

MANY MUCH
Negative
She doesn’t study many things. I haven’t got much money.

MANY MUCH
Interrogative
How many apples did you buy? How much water is there in the ocean?

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DOWNLOADABLE HANDOUT:
ARTICLES, PRONOUNS, PREPOSITIONS
1. ARTICLES

1.1 INDEFINITE ARTICLE: A / AN

We use A when the following word starts with a consonant sound: a book, a car.

We use AN when the following word starts with a vowel sound: an orange, an egg.

USE:
• When the noun is mentioned for the first time: We bought a car last month.
• With professions: My mother is a doctor.
• In exclamations with WHAT: What an interesting book!
• Before number expressions: a hundred, a thousand, a million, etc.

• With adverbial phrases of frequency and quantity: once a week, twice a month, an hour.

1.2 DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE

The is used with nouns in the singular and plural forms, masculine and feminine.

USE:

• Before nouns that refer to specific things: The history teacher is making a speech in the
hall.

• Before unique nouns or geographical nouns: The sun rises in the east.

• When we mention a noun twice: We bought a car last month. The car is very
comfortable.

• Nouns that refer to public places where a specific activity takes place: the theatre, the
bank, the post office, etc.

• With musical instruments: the piano, the guitar.

• When it is followed by an adjective, to refer to a group of people: the young, the poor,
the unemployed.

• Before nationalities referred to these people in general: the Japanese, the Spanish, the Irish.

• Before a superlative form: the richest, the most intelligent.

• With some countries: the United States, the Netherlands.

• With plural nouns when we are specifying a group: I love the neighbour’s children.

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 1.3 OMISSION OF A / AN AND THE
• When we talk in general: I don’t like snakes.
• Before uncountable nouns when we talk in general: I like coffee with milk and sugar.

• Before abstract nouns used in a general sense: Humans should live in peace.

• Before the different meals: breakfast, lunch, tea, dinner, supper: We usually have
breakfast at 9.

• Before sport names: We play basketball on Fridays.

• Before parts of the body or clothes, substituted by the possessive adjectives: Brush
your teeth before going to bed.
• Before languages: Chinese is more difficult than English.

• Before titles: Mrs Steele, Dr Susan Richardson.

• Before the following words: bed, church, hospital, school, college, university when we
refer to the function they were created for: He went to bed because he felt exhausted.
• Before expressions with numbers or letter: I live in 64 Madison Avenue.

• With expressions that include cardinal points: South America, North Africa.

2. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS

Adjective + Noun Pronoun

My Mine

Your Yours

His His

Her Hers

Its Its

Our Ours

Your Yours

Their Theirs

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3. PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Singular 1st person 2nd person 3rd person

Subject I You He, she, it

Object Me You Him, her, it

Plural 1st person 2nd person 3rd person

Subject We You They

Object Us You Them

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

I You He She It We You They

Myself Yourself Himself Herself Itself Ourselves Yourselves Themselves

4. PREPOSITIONS

TIME

At In On

Years: in 2010
The time:
Months: in April
At seven o’clock Days of the week:
Seasons: in summer
At the weekend on Monday
At night
The different parts of the day, except for night:
At midnight Dates:
In the morning
At Christmas on 25th July
In the afternoon
At Easter
In the evening

PLACE

On Encima, en

In Dentro de, en

Inside - Outside Dentro de - Fuera de

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 Above - Over Por encima de - Sobre
Below - Under Por debajo de - Debajo

Between Entre (Elementos individuales)

Among Entre (Elementos que componen un todo indistinguible)

Next to - By - Beside A lado de, pegado a

Near Cerca de

In front of Delante de
Opposite Enfrente de

To A + Lugar

Towards Hacia

From Desde

In - Into Movimiento de entrada a un lugar

Out of Movimiento de salida

Along A lo largo de + lugar

Across A través de

Through A través de

Up - Down Arriba - Abajo

Around - Round - All over Por - Alrededor - Por todo

ADJECTIVES WITH PREPOSITIONS

Afraid
Scared
Fond
Proud OF
Tired
Aware
Conscious

Bad
Good
Surprised AT
Amused
Shocked

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 Friendly
Close
Similar
TO
Married
Kind
Generous

Angry
Annoyed
Disappointed WITH
Satisfied
Busy

Anxious
Excited
Worried
Sorry ABOUT
Wrong
Happy
Concerned

Early
Late
Ready
FOR
Famous
Sorry
Responsible

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DOWNLOADABLE HANDOUT:
ADJECTIVES
1. ADJECTIVES

The order of adjectives is different from Spanish: adjectives always go before nouns: An
expensive car; two beautiful girls; the enormous castle.

Additionally, when multiple adjectives are used to describe a noun, they must follow this
order:

Personal opinion-size-shape-age-colour-origin-material-purpose:

a beautiful, big, round, old, red, German, wood, work table

2. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS

COMPARATIVE

-2 syllables +2 syllables Irregular

Hot – hotter than Good – better than

Intelligent – more intelligent than
Crazy – crazier than Bad – worse than
Beautiful – more beautiful than
Big – bigger than Far – farther / further than

SUPERLATIVE

-2 syllables +2 syllables Irregular

Hot – the hottest Good – the best

Intelligent – the most intelligent
Crazy – the craziest Bad – the worst
Beautiful – the most beautiful
Big – the biggest Far – the farthest / furthest

Adjectives are sometimes followed by a verb in the infinitive form (adjective + TO + infinitive):

It is interesting to learn English.

It was difficult to understand his accent.

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DOWNLOADABLE HANDOUT:
ADVERBS
1. ADVERBS

In English there are different types of adverbs: manner, time, place and frequency. We can
put adverbs at the front, in the middle or at the end of a sentence.

This does not apply to frequency adverbs, though, as they are placed before the main verb or
after verb to be.

To form MANNER adverbs, you should add -LY to the adjective:

true – truly; safe – safely; happy – happily; bad – badly

FREQUENCY adverbs go after the verb if it is the verb TO BE or before the verb with the rest
of verbs:

I am always happy.

She never studies at home.

2. YET, ALREADY, STILL

These adverbs are used in different types of sentences:

Negative:
YET
I haven’t brushed my teeth yet.
At the end of the sentence.
Interrogative:
Usually with perfect tenses.
Have you brushed your teeth yet?

ALREADY
Affirmative:
Between have / has + past participle. She has already made a cake.
Usually with perfect tenses.

STILL
Take your umbrella. It is still raining.
After the verb To Be.
Before the rest of the verb. I still haven’t cleaned the house.

Usually before the main verb, but after He is still here. He can still play.
the verb to be and modal verbs like can.

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DOWNLOADABLE HANDOUT:
ADVERBS
1. ADVERBS

In English there are different types of adverbs: manner, time, place and frequency. We can
put adverbs at the front, in the middle or at the end of a sentence.

This does not apply to frequency adverbs, though, as they are placed before the main verb or
after verb to be.

To form MANNER adverbs, you should add -LY to the adjective:

true – truly; safe – safely; happy – happily; bad – badly

FREQUENCY adverbs go after the verb if it is the verb TO BE or before the verb with the rest
of verbs:

I am always happy.

She never studies at home.

2. YET, ALREADY, STILL

These adverbs are used in different types of sentences:

Negative:
YET
I haven’t brushed my teeth yet.
At the end of the sentence.
Interrogative:
Usually with perfect tenses.
Have you brushed your teeth yet?

ALREADY
Affirmative:
Between have / has + past participle. She has already made a cake.
Usually with perfect tenses.

STILL
Take your umbrella. It is still raining.
After the verb To Be.
Before the rest of the verb. I still haven’t cleaned the house.

Usually before the main verb, but after He is still here. He can still play.
the verb to be and modal verbs like can.

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IRREGULAR VERBS
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

be was / were been

beat beat beaten

become became become

begin began begun

bite bit bitten

blow blew blown

break broke broken

bring brought brought

build built built

buy bought bought

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

come came come

cost cost cost

cut cut cut

do did done

draw drew drawn

drink drank drunk

drive drove driven

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found found

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IRREGULAR VERBS
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

fly flew flown

forget forgot forgotten

forgive forgave forgiven

freeze froze frozen

get got got

give gave given

go went gone

grow grew grown

have had had

hear heard heard

hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

keep kept kept

know knew known

lead led led

learn learnt learnt

leave left left

let let let

lie lay lain

lose lost lost

make made made

mean meant meant

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Unidad didáctica 2 - Facing verbal tenses

DOWNLOADABLE HANDOUT:
PRESENT SIMPLE - PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1. PRESENT SIMPLE

The Present Simple tense is used in the following situations:

• When we talk about general things or actions:

Drinking water is necessary for life.
• When we talk about universal truths:
Water freezes at -20ºC.
• When we talk about routines, habitual actions:
They play football every Monday.
• When we talk about future actions with a fixed time:
My train leaves at 5.

There are some elements that may help you identify when you have to use this tense. Here is
a summary:

◦◦ Frequency adverbs (always, usually, sometimes, hardly ever, never).

◦◦ Every day / week / month / year.
◦◦ On + day of the week.
To form the Present tense in English, we must distinguish between the verb TO BE and the
rest of the verbs.

VERB TO BE

Affirmative Short answers

I am Yes, I am - No, I’m not

He / She / It is Yes, He / She / It is – No, He / She / It isn’t
We / You / They are Yes, We / You / They are – No, We / You / They aren’t

Negative Short answers

I’m not (am not) No, I’m not

He / She / It isn’t (is not) No, He / She / It isn’t
We / You / They aren’t (are not) No, We / You / They aren’t

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 Interrogative

Am I?
Is He / She / It?
Are You / We / They?
Unidad didáctica 2 - Facing verbal tenses
OTHER VERBS

Affirmative Short answers

I / You / We / They play – go – pass Yes, I / You / We / They do

He / She / It plays – goes – passes Yes, He / She / It does

Negative Short answers

I / You / We / They don’t (do not) play – go – pass No, I / You / We / They don’t (do not)
He / She / It doesn’t (does not) play – go – pass No, He / She / It doesn’t (does not)

Interrogative

Do I / You / We / They play – go – pass?

Does He / She / It play – go – pass?

Verbs in the 3rd person singular use the following rules to make the Present tense. When the
verbs end in:

Ending in –CH, –S, –SS, Ending in

Ending in –O
–SH, –X consonant + y

Fly-flies
Pass-passes Cry-cries
Wash-washes Go-goes *Ending in vowel + y, follow
Watch-watches Do-does the general rule
Fix-fixes Say-says
Play-plays

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS

The Present Continuous is used to express different meanings:

• When we talk about an action that is happening now:

She is cooking a cake at the moment.
• When we talk about a future action that is confirmed and with the presence of a time
adverb:
They are flying to Milan tomorrow at 7.

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 • When we talk about a habitual action that is irritating for the speaker:
She is always talking about her richness.

There are some elements that may help you identify when you have to use this tense. Here is
a summary:

◦◦ Now, right now, at the moment, at this moment

◦◦ Listen!
◦◦ Look!

FORM

Affirmative Negative

I am + ING form of the main verb I am not + ING form of the main verb
He / She / It is + ING form of the main verb He / She / It is + ING form of the main verb
We / You / They are + ING form of the main verb We / You / They are + ING form of the main verb

Interrogative

Am I + ING form of the main verb?

Is he / she / it + ING form of the main verb?
Are we / you / they + ING form of the main verb?

To make the ING form, there are some rules you need to follow:

Monosyllabic
verbs (vowel +
consonant) and
Verbs Verbs Verbs
verbs ending
General rule ending ending in ending in
in consonant
in –e –ie –y
+ vowel +
consonant with
stress

Swim-swimming
Listen-listening Dance-dancing Play-playing
Put-putting Die-dving
Read-reading Write-writing Try-trying
Stop-stopping Lie-lying
Speak-speaking Live-living Pay-paying
Travel-travelling

Generally speaking, the present continuous tense IS NOT USED with the following verbs:
KNOW – LIKE – WANT – HATE – LOVE – NEED – BELONG – MEAN – UNDERSTAND –
REMEMBER – PREFER

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DOWNLOADABLE HANDOUT:
PAST SIMPLE - PAST PERFECT - PAST CONTINUOUS
1. PAST SIMPLE
The Past Simple is used in the following situations:

• To talk about past actions that took place in a particular point of the past.
• To talk about a sequence of facts or actions that took place in the past.
• After some expressions such as: it’s time, so, almost, etc.

There are some clues and time expressions that can help us identify and use the Past
Simple.

◦◦ Yesterday
◦◦ Last night / week / month / year
◦◦ The previous week / month / year
◦◦ Ago (I arrived home five minutes ago)
◦◦ In + year (in 2010, in 1492)
In English a distinction must be made between two verb classes in order to conjugate their
Past Simple form: regular and irregular verbs.

REGULAR PAST VERBS

To conjugate regular verbs in the Past Simple, we add –ed to the root of the verb for all
grammatical persons:
DANCE – DANCED JUMP – JUMPED
LISTEN – LISTENED PLAY – PLAYED
To form the Past Simple of regular verbs, there are some rules we have to follow:

Monosyllabic verbs Consonant + vowel

Ending in
Ending in –e (consonant+vowel+ + consonant with
consonant + y
consonant) stress

Occupy- occupied
Stop- stopped Study- studied
Live-lived Admit- admitted
Rob- robbed *Vowel + y
Change- changed Prefer- preferred
Hug- hugged Play-played
Enjoy- enjoyed

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IRREGULAR PAST VERBS

These verbs do not follow a general pattern to form the Past Simple, therefore, they must
be learned by heart. In most textbooks, dictionaries, and also on the Internet, you may find
a list of the most frequently used irregular verbs in English. These lists are usually divided
into three columns: one for the infinitive, one for the Past Simple form, and one for the Past
Participle, which is used to form perfect tenses.

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 PAST SIMPLE FORMS

Affirmative Negative

I played football yesterday I didn’t (did not) play football yesterday

We drove a beautiful car We didn’t (did not) drive a beautiful car

Interrogative

(Wh-questions) did you play football yesterday?

Yes, we did / No, we didn’t

(Wh-questions) did you drive a beautiful car?

Yes, we did / No, we didn’t

2. PAST PERFECT

The Past Perfect tense is the tense that expresses the most remote past in English. It is used
as follows:

• To talk about a past action that happened before another past action:
The school had closed when I arrived.
• With the adverb JUST to talk about an action that happened right before something else
happened:
When I went out, the rain had just stopped.
• With the adverb BY THE TIME to mark that the action was totally finished:
By the time my parents arrived home I had cleaned the whole house.
• With the expression IT WAS THE FIRST / SECOND TIME:
It was the second time I had flown.

PAST PERFECT: FORM

Affirmative Negative

I / you / he / she / it / we / they HAD + Past Participle I / you / he / she / it / we / they HAD NOT + Past
of main verb Participle of main verb
They had eaten in a restaurant You had not paid for the trip
He had come with us She had not been with me

Interrogative

(Wh- words) HAD + I / you / he / she / it / we / you /

they + Past Participle of main verb?
Where had you been with Peter?

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3. PAST CONTINUOUS

The Past Continuous is another way to express past actions but it differs from the Past
Simple in some uses. Thus, the Past Continuous is used to:

• Describe an action that started in the past and was in process in a specific moment in
the past:
At 9 o’clock I was studying literature.
• Describe an action interrupted by another action:
When he was reading the book, the phone rang.
• Describe two simultaneous actions:
My mum was watching TV while my father was cooking.

PAST CONTINUOUS: FORM

Affirmative Negative

I / He / She / It WAS NOT + ING form of the

I / He / She / It WAS + ING form of the main verb main verb

We / You / They WERE + ING form of the main verb We / You / They WERE NOT + ING form of the
main verb

Interrogative

(Wh- questions) WAS I / He / She / It + ING form of

the main verb?

(Wh- questions) WERE We / You / They + ING form

of the main verb?

Generally speaking, the present continuous tense IS NOT USED with the following verbs:
KNOW – LIKE – WANT – HATE – LOVE – NEED – BELONG – MEAN – UNDERSTAND –
REMEMBER – PREFER

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DOWNLOADABLE HANDOUT:
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE - PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

1. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

The Present Perfect tense is used to talk about actions in the past which are important at the
time of speaking:

• Actions that happened in the recent past without making reference to the moment when
it happened:
I’ve found a wallet in the street.
• With JUST for actions that have just happened:
We’ve just seen your brother.
• Experiences which started in the past and continue until the present:
I have lived in Madrid for three years.
• With the following expressions: it’s the first / second / third time.
• With time expressions that indicate a period that has not finished yet: today, this week,
this month, this year, this morning.

PAST PARTICIPLE: FORM

Affirmative Negative

I / You / We / They HAVE + Past participle I / You / We / They HAVE NOT + Past Participle
I have driven to the mountains You have not listened to the news

He / She / It HAS + Past Participle He / She / It HAS NOT + Past Participle

She has made a cake He has not spoken to you

Interrogative

(Wh- words) HAVE + I / You / We / They + Past Participle?

(Where) have you been today?

(Wh- words) HAS + He / She / It + Past Participle?

Who has she talked to?

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 Here are SOME OF THE CLUES that can help you identify the Present Perfect tense:

ALREADY / YET

Already is commonly used in the affirmative, between the verbs to have and the past
participle, to indicate that an event took place before it was expected to:

I have already eaten lunch, even though it’s just 12:25.

Yet, on the other hand, is used, generally, in negative sentences and questions, placing it
at the very end of the sentence. In these cases it is employed to indicate that an action that
was expected to have taken place has not, or to ask whether that situation expected to have
happened has happened:

Have you started studying for your exam yet?

No, I haven’t started yet.

FOR / SINCE

• FOR + period of time

She has lived in Spain for ten years.
They have waited for a long time.

• SINCE + point in time

We have not been to the cinema since 2013.
You have not phoned me since August.

2. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

The Present Perfect Continuous focuses more on the action than on the result. The following
are some of its uses:

• For an action that started in the past but still continues in the present, focusing on the
duration:
I’ve been working in this factory since 1995.
• For an action that started in the past and may have finished recently, focusing on the
duration:
The children have been reading all morning.
• For past actions that have just finished and have clear effects or consequences in the
present:
What’s that smell? Have you been frying fish?

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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: FORM

Affirmative Negative

I / You / We / They HAVE BEEN + ING form of I / You / We / They HAVE NOT BEEN + ING form
the main verb of the main verb
They have been working since 9. We have not been talking for hours.

He / She / It HAS BEEN + ING form of the main He / She / It HAS NOT BEEN + ING form of the
verb main verb
She has been living in this flat for 20 years. He has not been dancing all night.

Interrogative

(Wh- words) HAVE + I / You / We / They BEEN +ING form of

the main verb?
(Where) have they been studying?

(Wh- words) HAS + He / She/ It BEEN + ING form of the

main verb?
What has she been doing?

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DOWNLOADABLE HANDOUT:
FUTURE TENSES
1. FUTURE TENSES

1. The Simple Future is used to:

• Express future predictions based on facts or ideas:

It will be windy tomorrow.
• Making promises:
I will love you forever.
• Make a decision while we are talking:
I will have an ice cream for dessert.
• Ask for something (requests):
Will you help me with my bags, please?
• Offer to do something for someone else:
She will carry the suitcase if you like.

2. The Present Continuous is used for future plans which are confirmed:

The President is opening the museum at 6.

I am playing tennis with Paul tomorrow afternoon.

3. The future with Be Going To is used:

• When we express intentions:

I am going to eat less to try to lose weight.
• When we talk about future plans:
They are going to build a new bridge in autumn.
• When we make future predictions from evident facts:
It is very hot today. We are going to sweat a lot.

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4. The Future Continuous is used for:

• Actions which will be in process at a particular time in the future:

At this time next week we will be sleeping in our new house.

5. The Future Perfect is just used for actions that will be finished in a particular moment in
the future:

We will have finished the project by the end of next week.

FUTURE: FORM

Future simple Present continuous

I / You / He / She / It / We / They WILL +

infinitive of the main verb I AM (not) + ING form of the main verb

I / You / He / She / It / We / They WILL NOT We / You / They ARE (not) + ING form of
(WON’T) + infinitive of the main verb the main verb

(Wh- words) WILL + I / You / He / She / It / We / He / She / It IS (not) + ING form of the main verb
They + infinitive of the main verb?

Be going to Future continuous

I AM (not) GOING TO + infinitive of

the main verb

We / You / They ARE (not) GOING TO + I / You / He / She / It / We / They WILL BE +

infinitive of the main verb ING form of the main verb

He / She / It IS (not) GOING TO + infinitive of

the main verb

Future perfect

I / You / He / She / It / We / They WILL HAVE +

past participle of the main verb

Some of the clues that will hint the use of Future tenses are:

Next week / month / year

The following week
This time next week / month / year
By the time

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IRREGULAR VERBS
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

be was / were been

beat beat beaten

become became become

begin began begun

bite bit bitten

blow blew blown

break broke broken

bring brought brought

build built built

buy bought bought

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

come came come

cost cost cost

cut cut cut

do did done

draw drew drawn

drink drank drunk

drive drove driven

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found found

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IRREGULAR VERBS
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

fly flew flown

forget forgot forgotten

forgive forgave forgiven

freeze froze frozen

get got got

give gave given

go went gone

grow grew grown

have had had

hear heard heard

hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

keep kept kept

know knew known

lead led led

learn learnt learnt

leave left left

let let let

lie lay lain

lose lost lost

make made made

mean meant meant

2
Unidad 3 - Beyond grammar structures

DOWNLOADABLE HANDOUT:
MODAL VERBS
Modal verbs in English are used to express ability, possibility or ask for or grant permission.
They present a series of characteristics that differentiate them from most other verbs:

They do not have infinitive, gerund, and participle forms.

All the pronouns use the same modal verb.

They appear before the main verb in affirmative and negative sentences.

The main verb is a bare infinitive (without “to”).

In negative sentences, NOT goes after the modal verb.

1. MODAL VERBS

Ability: She can swim very well.

To ask for and grant permission:

CAN Can I open the window?

Express deduction (in negative):

It can’t be raining.

Ability in the past.

COULD My father could drive at the age of twelve.

Suggestions: We could try the new Thai restaurant this evening.

To ask for permission in a polite manner: May I stay a bit longer?

To give permission: You may play now.

MAY
To express possibility:

We may visit our grandparents on Saturday.

To express a possibility that is perceived as more remote than that

expressed by “may”:
MIGHT
They might invite us to the party.

May and might are often used indistinctively though.

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 To express obligation:

You must go to school.

To express prohibition (in the negative form):

MUST
You mustn’t smoke in hospitals.

To express a deduction supported by evidence:

The ground is wet so it must have rained.

To express obligation:

You have to study Law if you want to be a lawyer.

HAVE TO
To express a lack of obligation (in the negative form):

You don’t have to wear a tie if don’t want to.

To express necessity:

Need we go now?
NEED
To express lack of obligation:

You needn’t come back tomorrow.

To give advice:

You should / ought to do more physical exercise.

SHOULD / OUGHT TO
To express moral obligation:

You should be more careful with your comments.

To make an offer:

Shall I open the window for you?

SHALL
To make suggestions:

Shall we go to the cinema tonigh?

To talk about the future:

In 2050 pollution will be a serious problem

WILL
To ask for something in a polite way:

Will you pass me the salt, please?

To make an offer:

Would you like some tea?

WOULD
To express routines in the past:

When I was a child my parents and I would go skiing every winter.

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 LACK OF
OBLIGATION PROHIBITION PERMISSION
OBLIGATION

MUST: the obligation

comes from the
speaker.
DON’T HAVE TO: You
You must drive MUSTN’T: You don’t have to come
carefully. mustn’t drink and on the field trip.
drive. It’soptional. MAY (more formal) /
HAVE TO: the
obligation is external CAN: You may / can
from the speaker (law, go now.
rules, religion, code of CAN’T: You can’t NEEDN’T: We needn’t
conduct, etc.) park here. make a break if you
don’t want to.
You have to wear a
seatbelt when you are
in a car.

3
DOWNLOADABLE HANDOUT:
PASSIVE VOICE
The passive voice is an inversion of the elements in a sentence. The result or receiver of the
action is considered to be more important than the agent (the subject), which is moved to a
secondary position or even omitted. To conjugate the passive voice we need the verb to be
in the same tense as the main verb in the active voice, followed by the past participle of the
main verb. This structure is rather more frequent in English than it is in Spanish.

1. VERBS WITH TWO OBJECTS

There is a great difference between the Spanish passive voice and the English one. In
the former, the direct object is the only element that can become the subject of a passive
sentence.

ACTIVE They make a cake

PASSIVE A cake is made (by them)

However, in English both the direct object and the indirect object can be made the subject of
a sentence in the passive voice:

ACTIVE They offered Harry a good job.

PASSIVE Harry was offered a good job (by them).

A good job was offered to Harry (by them).

I buy a bunch of flowers .

PRESENT SIMPLE
A bunch of flowers is bought (by me).

He is making a cake.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
A cake is being made (by him).

They wrote a book.

PAST SIMPLE
A book was written (by them).

We were eating a sandwich.

PAST CONTINUOUS
A sandwich was being eaten (by us).

She has built a house.

PRESENT PERFECT
A house has been built (by her).

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 I had organized a party.
PAST PERFECT
A party had been organized (by me).

We will create a web page.

WILL
A web page will be created (by us).

MODALS

You can establish new rules.

CAN
New rules can be established.

He must study Maths.

MUST
Maths must be studied (by him).

2. REPORTING WITH PASSIVE VERBS

We often use a passive sentence to report what people say, think, etc.

People in the disco have been told not to drink on the dance floor.

Everyone was asked to switch off their mobile phones.

A common way of reporting what is said by people is to use:

»» IT + Passive verb + That-clause

It is said that the Prime Minister will visit our high school next month.

It was expected that workers over 57 would retire next year.

Some of the verbs which can be used in this pattern include AGREE, ANNOUNCE,
CONSIDER, DECLARE, SAY, SUPPOSE, THINK, ETC.

An alternative to the above structure is to use:

»» SUBJECT + Passive verb + To infinitive

The finance minister is reported to have resigned.

The damage was expected to be extensive.

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3. HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE

This structure is used to express that it is not the subject who carries out the action but the
subject relies on someone else to do something for him or her. We can use have or get (the
action is achieved) followed by the thing that is done for us plus the past participle of the main
verb:

Susan has her eyes tested every year (It is the optometrist who checks Susan’s eyes).

I am having my car repaired at the moment (It is the mechanic who is repairing my car for
me).

3
DOWNLOADABLE HANDOUT:
REPORTED SPEECH
We use reported speech when we want to reproduce someone else’s words without
repeating exactly what that person said. This structure is usually introduced by a speech verb
such as say, tell, explain, warn, confirm, etc.

Some modifications need to be made when transforming someone’s utterance into reported
speech. Thus, we need to focus on the following:

Verb tenses.

Modal verbs.

Personal references.

Time expressions.

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

Present simple Past simple

Present continuous Past continuous

Past simple Past perfect or Past simple

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

Present perfect Past perfect

Past perfect Past perfect

Will Would

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 Must Had to

Can Could

TIME EXPRESSIONS

Now Then

Today That day

Tonight That night

Tomorrow The following day / The next day

Yesterday The day before / The previous day

Last night The night before / The previous night

DEMONSTRATIVES

This That

These Those

That That

Those Those

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1. COMMANDS AND QUESTIONS IN REPORTED SPEECH

Commands in Reported Speech have the following structure:

Subject + reporting verb + indirect object + (NOT) TO + Infinitive

‘Open the door, please,’ she asked Jack. > She asked Jack to open the door

‘Don’t talk,’ he said to me. > He told / asked me not to talk.

In Reported Speech, there is a difference between Wh- questions and Yes/No questions.

Wh-questions have the following structure:

Subject + reporting verb + Wh-question + subject + verb + complements

Wh-questions don’t use the auxiliaries and change the order of a question to a declarative
sentence:

‘Where do you live?’ > She asked / wanted to know where I lived.

In the case of Yes / No questions, the order is the following:

Subject + reporting verb + IF + subject + verb + complements

‘Can she open the window?’ > He asked if she could open the window.

2. SAY and TELL

SAY can be used:

»» On its own, without an indirect object

‘Hello,’ she said. > She said hello

‘I think I need a holiday,’ she said. > She said she thought she needed a holiday.

»» With an indirect object preceded by the preposition TO

‘I need your help,’ he said to the doctor. > He said to the doctor he needed his help.

TELL is used:

»» Always with an indirect object without preposition

‘She’s moving into a bigger house in a village nearby,’ my father told me.
> My father told me that she was moving into a bigger house in a village nearby.

3
DOWNLOADABLE HANDOUT: REPORTED SPEECH: CHANGES IN VERB TENSES

Notice that the tense in the reported clause has to go one tense back (one tense further into the past). This is
what experts call the “one-tense-back rule” or “backshift”.

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT/REPORTED SPEECH

Present Simple Past Simple

“I want to go to Ireland to visit the cultural He said that he wanted to go to Ireland to visit the
heritage,” he said. cultural heritage.

Present Continuous Past Continuous

“They are studying at the moment,” you said. You said that they were studying at that moment.

Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Progressive (Continuous)

Mark said: “I have been decorating the walls of my Mark said that he had been decorating the walls of his
room.” room.

Past Simple Past Perfect Simple

“I worked very hard in my previous job,” said Mary. Mary said that she had worked very hard in her
previous job.

Past Progressive (Continuous) Past Perfect Progressive (Continuous)

Rupert said: “I was working in a bookshop.” Rupert said that he had been working in a bookshop.

Past perfect simple Past perfect simple

“I had finished my homework very early,” Peter Peter said that he had finished his homework very
said. early.

Past of Intention Past of Intention

Mary said: “I was going to revise my notes.” Mary said that she was going to revise her notes.

Future of intention (“be going to”) Past of Intention

Mary said: “I am going to pass my next driving Mary said that she was going to pass her next driving
test.” test.

Future Simple (will) Would

Spanish footballers said: “We will win the World Spanish footballers said that they would win the World
Cup.” Cup.

1
DOWNLOADABLE HANDOUT: REPORTED SPEECH: CHANGES IN VERB TENSES

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT/REPORTED SPEECH

Future Perfect Perfect Conditional

She said: “I will have bought our friend’s birthday She said that she would have bought their friend’s
present by this evening.” birthday present by that evening.

Future Progressive (Continuous) Future Progressive (Continuous)

Gina said: “I’ll be having tea at 9 o’clock.” Gina said that she’d be having tea at 9 o’clock.

Modal verbs “would”, “could”, “might”, “ought

to” and “should” as well as “used to”, “must” or Ø
“mustn’t” have no past form. They do not change.

2
DOWNLOADABLE HANDOUT:
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES - WISHES and PREFERENCES

1. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Conditional sentences express the connection between a circumstance or condition and a

fact or result; conditional sentences can be present, past, or future.

They are preceded by the conjunction IF and there are different types of conditional
sentences.

ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF + Present Simple,
(For general situations, universal Present Simple
truths, and situations in which the effect
If you press the button, the machine starts to work.
automatically follows the cause)

IF + Present Simple,
1st CONDITIONAL
WILL + infinitive
(Probable)
If we go to bed early, we will feel better tomorrow.

IF + Past Simple,
2nd CONDITIONAL WOULD + infinitive
(Improbable) If I had a dictionary, I would look up these words.
*If I were you, I would go to the doctor.

IF + Past Perfect,
3rd CONDITIONAL WOULD HAVE + Past Participle
(Impossible) If they had paid attention, they
would have passed the exam.

OTHER CONDITIONAL CONJUNCTIONS

UNLESS I will not watch TV unless there is something

It is an alternative to IF interesting.

AS LONG AS / SO LONG AS You can come to the wedding as long as / so

(siempre que, mientras que) long as you don’t wear jeans.

PROVIDED (THAT) / PROVIDING (THAT) Providing / Provided (that) you work harder, you
(siempre que, solo en el caso de que) will have a rise.

IN CASE I will knock on the door again in case she hasn’t

(por si) heard it the first time.

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2. WISHES and PREFERENCES

In English there are different ways to express wishes and preferences. Wishes can refer to
the past, present, or future; preferences, however, usually refer to the present.

WISHES

WOULD: followed by an infinitive, it expresses the idea of like, preference.

I would like / love to live in the countryside

I WISH / IF ONLY: used to express wishes or regrets about something. Both forms can be
used interchangeably, although IF ONLY is more emphatic.

To refer to the present:

I WISH / IF ONLY + Past Simple
I wish I lived in a bigger house.

To refer to the past:

I WISH / IF ONLY + Past Perfect
I wish I had told them the truth before.

To refer to an action which we would

like to be changed:
I WISH / IF ONLY + Would + infinitive I wish you would give up smoking.
*Would is not used with the 1st person singular;
Could is used instead

PREFERENCES

WOULD RATHER / WOULD SOONER, followed by an infinitive without TO, with the
meaning of “preferir”:

I’d rather go to the disco / I’d sooner live abroad.

If we compare two actions, THAN precedes the second verb.

We’d rather laugh than cry.

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When the subject of would rather / would sooner is different from the subject of the second
verb, the verb is in the past:

I’d rather she spent the night with us.

They’d sooner we didn’t stay at their house.

PREFER, followed by an –ing form or a TO infinitive:

I prefer going to the swimming pool later in the evening.

They prefer to have breakfast outside.

When we compare two actions, we use the preposition TO and the verb in the -ing form:

She prefers cooking to washing the dishes.

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IRREGULAR VERBS
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

be was / were been

beat beat beaten

become became become

begin began begun

bite bit bitten

blow blew blown

break broke broken

bring brought brought

build built built

buy bought bought

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

come came come

cost cost cost

cut cut cut

do did done

draw drew drawn

drink drank drunk

drive drove driven

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found found

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IRREGULAR VERBS
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

fly flew flown

forget forgot forgotten

forgive forgave forgiven

freeze froze frozen

get got got

give gave given

go went gone

grow grew grown

have had had

hear heard heard

hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

keep kept kept

know knew known

lead led led

learn learnt learnt

leave left left

let let let

lie lay lain

lose lost lost

make made made

mean meant meant

2
Unidad 4 - Let's write

DOWNLOADABLE HANDOUT:
RELATIVE CLAUSES
1. RELATIVE CLAUSES
Relative clauses have the same function of as an adjective: they complement a noun or a
pronoun from the main clause, which is called the antecedent. In Spanish they are similar to
“el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales” or, better still, “el que, la que, los que, las que”. There
are two types of relative clause:

Defining: they define or identify the antecedent.

A painter is a person who paints pictures.

This is the book that you lent me.

Non-defining: they give non-essential information about the antecedent and go between
commas

My brother, who lives in England, is here now.

This book, which I found very interesting, was written in 1984.

TYPES OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS

DEFINING RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Person Thing

WHO / THAT
WHICH / THAT
Subject Those are the children I like flowers which /
who / that live next door. that smell nice.

WHO / THAT WHICH / THAT

Object The person who / that you saw I like the flowers which /
in the park is my sister. that you gave me.

WHOSE
WHOSE
Possessive This is the man whose wife
interviewed the Queen.

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NON-DEFINING RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Person Thing

WHO WHICH
Subject / Object Shakespeare, who died in 1616, My new bike, which I bought
wrote very famous plays. last week, is fantastic.

WHOSE

Possessive Antonio Banderas, whose family WHOSE

has always believed in him,
is earning a lot of money.

OTHER RELATIVES

WHERE can be used both in defining and non-defining clauses:

London is the city where she lives.

Sally was born in Brighton, where she works for a publishing company.

WHEN can be used in defining clauses:

That was the year when we met.

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DOWNLOADABLE HANDOUT:
TIME AND CAUSE CLAUSES - CONTRAST AND RESULT CLAUSES

1. TIME AND CAUSE CLAUSES

Cause and time clauses are introduced by the following conjunctions:

After (después de que), as (mientras, según), as long as (mientras), as soon as (en

cuanto), before (antes de que), by the time (that) (para cuando), since, the moment
(that) (en cuanto), till / until (hasta que), when (cuando), whenever (siempre que), while
(mientras).

When the subordinate (dependent) clause appears before the main clause, we use a comma
to separate them.

Causative clauses are introduced by the conjunctions because, as and since. The meaning of
each one depends on its use:

Because is used when we answer the question “why…?”:

Why is the baby crying? Because he is ill.

When the subordinate clause goes first, it is better to use as or since:

As / Since I had an invitation card, I was allowed to get in.

When we know the cause or it is obvious, as or since may be used instead of because:

As / Since you can cook, you could make a chocolate cake for us.

When the cause and consequence are related, so or because may be used:

I took off my scarf because it was very hot in there.

2. CONTRAST AND RESULT CLAUSES.

Contrast clauses express opposition between ideas. Contrast clauses can have the
following structures:

Although / Though + subject + verb:

Although / Though it was raining, he didn’t take his umbrella.

The order of the subordinated and the main clause can be changed:

He didn’t take his umbrella although / though it was raining.

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In spite of / Despite + noun or –ing form:

In spite / Despite the gifts, he felt depressed on his birthday.

In spite / Despite having worked as a director for many years, he was still poor.

In spite / Despite the fact that + subject + verb:

Despite the fact that he is very rich, he lives in a modest house.

Result clauses describe the effect of a fact or an action of the main clause. They can have
the following structures:

Such a/an + (adjective) + singular countable noun + (that) + subject + verb

He’s such a popular actor that he appears in all magazines.

Such + adjective + uncountable noun + (that) + subject + verb

It was such a strong beer that I couldn’t drink it.

Such + (adjective) + plural countable noun + (that) + subject + verb

We saw such cheap things in the shop (that) we spent 300 pounds there.

So + adjective or adverb + (that) + subject + verb

She always drives so fast that she might be fined.

Too + adjective + to + infinitive

She is too short to be a fashion model.

(Not) + adjective + enough + to + infinitive

He is not good enough to win.

(Not) + enough + noun + to + infinitive

There is not enough time to finish.

2
DOWNLOADABLE HANDOUT:
PASSIVE VOICE
The passive voice is an inversion of the elements in a sentence. The result or receiver of the
action is considered to be more important than the agent (the subject), which is moved to a
secondary position or even omitted. To conjugate the passive voice we need the verb to be
in the same tense as the main verb in the active voice, followed by the past participle of the
main verb. This structure is rather more frequent in English than it is in Spanish.

1. VERBS WITH TWO OBJECTS

There is a great difference between the Spanish passive voice and the English one. In
the former, the direct object is the only element that can become the subject of a passive
sentence.

ACTIVE They make a cake

PASSIVE A cake is made (by them)

However, in English both the direct object and the indirect object can be made the subject of
a sentence in the passive voice:

ACTIVE They offered Harry a good job.

PASSIVE Harry was offered a good job (by them).

A good job was offered to Harry (by them).

I buy a bunch of flowers .

PRESENT SIMPLE
A bunch of flowers is bought (by me).

He is making a cake.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
A cake is being made (by him).

They wrote a book.

PAST SIMPLE
A book was written (by them).

We were eating a sandwich.

PAST CONTINUOUS
A sandwich was being eaten (by us).

She has built a house.

PRESENT PERFECT
A house has been built (by her).

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 I had organized a party.
PAST PERFECT
A party had been organized (by me).

We will create a web page.

WILL
A web page will be created (by us).

MODALS

You can establish new rules.

CAN
New rules can be established.

He must study Maths.

MUST
Maths must be studied (by him).

2. REPORTING WITH PASSIVE VERBS

We often use a passive sentence to report what people say, think, etc.

People in the disco have been told not to drink on the dance floor.

Everyone was asked to switch off their mobile phones.

A common way of reporting what is said by people is to use:

»» IT + Passive verb + That-clause

It is said that the Prime Minister will visit our high school next month.

It was expected that workers over 57 would retire next year.

Some of the verbs which can be used in this pattern include AGREE, ANNOUNCE,
CONSIDER, DECLARE, SAY, SUPPOSE, THINK, ETC.

An alternative to the above structure is to use:

»» SUBJECT + Passive verb + To infinitive

The finance minister is reported to have resigned.

The damage was expected to be extensive.

2
3. HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE

This structure is used to express that it is not the subject who carries out the action but the
subject relies on someone else to do something for him or her. We can use have or get (the
action is achieved) followed by the thing that is done for us plus the past participle of the main
verb:

Susan has her eyes tested every year (It is the optometrist who checks Susan’s eyes).

I am having my car repaired at the moment (It is the mechanic who is repairing my car for
me).

3
DOWNLOADABLE HANDOUT:
REPORTED SPEECH
We use reported speech when we want to reproduce someone else’s words without
repeating exactly what that person said. This structure is usually introduced by a speech verb
such as say, tell, explain, warn, confirm, etc.

Some modifications need to be made when transforming someone’s utterance into reported
speech. Thus, we need to focus on the following:

Verb tenses.

Modal verbs.

Personal references.

Time expressions.

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

Present simple Past simple

Present continuous Past continuous

Past simple Past perfect or Past simple

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

Present perfect Past perfect

Past perfect Past perfect

Will Would

1
 Must Had to

Can Could

TIME EXPRESSIONS

Now Then

Today That day

Tonight That night

Tomorrow The following day / The next day

Yesterday The day before / The previous day

Last night The night before / The previous night

DEMONSTRATIVES

This That

These Those

That That

Those Those

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1. COMMANDS AND QUESTIONS IN REPORTED SPEECH

Commands in Reported Speech have the following structure:

Subject + reporting verb + indirect object + (NOT) TO + Infinitive

‘Open the door, please,’ she asked Jack. > She asked Jack to open the door

‘Don’t talk,’ he said to me. > He told / asked me not to talk.

In Reported Speech, there is a difference between Wh- questions and Yes/No questions.

Wh-questions have the following structure:

Subject + reporting verb + Wh-question + subject + verb + complements

Wh-questions don’t use the auxiliaries and change the order of a question to a declarative
sentence:

‘Where do you live?’ > She asked / wanted to know where I lived.

In the case of Yes / No questions, the order is the following:

Subject + reporting verb + IF + subject + verb + complements

‘Can she open the window?’ > He asked if she could open the window.

2. SAY and TELL

SAY can be used:

»» On its own, without an indirect object

‘Hello,’ she said. > She said hello

‘I think I need a holiday,’ she said. > She said she thought she needed a holiday.

»» With an indirect object preceded by the preposition TO

‘I need your help,’ he said to the doctor. > He said to the doctor he needed his help.

TELL is used:

»» Always with an indirect object without preposition

‘She’s moving into a bigger house in a village nearby,’ my father told me.
> My father told me that she was moving into a bigger house in a village nearby.

3
DOWNLOADABLE HANDOUT:
CONNECTORS
1. CONNECTORS

Connectors are words or expressions which introduce a sentence or a paragraph. They are
used to organize ideas in a speech, to express logical relations: argumentation, contrast or
consequence, and to give information about the speaker’s attitude.

Connectors and linkers can be organized into different groups:

ORDER

FIRST PARAGRAPH

First of all

Firstly

To start with

At first sight

SECOND PARAGRAPH

Secondly

LAST PARAGRAPH

Finally

Lastly

TIME CONNECTORS

First of all In the meantime

Next / then Suddenly / All of a sudden

After that Finally

While + clause In the end

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ADDING INFORMATION

Apart from this / that In addition to + noun / -ing form

Besides Moreover

Furthermore On top of that

In addition What’s more

SUMMING UP

In short In brief

In conclusion To sum up

CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

Because of this / that / noun As a result (of this)

For this / that reason Consequently

That’s why So

Therefore

MAKE A CONTRAST

However Although / though + clause

Nevertheless In spite of / Despite + noun / -ing form

On the one hand / on the other hand

EXPLAIN AND GIVE EXAMPLES

As a matter of fact That is (to say)

In fact In other words

Actually For example / for instance

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EXPRESS A PERSONAL OPINION

In my opinion Especially

From my point of view In particular

Personally Above all

As far as I’m concerned On the whole

To a certain extent In general

Basically

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ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
FALSE FRIENDS
WORDS MEANING (ENGLISH / SPANISH)
ACTUALLY En realidad, en efecto
ACTUALMENTE Nowadays

ANXIOUS Inquieto, nervioso

ANSIOSO (deseoso) Eager, greedy

ARGUMENT Debate
ARGUMENTO Plot

AVOCADO Aguacate
ABOGADO Lawyer, solicitor

CAREER Carrera (estudios)

CARRERA Race (cars, horses), university studies

CONSTIPATED Estreñido
CONSTIPADO Have a cold

DISGUST Repugnancia
DISGUSTO Sorrow

EMBARRASSED Avergonzado
EMBARAZADA Pregnant

EVENTUALLY Finalmente
EVENTUALMENTE Occasionally

EXIT Salida
ÉXITO Success

PARENTS Padres
PARIENTES Relatives

PRESUME Suponer
PRESUMIR Be conceited, show off

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ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
FALSE FRIENDS
WORDS MEANING (ENGLISH / SPANISH)
PRETEND Fingir
PRETENDER Want

SENSIBLE Sensato
SENSIBLE Sensitive

SIGNATURE Firma
ASIGNATURA Subject

SPECTACLES Gafas
ESPECTÁCULOS Shows

SYMPATHY Compasión, pésame

SIMPATÍA Affection, kindness

2
IRREGULAR VERBS
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

be was / were been

beat beat beaten

become became become

begin began begun

bite bit bitten

blow blew blown

break broke broken

bring brought brought

build built built

buy bought bought

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

come came come

cost cost cost

cut cut cut

do did done

draw drew drawn

drink drank drunk

drive drove driven

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found found

1
IRREGULAR VERBS
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

fly flew flown

forget forgot forgotten

forgive forgave forgiven

freeze froze frozen

get got got

give gave given

go went gone

grow grew grown

have had had

hear heard heard

hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

keep kept kept

know knew known

lead led led

learn learnt learnt

leave left left

let let let

lie lay lain

lose lost lost

make made made

mean meant meant

2
VOCABULARY LIST.
THE HOSPITAL
ENGLISH SPANISH
AMBULANCE AMBULANCIA

ANAESTHESIA ANESTESIA

APPOINTMENTS BOOK LIBRO DE CITAS

BLOOD PRESSURE PRESIÓN SANGUÍNEA

BLOOD TEST ANÁLISIS DE SANGRE

BREATHING APPARATUS RESPIRADOR ARTIFICIAL

CAPSULE CÁPSULA

CAR ACCIDENT ACCIDENTE DE COCHE

CHECK-UP CHEQUEO MÉDICO

DOCTOR DOCTOR

DOCTOR COAT BATA

EMERGENCY ROOM SALA DE URGENCIAS

EXAMINATION COUCH DIVÁN DE RECONOCIMIENTO

FIRST AID PRIMEROS AUXILIOS

GAUZE GASA

HEALTH INSURANCE SEGURO MÉDICO

INJECTION INYECCIÓN

INTENSIVE CARE UNIT UNIDAD DE CUIDADOS INTENSIVOS

LABORATORY LABORATORIO

MASK MASCARILLA

MEDICAL RECORD HISTORIAL MÉDICO

MEDICINE CABINET ARMARIO DE MEDICINAS

MICROSCOPE MICROSCOPIO

NURSE ENFERMERO/A

1
VOCABULARY LIST.
THE HOSPITAL
ENGLISH SPANISH
OPERATING TABLE MESA DE OPERACIONES

OPERATION OPERACIÓN

OXYGEN OXÍGENO

PAINKILLER CALMANTE

PARAMEDICS PARAMÉDICOS

PATIENT PACIENTE

PHYSICIAN MÉDICO CLÍNICO

PLASTER ESCAYOLA

PRESCRIPTION RECETA

PYJAMAS PIJAMA

SLEEPING PILLS SOMNÍFEROS

SLIPPERS PANTUFLAS

STITCHES PUNTOS DE SUTURA

STRETCHER CAMILLA

SURGEON CIRUJANO

SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS INSTRUMENTOS QUIRÚRGICOS

SYRINGES JERINGAS

THERAPY TERAPIA

TREATMENT TRATAMIENTO

WAITING ROOM SALA DE ESPERA

WHEELCHAIR SILLA DE RUEDAS

X-RAY PLATE RADIOGRAFÍA

2
VOCABULARY LIST.
THE HUMAN BODY
ENGLISH SPANISH
ABDOMEN ABDOMEN

ANKLE TOBILLO

ARM BRAZO

ARMPIT AXILA

ARTERY ARTERIA

BACK ESPALDA

BELLY TRIPA

BLADDER VEJIGA

BLOOD SANGRE

BONES HUESOS

BOTTOM TRASERO

BOWELS ENTRAÑAS

BRAIN CEREBRO

BREASTS MAMAS

BUTTOCKS NALGAS

CALF PANTORRILLA

CHEEKBONES PÓMULOS

CHEEKS MEJILLAS

CHEST PECHO

CHIN MENTÓN

EAR OREJA

ELBOW CODO

EYEBROWS CEJAS

EYELASHES PESTAÑAS

1
VOCABULARY LIST.
THE HUMAN BODY
ENGLISH SPANISH
EYELIDS PÁRPADOS

EYE OJO

FACE ROSTRO

FEET PIES

FINGERS DEDOS (MANOS)

FIST PUÑO

FLESH CARNE

FOOT PIE

FOREARM ANTEBRAZO

FOREHEAD FRENTE

GENITALS GENITALES

HAIR CABELLO

HAND MANO

HEAD CABEZA

HEART CORAZÓN

HEEL TALÓN

HIPS CADERAS

INSTEP EMPEINE

INTESTINES INTESTINOS

JAW MANDÍBULA

KIDNEYS RIÑONES

KNEE RODILLA

KNUCKLES NUDILLOS

LEG PIERNA

2
VOCABULARY LIST.
THE HUMAN BODY
ENGLISH SPANISH
LIMBS EXTREMIDADES

LIPS LABIOS

LIVER HÍGADO

LUNGS PULMONES

MOUTH BOCA

MUSCLES MÚSCULOS

NAILS UÑAS

NAPE NUCA

NAVEL OMBLIGO

NECK CUELLO

NIPPLES PEZONES

ORGANS ÓRGANOS

PALM PALMA

PANCREAS PÁNCREAS

PELVIS PELVIS

PENIS PENE

RIB COSTILLA

SHIN ESPINILLA

SHOULDER HOMBRO

SIDEBURNS PATILLAS

SKELETON ESQUELETO

SKIN PIEL

SKULL CRÁNEO

SOLE PLANTA DEL PIE

3
VOCABULARY LIST.
THE HUMAN BODY
ENGLISH SPANISH
SPINE COLUMNA

STOMACH ESTÓMAGO

TEETH DIENTES

TEMPLES SIENES

THIGH MUSLO

THORAX TÓRAX

THROAT GARGANTA

TOES DEDOS (PIES)

TONGUE LENGUA

TOOTH DIENTE

TORSO TORSO

TRUNK TRONCO

VAGINA VAGINA

VEIN VENA

WAIST CINTURA

WRINKLES ARRUGAS

WRIST MUÑECA

4
VOCABULARY LIST.
HEALTH PROBLEMS
ENGLISH SPANISH
ACNE ACNÉ

AIDS SIDA

ALLERGY ALERGIA

ANEMIA ANEMIA

APPENDICITIS APENDICITIS

ASTHMA ASMA

BACKACHE DOLOR DE ESPALDA

BLEEDING HEMORRAGIA

BLISTER AMPOLLA

BROKEN LEG PIERNA ROTA

BRUISE MORETÓN

BUMP CHICHÓN

BURN QUEMADURA

CALLUS CALLO

CANCER CÁNCER

CHICKENPOX VARICELA

COLD RESFRIADO

CONCUSSION CONMOCIÓN CEREBRAL

CONSTIPATION ESTREÑIMIENTO

COUGH TOS

CUT CORTE

DEPRESSION DEPRESIÓN

DIARRHEA DIARREA

DISEASE ENFERMEDAD

1
VOCABULARY LIST.
HEALTH PROBLEMS
ENGLISH SPANISH
DRY SKIN PIEL RESECA

EARACHE DOLOR DE OÍDO

EPIDEMIC EPIDEMIA

FEVER FIEBRE

FRACTURE FRACTURA

HEADACHE DOLOR DE CABEZA

HEART ATTACK ATAQUE AL CORAZÓN

HEMORRHAGE HEMORRAGIA

HICCUPS HIPO

ILLNESS ENFERMEDAD

INFECTION CONTAGIO

INFLAMMATION INFLAMACIÓN

INJURY HERIDA

INSECT BITE PICADURA DE INSECTO

INSOMNIA INSOMNIO

ITCH PICAZÓN

JAUNDICE ICTERIA

LEPROSY LEPRA

LEUKEMIA LEUCEMIA

MEASLES SARAMPIÓN

MISCARRIAGE ABORTO ESPONTÁNEO

MUMPS PAPERAS

RABIES RABIA

RASH SARPULLIDO

2
VOCABULARY LIST.
HEALTH PROBLEMS
ENGLISH SPANISH
SCAR CICATRIZ

SCRATCH RASGUÑO

SMALLPOX VIRUELA

SORE THROAT DOLOR DE GARGANTA

SPRAIN TORCEDURA

STOMACH ACHE DOLOR DE ESTÓMAGO

STRESS ESTRÉS

STROKE DERRAME CEREBRAL

SUNBURN QUEMADURA DEL SOL

SUNSTROKE INSOLACIÓN

SWELLING HINCHAZÓN

THE FLU LA GRIPE

TOOTHACHE DOLOR DE DIENTES

ULCER ÚLCERA

VOMIT VÓMITO

WOUND HERIDA

3
VOCABULARY LIST.
MEDICINES AND REMEDIES
ENGLISH SPANISH
ALCOHOL ALCOHOL

ANALGESIC ANALGÉSICO

ANTACID TABLETS PASTILLAS ANTIÁCIDAS

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ANTINFLAMATORIO

ANTI-ITCH CREAM CREMA CONTRA EL PICOR

ANTIBIOTIC ANTIBIÓTICO

ANTISEPTIC ANTISÉPTICO

BAND-AID TIRITA

BANDAGE VENDA

BARBITURATE BARBITÚRICO

BOTTLE OF ASPIRINS FRASCO DE ASPIRINAS

CALCIUM CALCIO

COLD TABLETS COMPRIMIDOS PARA EL RESFRIADO

COMPOUND COMPUESTO

COTTON WOOL ALGODÓN

COUGH DROPS COMPRIMIDOS PARA LA TOS

DISINFECTANT DESINFECTANTE

DOSE DÓSIS

DRUGSTORE FARMACIA

EYE DROPS GOTAS PARA LOS OJOS

FIRST-AID KIT BOTIQUÍN

GAUZE GASA

HORMONE HORMONA

INJECTION INYECCIÓN

1
VOCABULARY LIST.
MEDICINES AND REMEDIES
ENGLISH SPANISH
INSULIN INSULINA

IODINE YODO

LAB LABORATORIO

LAXATIVE LAXANTE

MEDICINE MEDICAMENTO

NEEDLE AGUJA

OINTMENT POMADA

PAINKILLER CALMANTE

PEROXIDE AGUA AXIGENADA

PRESCRIPTION RECETA

REMEDY REMEDIO

SEDATIVE SEDANTE

SKIN CREAM CREMA PARA LA PIEL

SLEEPING PILLS PASTILLAS PARA DORMIR

SUNBURN CREAM CREMA PARA LAS QUEMADURAS DEL SOL

SUPPOSITORY SUPOSITORIO

SYRINGE JERINGA

SYRUP JARABE

THERMOMETER TERMÓMETRO

THROAT SPRAY SPRAY PARA LA GARGANTA

TISSUES PAÑUELOS DE PAPEL

TOOTHBRUSH CEPILLO DE DIENTES

TUBE OF OINTMENT TUBO DE POMADA

2
IRREGULAR VERBS
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

be was / were been

beat beat beaten

become became become

begin began begun

bite bit bitten

blow blew blown

break broke broken

bring brought brought

build built built

buy bought bought

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

come came come

cost cost cost

cut cut cut

do did done

draw drew drawn

drink drank drunk

drive drove driven

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found found

1
IRREGULAR VERBS
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

fly flew flown

forget forgot forgotten

forgive forgave forgiven

freeze froze frozen

get got got

give gave given

go went gone

grow grew grown

have had had

hear heard heard

hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

keep kept kept

know knew known

lead led led

learn learnt learnt

leave left left

let let let

lie lay lain

lose lost lost

make made made

mean meant meant