Plastic Waste Recycling For Development Of Bito-Plastic Roads In

Educational Institutions For Sustainable Pathways

Sri. G. Nani Babu (  nani.anu25@gmail.com )
KVSG Murali Krishna
G. kousalya
K. babji

Research Article

Keywords:

Posted Date: December 22nd, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3777372/v1

License:   This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License

Additional Declarations: No competing interests reported.

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Abstract
India is facing top ten challenges out of those plastic wastes Management is priority matter. India is leading the way in their
development in many fields like S&T, Automation, Robotics for ease of operations in Waste Management. Plastic waste generation in
India is about 4.13 million metric tons per annum, of which 20–30% is recycled. The top 5 states in India for producing plastic waste
are Telangana, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka. India has built about 33,800 km of plastic roads up to this
point. India has already built over 33,000 km of plastic roads and is planning to build even more in the future. This is a significant step
in the right direction in the fight against plastic pollution. each kilometer of plastic road requires 9 tons of bitumen and 1 ton of plastic
waste. One ton of bitumen can be saved for every kilometer of plastic road built. The abstract plastic roads are one of the best ways
to easily dispose of waste plastics and that they can help to reduce plastic pollution. It also highlights the potential of plastic roads to
strengthen road building and make it more affordable.

1. Introduction
Plastic roads are made by adding shredded plastic waste to bitumen, which gives the roads several advantages over traditional
bitumen roads, including: Increased durability: Plastic roads are less susceptible to potholes and cracks, which can extend their
lifespan by up to 50%. Reduced maintenance costs: Plastic roads require less maintenance than traditional bitumen roads, which can
save governments and municipalities significant amounts of money. Environmental benefits: Plastic roads help to reduce plastic
pollution by diverting waste plastic from landfills and incinerators. While there are some drawbacks to plastic roads, such as their
higher initial cost and the potential for micro plastic release, the overall benefits outweigh the risks.

Plastic roads are a wonderful illustration of how people can create value out of garbage. One of the few cities in the world to adopt
this technology widely was Chennai. Telangana, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka are the top 5 states in India
for producing plastic garbage. 3070.42 gram of plastic garbage is currently produced annually per person. Kambainallur saw the
construction of Tamil Nadu's first plastic road. Since then, the technology has been tested in all of India's main cities, including Pune,
Mumbai, Surat, Indore, Delhi, Lucknow, etc. Other nations, including the UK and Pakistan, build roadways out of plastic. Vijayawada is
a road made of plastic that was built in AP. About 63.7 lakh km of roads are in India. Our nation has built about 33,800 km of plastic
roads up to this point. The anticipated cost of switching to plastic roads from bitumen is over Rs. 30,000crore. Similar to how Andhra
Pradesh will incur costs estimated at 925 crore, Kakinada will incur costs estimated at 345 million. Drawbacks include the possibility
of durability issues in extreme temperatures, susceptibility to UV degradation, and worries about the release of micro plastic into the
environment over time due to a lack of competent employees. These factors prevented our government from supporting the adoption
of plastic road technology in many Indian states.

2. Literature Review
A Review Report on the Utilization of Plastic Wastes in Road Construction by G. M. H. Rashid1, A. Tabassum, R. Mahfuj, Journal of
Transportation Systems, Volume 6, Issue 2, May-August 2021.

The optimum content of PET was found to be 5.3% for which 75.76% increase in stability value was reported. According to Ahmadinia
et. al. (2011), use of PET also was proved to increase the stiffness of mixture. Percentage of PET more than 4% gradually increased
flow value whereas higher Marshall Quotient was found at 2%, 4%, and 6% of PET than conventional mix. PET of 6% of weight by
bitumen was found to be the optimum content. The effects of PET on the Marshall properties are significant and satisfactory. On the
premises of the reviews of literature and test results following conclusions are drawn: 1. 6–8% waste plastics may be the best
substitute for binding material in road construction. 2. Use of HDPE products is found to be more advantageous than other waste
plastics Due to these significant advantages, use of waste plastics in road construction is beneficial as a mean of safe disposal of
these non-biodegradable wastes as well as for the betterment of transportation facilities. With requisite steps taken, plastic roads can
be the best strategy for diminishing plastic pollution.

A Review on Use of Plastic in Construction of Roads by Chada Jithendra Sai Raja, N. Sai Sampath, Ch.Suresh, A. Phan Bhaskar,
Journal of Advancement in Engineering and Technology, Volume 7, Issue 4, 01 May 2020.

The global plastic production is increasing rapidly with rise in population and changes in life style. This makes the disposal of plastic
is becoming complicated because of the non- biodegradable property. So it is better to recycle than disposal. One of the trend in

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recycling of plastic is use in construction of roads. This type of recycling can also help in protecting the environment from the
greenhouse gases that are exposed to atmosphere while disposal. The waste plastic in form of bottles, cups, caps, etc are made in
form of powder or blended with crusher and coated over the aggregate and bitumen mixture by heating process for roads
construction. This polymer coated aggregate and bitumen mixture shows high strength, better binding property, stability, and increase
in wear resistance, better durability and tear of roads. This makes the recycle of plastic in an efficient manner.

Use of Plastic Waste in Pavement Construction: An Example of Creative Waste management by Anzar Hamid Mir, IOSR Journal of
Engineering (IOSRJEN), Volume 5, Issue 02, February 2015.

Plastic which is toxic in nature is found to be nearly 5% in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). A major problem nowadays is the disposal
of plastic wastes. These wastes are non biodegradable in nature causing environmental pollution and hygiene problems. The
experimentation at several institutes indicated that waste plastic can be utilized in Asphalting of roads. The use of these wastes in
road construction is based on Economic, Technical and Ecological criteria. Taking an example of INDIA (Authors native land) several
million metric tons plastic wastes are produced every year. If these wastes can be suitably utilized in road construction, the disposal
and pollution problems can be minimized to a large extent. In road making process bitumen is used as binder. The bitumen can be
modified with plastic waste pieces forming a mix which can be used as a top layer of flexible pavement, showing better binding
property, stability, density and which is more resistant to water. In addition to the improvement of the quality of the road, this
technology has helped to use the waste plastics obtained from domestic and industrial packing materials. This process is eco friendly
and socially highly relevant and hence one of the best methods for easy disposal of Waste plastics.

3. Methodology
The methodology for plastic road construction can be divided into the following steps:

Collection and sorting of plastic waste - Plastic waste is collected from various sources, such as households, businesses, and
industries. The waste is then sorted to separate different types of plastic.

Shredding of plastic waste -The sorted plastic waste is shredded into small pieces. The size of the shredded plastic pieces depends on
the type of plastic and the road construction method being used.

Mixing of plastic waste with bitumen - The shredded plastic waste is mixed with bitumen, the material used to make traditional
asphalt roads. The ratio of plastic to bitumen varies depending on the desired properties of the road.

Laying of plastic road - The plastic-bitumen mixture is laid on the road surface using conventional road construction methods.

Compaction of plastic road - The plastic road is compacted using rollers to ensure that it is dense and durable.

There are two main methods of plastic road construction:

Dry process

In the dry process, the shredded plastic waste is mixed with bitumen at ambient temperature. This method is relatively simple and
cost-effective, but it is not as durable as the wet process.

Wet process

In the wet process, the shredded plastic waste is heated and melted before being mixed with bitumen. This method produces a more
durable road, but it is also more expensive and complex.

Once the plastic road is laid and compacted, it is ready for use. Plastic roads typically have a lifespan of 20–30 years, which is longer
than the lifespan of traditional asphalt roads.

3.1. Comparison between Cement, Bitumen and Plastic roads

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 Cement roads Bitumen roads Plastic roads

Life span 20-40 years 5-10 years >50years

Unit cost per km 15.38crore 20lakh 51000/- including carpet and seal coat 10.8lakh

Co-efficient of friction 0.4 ~ 0.75 04 ~ 0.75 0.4 ~ 0.75

Time for 24-48 hours 4-6 hours <24 hours

taken settling/construction

Durability (Let’s assume a scale 9 6 7

of durability from 1 to 10)

Ton cost per km Rs. 6 to 7crore Rs. 50,000/- Rs. 10,000/-

Hydraulic permeability 1.7x10-9 to 3.5x10-13 0.4 to 0.04 cm/sec -

cm/sec

Load-bearing capacity 800kN/m2 700kN/m2 750kN/m2

Softening point 49.8°C 35°C – 70°C 110°C – 130°C

Water drainage 8 6 7
efficiency (Let’s assume a scale
of water drainage
efficiency from 1 to 10)

Material composition by weight Cement: 15-20% Bitumen: 90-95% Recycled plastic: 5-

10%
Aggregates (like sand & gravel): 80- Aggregates: 5-
85% 10% Bitumen: 90-95%

Maintenance cost year per Rs. 49,590/- Rs. 66,120/- Rs. 41,325/-

Challenges Higher initial cost can crack over Require Limited

time due to more testing, potential environmental concerns
temperature changes and settling. maintenance, if not managed properly.
susceptible to
temperature
changes and
rutting.
Benefits High durability, strength and load – Flexible, good Reduce plastic waste, lower maintenance,
bearing capacity. traction, better resistance to water and corrosion,
relatively potentially longer lifespan.
lower initial cost,
repairs are
easier.

Each type of road has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice depends on factors like budget, local conditions, and
sustainability goals.

3.2 STATUS OF PLASTIC ROADS IN INDIA

Plastic roads are a prime example of how humans can make treasure from trash!

You may have seen bottles, bags, toys, and many other things made of plastic. But did you know that roads can be made of plastic
too? That’s right! These roads have become a great way to recycle plastic. Dr. Rajagopalan Vasudevan, an Indian scientist, introduced
the idea of using waste plastic in road construction. Initially, Chennai was one of the few cities in the world to extensively use this
technology. The municipality ordered the construction of 1000 km of plastic roads in 2004. However, the effective use of plastic in
road construction in India only began later in 2015 when the Union Government instructed the use of waste plastic with hot mixes.
This combination was to be used for bitumen (a thick and black adhesive liquid) roads surrounding the metro areas. Then, Nitin
Gadkari, the Minister of Road Transport and Highways, initiated highway construction using waste plastic. As of July 2021, 703 km of
national highways have been built using this technology.

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S.NO States/Union Territories Plasticwaste generation in Plasticwaste Recycling in Road making in
TPA TPA TPA

1 Andaman&Nicobar Islands 492.342 NP 80.05

2 Andhra Pradesh 39626.45 5943.935 589.35

3 Arunachal Pradesh 3755.9 90 60

4 Assam 58765 NP NP

5 Bihar 74263.69 7673.6 NP

6 Chandigarh 13107.15 NP NP

7 Chhattisgarh 47450 200 86

8 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman 4726 50 24

and Diu

9 Delhi 345000 1150 NP

10 Goa 29441 150 74

11 Gujarat 337693.96 NP NP

12 Haryana 185168 NP 735

13 Himachal Pradesh 6206.78 828.6 NP

14 Jammu & Kashmir 51710.6 2360 541

15 Jharkhand 20263.45 9185.2 NP

16 Karnataka 368080 10800 NP

17 Kerala 120063.87 73000 915

18 Lakshadweep 523.54 76 46

19 Madhya Pradesh 138483.58 63400.7 405

20 Maharashtra 311254 29565 13513

21 Manipur 10303 182.5 NP

22 Meghalaya 5043 364 195

23 Mizoram 1514.51 0.768 NP

24 Nagaland 4785.94 NP 0.7

25 Odisha 51269.9 44165 NP

26 Puducherry 12754 3969 NP

27 Punjab 108332.06 5233 2453

28 Rajasthan 66324.57 NP NP

29 Sikkim 82.75 15 6

30 Tamil Nadu 430107 295482 15875

31 Telangana 472675 15236 1371.24

32 Tripura 61.65 55 2.53

33 Uttar Pradesh 375950 NP NP

34 Uttarakhand 18647.75 NP NP

* NP: Not Planned

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 S.NO States/Union Territories Plasticwaste generation in Plasticwaste Recycling in Road making in
TPA TPA TPA

35 West Bengal 417925 NP NP

Total 4131851.442 569175.3 36971.87

* NP: Not Planned

Table 3.2 Status of Plastic Waste Management

Details of Registered Manufacturing/Recycling Units

As per the provision 13(1) of PWM Rules, 2018, all the plastic manufacturing/recycling units shall be registered with the concerned
SPCBs/PCCs. There are 5939 (3736–Plastic Manufacturers/producers, 1207-Recyclers., 70-Compostable Mfg., 311-MLP) registered
units in 29 States/UTs. There are no plastic carry bag manufacturing units in 5 States/UTs namely Arunachal Pradesh, Andaman and
Nicobar, Mizoram, Sikkim, Lakshadweep. No information for DD& DHN provided in this regard.

However, as per provision 4(h) of PWM Rules, 2018 CPCB has issued total 194 certificates to manufacturer/seller for marketing and
selling of compostable carry bags/products till now.

Details of Unregistered Plastic Manufacturing /Recycling Units

There are 615unregistered plastic manufacturing/recycling units running in 5 States/UTs (Bihar, Punjab, Karnataka, Kerala,
Uttarakhand). No unregistered plastic units have been reported in 24States/UTs ( Andaman and Nicobar, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal
Pradesh, Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Lakshadweep Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Puducherry, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh,).6
States/UTs (Assam, Delhi, DDDNH, Gujarat, West Bengal & Tamil Nadu) have not provided the information regarding unregistered
units operating in their jurisdiction.

3.3 PLASTIC ROADS IN SOME OTHER COUNTRIES

United Kingdom:

In January 2019, the Department for Transport announced a £1.6 million UK trial of a plastic road technology developed by MacRebur,
an asphalt enhancement company based in Scotland. Cumbria was the first council in the UK to use the patented asphalt
enhancement. Since then, the polymers have also been laid in Dumfries and Galloway, Gloucester, London, Newcastle upon Tyne,
Durham and in the Central Belt. As part of the project, research into the technology will be carried out by Gaist, as well as The
University of Nottingham, University of Central Lancashire, University of the Sunshine Coast, in Australia and the University of
California.

Pakistan:

In December 2021, a 1-km stretch of Islamabad's Ataturk Avenue was entirely re-laid with plastic. The project was collaboration
between Capital Development Authority and Coca Cola Company Pakistan. It used 10 ton of plastic bottle waste mixed with asphalt.
3.4 PLASTIC ROADS IN ANDHRA PRADESH
3.4.1 State Observations
The estimated plastic waste generation in the State is 39626.45 TPA (ULBs − 37,446.45 & Census Towns − 2,180) during the year
2020-21.
Rule 4(c & d) for thickness criteria has been implemented in the state.
There are 135 plastic manufacturing units (Producers 117& Recyclers- 18), 1 compostable plastic unit and no unregistered unit in
the State.
Certain Urban Local bodies like Tadipatri, Vijayawada, Tirupati & Bobili have put ban on plastic carry bags irrespective of their
thickness. All local bodies have taken stand on ban on their own.

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 Plastic waste is being collected and segregated by ULBs and sent to recyclers. Most of the Plastic waste is channelized through
Kabadiwalas to recyclers. The non- recyclable plastic waste generated from the municipalities and from bio mining operating is
being sent to Cement plants and partly for road formations.
Violation of PWM Rules has been observed. Further State Urban Development Dept., constituted 721 Task force teams 240 ton of
plastic carry bags was seized and Rs. 169 lakh of fines was collected from defaulters.

Annual Reports furnished by all ULBs & Census Towns.

The AP Panchayat Raj department is getting ready to provide plastic pellets to build 45 clusters by October 2. All 661 mandals in AP
would be connected with the plastic mixed roads by January 26, said Panchayati Raj commissioner B. Ramanjaneyulu. AP Chief
Secretary Dinesh Kumar has been working on this project for two years.

Locals in the 45 clusters have started selling plastic waste to the PR department. This is graded and shredded and sold as pellets at
40 per kg, for construction of Panchayat Raj roads.

"The demand is two tons for 1 km of road," Mr Ramanjaneyulu said. The department would be able to produce 110 tons by January
2018, by which time all the clusters in 661 mandals will become operational.

He said the plastic-mixed roads would not be damaged by rain, and would be less expensive.

Staff is being trained to produce plastic pellets at three centers in Bapatla, Samalkot and Sri Kalahasthi, he said.
3.5 Vijayawada Plastic Road
Villages in Andhra Pradesh will get plastic roads which will be more durable and not be affected by rain.

Recently, I visited Plastic Road in Vijayawada. The Vijayawada Municipal Corporation constructed a road using waste plastic in 2016.
An estimated Rs.13.5 lakh would be spent on construction.

3.6 Cost Analysis for Indian Road Network

Total plastic waste generation in India per annum = 4.13 MT

Recycling plastic waste per annum = 569175.3 ton

Usable plastic waste for road construction = 36971.87 ton

Total length of road network in India = 6.4 million km

Plastic roads construction in India = 21000 mile

= 33800 km

Remaining road length = 6,400,000–33,800 km

= 6,366,200 km

For 1 km of road construction uses 1 ton of plastic waste and 9 ton of bitumen.

If we can replace these 6,366,200 km of roads to plastic roads.

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 Total quantity of bitumen required = 57.24 million ton

Total quantity of waste plastic required = 6.36 million ton

Cost of bitumen per ton = ₹ 50,000/-

Cost of waste plastic per ton = ₹ 30,000/

Cost of bitumen per 57.24 million ton = ₹ 28,620crore

Cost of waste plastic per 6.36 million ton = ₹ 1,908crore

Total cost for laying of plastic roads in India = 28,620 + 1,908crore

= ₹ 30,258crore

3.7 Cost Analysis for Andhra Pradesh Road Network

In the last five years, Andhra Pradesh has got 209.4 km of national highways built out of plastic waste and 100m plastic road laying
in Vijayawada.

Total length of road network in AP = 76,636 mile

= 123334 km

Total length of Plastic roads = 209.5 km

Remaining road length = 123334 − 209.5 km

= 123124.5km

We can replace these 123124.5 km of roads to plastic roads

Quantity of bitumen required = 1.11 million ton

Quantity of Plastic waste required = 123124.5 ton

Bitumen cost per 1.11 million to = ₹ 555crore

Plastic waste cost per 0.123 million ton = ₹ 369.3735crore

Total cost for laying of plastic roads in AP = ₹ 555 + 369.37crore

= ₹ 924.37crore

3.8 Cost Analysis for Kakinada City Road Network

Total road length of Kakinada city = 719.21 km

There are no plastic roads in Kakinada, but if we replace these 719.21 km of roads to plastic roads

Quantity of bitumen required = 6472.89 ton

Quantity of plastic waste required = 719.21 ton

Cost of bitumen per 6472.89 ton = ₹ 323.64 million

Cost of plastic waste per 719.21 ton = ₹ 21.57million

Total cost for laying of plastic roads in Kakinada city = ₹ 323.64 + 21.57million

= ₹ 345.21million

3.9 ECONOMICS COMPARISON BETWEEN BITUMINOUS ROADS & PLASTIC

ROADS
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One of the main factors to be considered in any technology and global market is economy. In order to compare the cost of
construction between ordinary bituminous road and plastic coated bituminous road (Plastic roads).

Cost Analysis Assuming,

Cost of plastics waste (collection, segregation and processing) per kg = Rs. 5/-

Cost of bitumen per drum (200 kg) = Rs. 10,000/-

Cost of bitumen per kg = Rs. 50/-

Cost of bitumen per ton = Rs. 50,000/-

Generally roads in India are constructed in basic width of 3.75 m, Consider 1 Km length road To lay 1km of road 10 tons of bitumen is
required,

Cost of bitumen required per km = Rs. 5,00,000/-

Assuming Optimum percentage of plastic as per the test results of literature reviewed is around 10% (by % wt. of bitumen).

Total quantity of bitumen required = 9 ton

Total quantity of plastic waste required = 1 ton

Cost of bitumen for 9 ton = Rs. 4,50,000/-

Cost of plastic waste for 1 ton = Rs. 5,000/-

Total cost of bitumen and plastic waste per km = Rs. 4,55,000/-

Total savings in Construction per km = Cost of ordinary bituminous road – Cost of

Plastic coated bituminous road

= 5,00,000–4,55,000

= Rs. 45,000/-

Kakinada city,

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated per day = 220 MT

Plastic waste is about 5% in MSW per day = 11 MT

1 metric ton of plastic waste and 9 metric ton of bitumen is used to construct 1km of plastic road, i.e., 11km of plastic road is
constructed using per day plastic waste generation in Kakinada city.

Economy: Cost construction comparison between bituminous road and plastic road

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 Total quantity of bitumen required per 11km = 110 ton

Total cost of bitumen per 11km = Rs. 5.5million

Total quantity of plastic waste required per 11km = 11 ton

Total quantity of bitumen required per 11km = 99 ton

Cost of bitumen per ton = Rs. 50,000/-

Cost of bitumen per 99 ton = Rs. 4.95million

Cost of plastic waste per ton = Rs. 10,000/-

Cost of plastic waste per 11 ton = Rs. 1,10,000/-

Total cost of bitumen and plastic waste per 11km = Rs. 49,50,000/- + Rs. 1,10,000/-

= Rs. 50,60,000/-

Total savings in construction per 11km = Total cost of bituminous road per 11km – Total cost of plastic road 11km

= 55,00,000–50,60,000 = ₹440000/-

4. Results
Plastic consumption and waste output in India have grown significantly in recent years.
India produces 4.1 million tons of plastic waste per year, but only 20% of it is recycled.
As of 2021, India had almost 33,800 km of plastic roads, but only 703 km of National Highways were constructed using plastic
waste.
The construction of every km of plastic road requires nine tons of bitumen and one ton of plastic waste, saving one ton of
bitumen per km of road.
Plastic roads consist of 8–10% plastic, while 90–92% is bitumen.
The estimated cost of replacing the entire road network in India, AP state, and Kakinada city with plastic roads is ₹30,258crore,
₹924.37crore, and ₹345.21 million respectively.

5. Conclusions
1. The plastic consumption in India has grown at a significant pace over the past five years, and so has its waste output. India
produces 4.1 million ton of plastic waste in a year, only 20% of it is recycled.
2. Until now, in our country has almost 33,800 km of plastic roadways that means every 1km road uses one million plastic bags. As
of 2021, only 703 km of National Highways were constructed using plastic waste.
3. The construction of every km of road required nine ton of bitumen and one ton of plastic waste. This means for every km of road,
one ton bitumen is saved, which costs about Rs 50,000/-. Plastic roads consist of 8–10% plastic, while 90–92% is bitumen.
4. If replacing total length of road network to plastic roads in India, AP state and Kakinada city estimated cost will be ₹30,258crore,
₹924.37crore, ₹345.21 million respectively.
5. This study will have a positive impact on the environment as it will reduce the volume of plastic waste to be disposed by
incineration and land filling. It will not only add value to plastic waste but will develop a technology, which is eco-friendly.
6. Only 9% of plastic waste is recycled globally (15% is collected for recycling but 40% of that is disposed of as residues). Another
19% is incinerated, 50% ends up in landfill and 22% evades waste management systems and goes into uncontrolled dumpsites, is
burned in open pits or ends up in terrestrial or aquatic environments, especially in poorer countries.
7. In conclusion, the use of waste plastics for pavement is one of the best methods for easy disposal of plastics. The use of the
innovative technology will not only strengthen the road construction but also make it economical as well as increase the life span
of roads. Each type of road has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice depends on factors like budget, local
conditions, and sustainability goals. Due to drawbacks of plastic roads and lack of understanding on plastic roads are not
implemented in many states in India..

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Declarations
Author Contribution
Sri. G. Nani Babua Dr. KVSG Murali Krishna b, G.kousalya c, K.babji da Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engg, UCEK, JNTUK,
Kakinada. (b) Professor of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engg, UCEK, JNTUK, Kakinada (c,d) PG student, M.Tech
(EEM) II year, School of Renewable Energy and Environment, Institute of Science and Technology, JNTUK, Kakinada

References
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4. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1943210
5. http://www.scribd.com/doc/51055725/use-of-plasticwaste-in-road-construction
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Research & Technology, Vol. 5 Issue 09, September-2016.
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8. Kajal, N K S Pundhir, Sangita and A Chandra(2007), Use of waste plastics and copper slag for low cost bituminous roads, Journal
Of Scientific and Industrial Research,Vol.66.pp.938-994
9. KVSG Murali Krishna, “Environmental Studies”, VGS Publishers, Vijayawada, 2015.
10. Ministry of Road Transport and High Ways, Manual for construction and supervision of Bituminous works, New Delhi, November
2001.
11. Mr. Mahesh M Barad, ―Use Of Plastic In Bituminous Road Construction, Journal Of Information, Knowledge And Research In
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Figures

Figure 1

Fig 3.1 Collection and sorting of plastic waste

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Figure 2

Fig 3.2 Plastic waste shredded pieces

Figure 3

Fig 3.3 Mixing of plastic waste with bitumen

Figure 4

Fig 3.4 Laying of plastic road

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Figure 5

Fig 3.2.1 State/UTs wise PW Generation in TPA

Figure 6

Fig 3.5.5 Vijayawada plastic road

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Figure 7

Fig 3.5.6 Field visit to plastic roads by author

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