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Types of articulators
There are two types of articulators:
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Dental: contact between the tip of the tongue and the area
just behind the upper teeth;
1- F ,V
2- A, L
3- H, P
4- G, K
Manner of
How it is created
articulation
1. Plosives or stops
In phonetics, a plosive consonant, also known as a stop, is made when
the vocal tract is closed and the airflow is blocked as it leaves the
body. The blockage can be made with the tongue, lips, teeth or glottis.
PLOSIVE
BILABIAL p, b
ALVEOLAR t, d
POST ALVEOLAR t, d
VELAR g, k
DENTAL t, d
2. Fricatives
Like plosives, fricatives are restricted as they leave the body. We can
use teeth, lips, or tongue to limit the flow of air. Unlike plosives,
fricatives are longer sounds (you can sustain a fricative, like
the phoneme / f /, but you can't sustain a plosive, like the phoneme / p
/). Some fricatives have a hiss-like quality. These are called sibilants. In
the English language, there are two sibilants: / s / and / z /. For
example, sick, zip and sun.
FRICATIVE
DENTAL ð, θ
LABIODENTAL f, v
ALVEOLAR s, z
POSTALVEOLAR ʃ, ʒ
Glottal H
/ v /: vat, van
/ ð /: then, them
/ z /: zip, zoom
/ ʒ /: casual, treasure
Voiceless fricatives:
/ f /: fat, far
/ s /: site, cycle
/ h /: help, high
/ ʃ /: ship, she
/ θ /: think, north
3. Affricates
Affricates are also known as semi-plosives and are created by
combining a plosive and a fricative consonant. There are two
affricatives: / t ʃ / and / dʒ /.
Both sounds are post-alveolar, which means we create them with the
tongue behind the alveolar ridge (part of the palate just behind your
upper teeth, before the hard palate). The sound / tʃ / is a voiceless
affricate, while the sound / dʒ / is a voiced affricate.
/ tʃ /: chair, choose
/ dʒ /: jump, jet
4. Nasals
Nasal consonants, also known nasal stops, are made by blocking the
airflow from the mouth, so it comes out of the nose instead. In nasal
vowels, by contrast, the sound is generated by lowering the soft palate
to allow the airflow out of both mouth and nose.
The consonants / m, n, ŋ / are not caused by the nose, but by the tongue
or lips that prevent the airflow. Because of the vibration of the vocal
cords, we consider nasal consonants voiced.
/ m /: mirror, melody
/ n /: name, nose
/ ŋ /: working, long
NASAL
BILABIAL m
ALVEOLAR n
VELAR ŋ
5. Approximants
approximants created by air moving between the vocal
organs. Approximants, also known as lateral sounds, are created by
allowing the airflow to leave by the sides of the mouth.
3-Alveolar approximants
Alveolar lateral approximant: the sound is created by the tip tongue
forming a closure with the alveolar ridge allowing the airflow to leave
by the sides.
In the English word 'house' the vowel sound in the first syllable, /aʊ/ is
a diphthong. It starts with the sound of the vowel /a/ and glides to the
sound of the vowel /ʊ/. The diphthong is formed by the transition
between the two vowel sounds and is thus considered a single vowel
sound.
List of diphthongs
There are eight different diphthongs in the English language. They are:
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Questions for practice :
Q/ The pressure of the air below the vocal folds can also be varied.
Mention the main differences .