Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Presented to
COLLEGE OF INFORMATICS AND COMPUTING SCIENCES
Batangas State University JPLPC - Malvar
In Partial Fulfillment
For the completion of The Contemporary World
November 2023
Chapter I: Introduction
G. Leviste St., Poblacion, Malvar, Batangas, Philippines +63 43 778 - 2170 loc. 9204
www.batstate-u.edu.ph cics.malvar@g.batstate-u.edu.ph
Japan, an archipelago nestled in the Pacific Ocean, is a nation with a rich
tapestry of history, culture, and resilience. In the story of Japan's history, the nation's
beginnings are marked by periods of seclusion and change. Starting as an isolated
place, the evolution of this archipelago is influenced by a mix of historical, cultural,
and socio-political factors. Japan's emergence as a distinct country is woven into a
historical narrative that goes beyond its borders. This context is crucial to
understanding how globalization has affected Japan, shaping its path in the broader
world.
Brief History
Approximately 35,000 years ago, Japan's historical narrative began with the
settlement of Paleolithic people arriving from the Asian mainland. This marked the
inception of a cultural evolution that unfolded over millennia. Around 10,000 years
ago, following the conclusion of the last Ice Age, the Jomon culture emerged,
characterized by skilled hunter-gatherers proficient in crafting fur clothing,
constructing wooden dwellings, and creating intricate clay pottery. Some studies even
suggest potential genetic connections between the Jomon people and the Ainu
community, underscoring the intricate web of Japan's cultural roots.
The Heian Era (794-1185) emerged as a pivotal period for Japan's cultural
development. The royal court became a hub for creating enduring art, poetry, and
stories. Simultaneously, the samurai, a warrior class, gained prominence. In 1185, the
samurai assumed control, with leaders known as "shogun" ruling on behalf of the
emperor until 1868, demonstrating the dynamic interplay between governance
structures and cultural evolution.
Ethnic Groups
The Japanese people make up the vast majority of the population. They are
ethnically related to other eastern Asian peoples. During the Edo (Tokugawa) period
(1603-1867), the population was divided into four classes: warrior, farmer, craftsman,
and merchant, with a peer class on top and an outcast class on the bottom. This social
class system has practically vanished, with the exception of the burakumin (literally,
"people of Hamlet"), the descendants of the previous outcast class. The burakumin, on
the other hand, continue to face varied degrees of discrimination.
Insofar as a social class system exists, it lacks the ethnic base that can exist in
multiracial communities, because the Japanese consider themselves to be part of a
single ethnic group. Those designated as resident aliens (especially Koreans) and
Japanese nationals of Ainu and, to a lesser extent, Okinawan descent are the only
exceptions. Japan also has a small Chinese-descent community. Before and during
World War II, when Korea was a Japanese colony, hundreds of thousands of Koreans
migrated to Japan (many against their will) and worked primarily as laborers; those
who remained after the war and their descendants, the latter born and raised in Japan,
do not have Japanese citizenship, and face significant discrimination.
Figure 1.1 Japan Composition by Nationality
Languages
The national language is Japanese, and Ainu is nearly extinct. The Japanese
language belongs to the Altaic linguistic group and is particularly similar to Korean,
albeit the vocabulary diverges. Some linguists believe that Japanese incorporates
features of Southeast Asian languages. Around the 4th century CE, the introduction of
the Chinese writing system and literature expanded the Japanese language. Until that
time, Japanese had no written form, and Chinese letters (called kanji in Japanese)
were utilized to write it; by the 9th century, two syllabaries (katakana and hiragana)
were produced from them. Since then, written Japanese has employed a blend of kanji
and kana. Although 3,000 to 5,000 kanji are in common usage, the number of
characters required for a basic vocabulary was reduced to around 2,000 following
WWII, and the writing of these characters was simplified. Thousands of Western
loanwords, mostly from English, have also been adopted.
Figure 1.2 Languages Used in Japan
Religion
Buddhism, which has the most followers after Shint, was officially brought
into the imperial court from Korea in the mid-6th century CE. Direct contact was
maintained with central China, and various sects were imported. Buddhism was
adopted as the national religion in the eighth century, and national and provincial
temples, nunneries, and monasteries were built throughout the kingdom. Tendai
(Tiantai) and Shingon sects were created in the early 9th century and have remained
influential in some parts of Japan to this day. Zen Buddhism, whose origins stretch
back to the late 12th century, has a huge following. Most main Buddhist sects in
modern Japan, however, are descended from those that were modified in the 13th
century by monks such as Shinran, who founded the True Pure Land sect (Jdo Shinsh)
of Pure Land (Jdo) Buddhism, and Nichiren, who founded Nichiren Buddhism.
Settlement Patterns
The regions bordering major mountains, Arachi, Fuwa, and Suzuka, evolved
into Kanto and Kansai throughout the Nara and Heian periods. In contrast to Kanto,
which stands for the eastern regions, Kansai eventually came to designate the middle
area surrounding the capital. To reflect the decentralized administration arrangement,
areas outside of direct government control were designated as Ezochi. Provinces
(kuni) were categorized after the tenth century according to how close they were to
Kyoto; this led to the introduction of divisions like Kingoku for nearby regions,
Chugoku for intermediate areas, and Engoku for distant territories. This
organizational structure demonstrated a sophisticated approach to administrative
divisions by extending to small islands.
More than 300 ancient fiefs were transformed into prefectures as the feudal
system gave way to the prefectural/ken system by 1871. Originally administered by
feudal lords who later became governors, the system was simplified by 1888 and
comprised 43 ken, 3 fu (major metropolitan prefectures: Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto), and 1
Do (Hokkaido). The Kuni system was abolished when elected and appointed
governors took the place of feudal lords. The creation of eight chiho, or areas, in the
early 20th century marked a significant shift that was carefully planned to improve
administrative control. This change was a calculated reaction to changing social
demands.
Urbanization has left its mark on rural villages, which exhibit a variety of
patterns such as agglomerated, dispersed, elongated, or scattered, while retaining
historical aspects of Japanese society. Rigid rice and fishing communities survived,
while hunting villages in the mountains declined as a result of increased migration to
metropolitan centers due to a shortage of arable land. Strategically established urban
communities, such as international ports, naval bases, castle towns, shrine towns, and
industries, frequently coincide with raw material sources or power hubs. This
urbanization trend highlights a dynamic response to economic and industrial shifts
that is defining current Japanese settlement patterns.
Japan's soils are traditionally categorized into three zones: weak podzolic
(soils with a thin organic mineral layer above a gray leached layer), brown earth, and
red earth. There are some regional differences. The area with brown forest soils
includes the northern part of the Thoku area of northern Honshu. The northern point
of Hokkaido is classified as a subzone of podzolic soils, while the rest of the island is
classified as an acidic brown forest soils subzone. The majority of western Honshu is
in a transitional zone. Yellow-brown forest soils can be found throughout the Pacific
coast from southern Thoku to southern Kyushu, although red and yellow soils are
only found on the Ryukyu Islands. The widespread reddish soils are generally
regarded as the products of a former warmer, more humid climate. Immature volcanic
ash soils occur on the uplands.
Kuroboku soils (black soils with high humus content) are common on terraces,
hills, and gentle slopes across Japan, whereas gley soils (sticky, blue-gray compact
soils) are common in poorly drained lowlands. The moors of Hokkaido and Thoku are
dominated by peat soils. Years of rice cultivation have resulted in muck (dark soil
with a high percentage of organic matter) and gley paddy soils. Polder soils (sea-
reclaimed soils) are widely spread. Soil fertility rises in agricultural lowlands due to a
mix of natural alluvium washed down from the uplands and decades of intensive
reworking of the soil medium by rice growers.
Japan's climate is monsoonal (marked by wet and dry seasonal breezes). The
country's latitudinal extent, the surrounding waters, and its proximity to the
neighboring Asian mainland are the primary effects. As a result of relief features,
there are significant local climate variances. From late September to late March, the
high pressure zone over eastern Siberia and the low pressure zone over the western
Pacific cause an eastward flow of cold air (the winter monsoon) that gathers up
moisture across the Sea of Japan. The winter monsoon deposits moisture on the side
of Japan facing the Sea of Japan as rain or snow and sends dry, windy weather on the
Pacific side. During the summer, the pressure systems are reversed, and air flows
from the east and south (the summer monsoon) bring warmer temperatures and rain
from mid-April to early September. During late summer and early fall, cyclonic
storms and numerous and destructive typhoons (tropical cyclones) occur, particularly
in the southwest.
The warm waters of the Kuroshio (Japan Current), which corresponds to the
Gulf Stream of the Atlantic in latitude and general directional movement, run
northward along Japan's Pacific coast as far as latitude 35° N. The Tsushima Current
flows westward from the Kuroshio off the coast of southern Kyushu, washing the
coastlines of Honshu and Hokkaido along the Sea of Japan; it is this current that
contributes moisture to the winter monsoon. The chilly Oya (Kuril) Current, the
Pacific counterpart to the Atlantic's Labrador Current, travels southeastward from the
Bering Sea down the east coast of Hokkaido and northern Honshu. Its waters mix
with those of the Kuroshio, resulting in intense sea fogs in the summer, particularly
around Hokkaido. The rugged backbone of the islands has the greatest influence on
climate. The ranges disrupt the monsoonal winds, resulting in dismal weather and
heavy snows along the Sea of Japan coast and bright and windy weather along the
Pacific. Temperatures and annual precipitation are roughly the same on both coasts,
although they fall precipitously in the hilly interior.
Japan, an archipelago nestled amidst the vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean,
harbors an astonishing diversity of plant and animal life. With over 3,000 species of
plants and a rich tapestry of fauna, Japan's biosphere is a testament to the intricate
balance and resilience of nature.
The country's flora is a reflection of its varied climate and topography. From
the subtropical evergreen forests of Kyushu to the coniferous woodlands of Hokkaido,
Japan's plant life showcases a remarkable adaptability. Iconic trees like the Japanese
cedar, ginkgo, camellia, and bamboo adorn the landscapes, while azaleas, irises, and
chrysanthemums add splashes of color to gardens and parks. The lotus, a symbol of
purity and beauty, thrives in ponds, its delicate blooms adding a touch of serenity to
the surroundings.
The reptilian and amphibian world of Japan is equally rich, with geckos,
skinks, and the Japanese giant salamander, the largest amphibian in the world, adding
to the diversity. Two species of poisonous snakes, including the habu on Okinawa,
coexist with harmless species like the Japanese rat snake. Ponds teem with turtles,
each species adding to the intricate web of life. Freshwater fish, including cyprinids,
salmon, trout, and crayfish, populate the rivers and lakes, while koi, bred for their
vibrant colors, adorn ornamental ponds. The coastal waters teem with marine life,
including whales, seals, walruses, and sea turtles. Tuna, mackerel, mullet, sardine, sea
bream, herring, and cod are among the many fish that grace the Japanese culinary
scene. Crabs, shrimps, oysters, and mussels further enrich the marine bounty.
Demography
Since 2009, Japan's population has been on a downward trend, starting at 128.56
million and projected to be around 126.48 million by the end of 2020. Experts predict
a further decline, with expectations that it may fall below 100 million by 2058. The
primary factor driving this decline is a decrease in the number of births. In 2019, only
864,000 babies were born in Japan, significantly fewer than in 2018. The fertility rate,
indicating the average number of babies per woman, stands at 1.4, well below the 2.1
threshold required to maintain a stable population. This marks the lowest fertility rate
recorded since tracking began in 1899.
Education
Infrastructure
Japan's national infrastructure, a relic from the economic boom of the 1960s
and 70s, is now facing significant challenges, providing an opportunity for
international collaboration, particularly with U.S. companies specializing in
infrastructure examination and diagnosis. As the International Trade Administration
(2023) highlights, the majority of Japan's critical infrastructure, including highways,
bridges, tunnels, dams, ports, and railways, were constructed during this period.
However, the aging of these structures has become a pressing concern, marked by
high-profile collapses leading to fatalities in recent years.
Economy
Japan's economic trajectory, as reflected in the recent data for Q3 2023, unveils a
complex interplay of factors influenced by the forces of globalization. Over the years,
Japan has been a prominent player in the global economy, and its recent economic
slowdown raises questions about the impact of global dynamics on this East Asian
powerhouse.
The stabilization of the CEIC Leading Indicator in July after six months of
robust improvement serves as a critical signal in understanding Japan's economic
state. The composite index, while inching up, suggests a potential peak, hinting at a
nuanced economic landscape shaped by the aftermath of the pandemic. The data
underscores how global events, such as the pandemic and subsequent recovery,
reverberate through Japan's economic cycles, emphasizing the intricate relationship
between the local and global dimensions.
Major Recession
In the first quarter of the year, Japan experienced a notable economic rebound,
surpassing expectations and signaling a promising recovery from recession. This
resurgence was propelled by a post-COVID surge in domestic consumption,
countering global challenges and instilling optimism for a prolonged economic
upswing. However, amidst these positive domestic developments, concerns emerged
due to signs of decelerating growth in major economies such as the U.S., Europe, and
China. The implications of this deceleration cast a shadow over Japan's export-
dependent economy, prompting intensified discussions about the timing of the central
bank's potential withdrawal from its substantial stimulus initiative.
Yoshiki Shinke, the chief economist at Dai-ichi Life Research Institute,
provided insights into the nuanced nature of Japan's economic recovery. He noted that
while the removal of COVID restrictions stimulated domestic spending, the overall
economic recovery is expected to be moderate, primarily due to weak overseas
demand. This delicate balancing act between robust domestic demand and sluggish
exports defines the current economic landscape in Japan.
Japan's art history tells the story of how foreign customs were modified to suit
regional tastes. Although local art forms have been on the island for as long as people
have, many of the surviving artworks of the archipelago have been imported and
altered. For example, the sixth century CE saw the advent of Buddhism. The faith had
an impact on Japanese sculpture, music, literature, and art. Similarly, Japanese arts
have been affected by Chinese and Korean literature, music, textiles, and architecture.
Despite having similar beginnings, Japanese music and art are distinct and constantly
changing.
The two most well-known performing arts in Japan are kabuki drama and Noh
theater. A centuries-old musical performance, noh is usually presented as a sequence
of plays. Its actors perform epic tales, comedies (known as kyogen), and tragedies,
frequently donning masks. Kabuki emerged as a reaction to Noh's formality a little
later on. It highlights the talent of its musicians, singers, and actors, who are almost
exclusively men. In addition to these well-known schools, puppet theater in the form
of bunraku exists.
Japan's musical traditions are only partially reflected in theater. Buddhist and
Chinese court rites provided the inspiration for the oldest musical traditions that are
still in use today. Japanese poetry evolved in tandem with gagaku, the formal music of
the courts. Common people composed their own tunes for pleasure, parties, and work
throughout the interim. Enthusiastic audiences were entertained by roadside
performers and musicians around the islands. Eventually, distinct geographic regions
developed into authorities in their respective musical genres and instrumentations.
The term min'yō is now used to designate to this entire genre.
The stringed shamisen, wadaiko and taiko drums, biwa lutes, and the koto, a
type of zither, are among the traditional musical instruments of Japan. Even though
these are some of the instruments that are currently most frequently utilized, the
nation's classical musicians have access to a much wider variety of instruments.
Drums, flutes, zithers, lutes, and bells are examples of common instruments.
Noh music utilizes a shared set of melodic and rhythmic patterns. There is a
great unity and similarity between the various shōdan of a play, as well as within a
single module (shōdan), where many of the same patterns appear multiple times.
However, the multitude of variations and tempos, the adaptability of the pattern
sequencing into longer phrases, and the unique expressive inflection of individual
plays and performances more than make up for this apparent limitation.
The "Noh Theater" of Japan is performed while donning masks and costumes.
Noh plays are traditionally all-day affairs, with one play from each of the five
categories (devil, warrior, woman, deity, and lunatic). Each category has its own mask
and outfit. The crap plays the main part. There are more uses for the waki. The
kyogen kata explains the play to the audience. Noh plays are performed on a square
stage that has four pillars at each corner and a simple pine tree painted on the rear.
The chorus, which can consist of up to eight members, is positioned on the right side
of the stage, while the instrumentalists are seated at the rear.
Health
Japan's reputation for high standards of living, safety, and cleanliness persists,
but the impact of globalization on income inequality, job security, and work-life
balance remains an ongoing consideration. The nation grapples with balancing its
economic success with the well-being of its citizens, a delicate task that necessitates
continuous evaluation and adjustment.
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