Availability of laboratory Equipment

The quality of education thatthe student receive bear direct relevance to the availability or lack of

physical facilities and the overall atmosphere in which teaching and learning take place.

Similarly, Asiyai (2006):196) also observed that “adequate supply (If instructional resources will

help to enhance teaching and learning process towards the achievement of set goals and

objectives”. She also added that good quality schools depend largely on the provision and

utilization and management of educational resources, that instructional facilities identified for

effective teaching include, laboratories which are equipment, audio visual aid etc. In another

perspective, Inyang4bia (2011) in addition in recommended the use textbooks, journals,

magazines, video and radio cassettes, and recorders as instructional materials and aids. He also

identified phenomenal provision of instructional materials as being effective for teaching and

learning success. Similarly, Madumere (2006:327) also is in support of the view ‘the use of

natural environment could serve as effective resource teaching primary science’ She observes

that poor performance attributed to either ineffective teaching method or insufficient use of

relevant instructional materials in a lesson. Importance of Laboratory Facilities in the Teaching

and Learning of Science Without laboratory facilities, teaching and learning of science will place

effectively, especially in STM where the teachers must always be around to guide and direct

students in their learning process (Nkwocha, 1998). On the other hand a teacher can only achieve

his objectives in teaching if enough resources are made available to him, more

importantly in laboratories where we need teaching resources that will ensure that the learner is

exposed to a learning experience that ensures the cultivation of scientific spirit. Teaching

resources play important role in observation, an aspect of scientific knowledge which is of much
importance in laboratories. Due to inadequate supply of laboratory equipment to secondary

schools, in Akwa Ibom State, it has therefore, became necessary to find out about the availability

of the laboratory equipment for the effective teaching and learning .

Interactive Discussion

Interactive discussion is associated with many benefits for students. Group work that is a

common element of interactive discussion,more closely aligns with the collaborative methods of

most occupations and professional academics. Research consistently finds that interactive

methods correlate with positive student outcomes, such as higher rates of attention, interest in

subject matter, and satisfaction (Bligh, 2000; Burrowes, 2003; Sivan et al., 2000).

Interactive also perform better on measures of student learning. One meta-analysis found that in

classrooms with “active learning,” broadly defined, student exam scores improved by about six

percent (Freeman et al., 2014). In addition to greater retention, interactive classrooms perform

better on higher-order learning measures of Bloom’s Taxonomy, like analysis, synthesis, and

evaluation (Garside, 1996). Furthermore, interactive discussion is associated with improved

learning for typically at-risk students, like minorities and first-generation college students,

making it an important part of inclusive teaching (Handelsman, et al, 2007).

Students may initially resist interactive discussion methods. Lack of experience with interactive

learning, the greater effort that is required of students in interactive learning, and the impression

that the instructor is abdicating the “teacher” role can factor into students’ resistance. Therefore,
it is important for instructors to use the internet active discussion reasons for such as the

learning benefits above). Instructors should also explain the specific reasons for each particular

learning exercise, provided they have carefully selected methods that are appropriate to learning

goals and students’ abilities (Felder, 2011).

The instructor often assumes a less overtly authoritative role in an interactive . Some proponents

have described this as moving from “sage on the stage” to “guide on the side.” This may be

overly simplistic, however. Just as “higher order” thinking builds upon mastery of “lower order”

thinking, interactive learning must be supported by clear academic authority. Likewise, while the

collaborative nature of many interactive methods can increase student motivation, too much

student autonomy can produce uncertainty that can be demotivating. Practically, this may mean

giving “just-in-time” mini-lectures when students are struggling with basic terminology or

concepts. The instructor should also establish early in a course that he or she welcomes and can

appropriately answer pressing questions—unless the instructor has valid pedagogical reasons

for not providing an answer, in which case the instructor should make the rationale explicit to

students. In short, an instructor using interactive methods must balance autonomy with support

and be flexible and competent in a range of teaching methods (Wijnia et al., 2011).

Board exam passing rate

Quality basic education is one of the most important educational institutions that influences and

is influenced by other educational institutions Mensah, et. al (2020), The institution endlessly
offers quality education, innovating instruction practice and enhancing graduates’ performances

serve up as an input for professional development Quiambao. et al. (2015), Similarly, graduates'

licensing performance can reflect the quality and effectiveness of their respective institutions'

instruction. The top priority of any Higher Education Institution (HEI) and State University and

College (SUC) here in the Philippines is high performance in the board program licensing

examinations conducted by the PRC. Gabasa&Raqueño (2021), This examination is designed to

measure the students’ knowledge, competency, skills, and attitude in the practice of their

respective profession as stated by Mohammed and Mohammed (2017), The success of an

institution can be measured through the performance of its graduate in the licensure examination.

As stated by Manalo and Obligar (2013), the decrease in the passing rate of Filipino graduates in

the various licensure examinations is a symptom of the deteriorating quality of higher education

institutions in the Philippines which can be characterized by the variety and level of competency

of the faculty Bautista, Ducanes and David (2019), hence, home and family factor have a high

influence on the success in CLE, while student factor, school factor, review center factor, and

personal factor have average influence. Albina et al (2021), truancy affects academic

performance drastically and sometimes even leads to school dropout. other factors such as

students’ parental levels of education and income, textbooks availability and accessibility,

libraries, practical laboratories, meals provision, and teachers have tremendous effects on the

academic performance of students at school Brew, Nketiah, and Koranteng (2021) Hence, an

outcome-based curriculum must be adopted to periodically monitor the academic performance

and behavior as well as the result of the study habits of the students Laguador and Dizon (2013),

The result of this study is consistent with that of Howell, Kurns, and Antil (2013) explicating that

the curriculum being offered in higher education programs is intended to prepare students to
achieve minimum competencies related to a specific vocation or profession. The Faculty

members should regularly update their knowledge and competencies along with the subject areas

being handled to contribute to the increased passing rate, enforce a stringent screening and

retention policies for criminology students as regards grade point average and curriculum

enrichment, and periodic review the course contents, in consultation with the subject-experts,

should be done Guadamor (2020), all criminology chairpersons and faculty members must do a

careful and thorough examination of the subjects included in the professional components of the

BS Criminology curriculum Asuncion (2020), State universities and colleges and other private

institutions should adopt several methods to achieve a high passing percentage. Casama and

Ventayen (2020) A graduate with a Baccalaureate degree in Criminology is required to pass the

Licensure Examination from the Professional Regulation Commission of the Philippines to be

considered a Licensed Criminologist to be given full authority to practice the profession. This is

mandated under Republic Act No. 11131 which states that “the law creating the Board of

Criminology. To achieve this expectation, the quality of teaching and learning in higher

education institutions must meet the profession's standards. The passing percentage in the board

examination should be higher than the national passing percentage as a measure of the output of

higher education institutions' quality of teaching and learning. As one of the province's Higher

Education Institutions (HEIs) offering the Bachelor of Science in Criminology, Solis Institute of

Technology aspires to produce quality graduates and professionals who are competent and

mature enough to face the real world of work after graduation and board examination. Thus, the

researchers envision helping the academic institution to increase its board examination

percentage through active engagement of internal and external stakeholders, implementation of

well-planned programs, relevant curriculum alignment, admission and retention policies and

enhancement courses,and mock board examination.