CHAPTER 1

Calculus 2
Integration Concepts and Formulas
Indefinite Integration

Prepared by

Nick Wais Sibaen

Mathematics Department
College of Numeracy and Applied Sciences
Benguet State University
CHAPTER 1: FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRAL CONCEPTS AND FORMULAS

1.1. Antiderivative of a Function

We start by recalling some of the inverse operations we learned from previous

Mathematics courses such as addition and subtraction, multiplication and division, squaring and
taking the square root, and many others. These are called inverse operations because it
reverses the effect of each other. For instance, when we start at a number �� and add it to
another number �� to yield a third number ��, subtracting �� from �� will give back ��.
Similarly, when squaring a number �� results to another number ��, taking the square root of
��
gives back the number ��.

In like manner, antidifferentiation can be thought as the inverse operation for

differentiation. Under the process of differentiation, students are to compute for the derivative of
a given function. However, under the process of antidifferentiation, students are actually given
the derivative of some unknown function, so that the task of the students is to identify the
functions from which when differentiated, yields the given derivative.

Defi
nition of Antiderivative
 A

function is called an antiderivative of the function on an interval if for all .

Example 1.1.1

A. Show that F x x ( ) 3 1 = +is an antiderivative of f x x ( ) 6 = .

2

To show that F x( )is an antiderivative of f x( ), we need to show that the derivative of F

x( )is f x( ).

F x'( ) 3 1 d d
2

⎡⎤ ⎣⎦
= +
dx dx
[]
x

d −
x x x or x
1
recall :d n n
2 211 − ⎡⎤=
* 33266
⎣ ⎦, this called the power formula for

⎡⎤=⋅=
dx dx
⎣⎦ x nx

d differentiation
* [1 0 ]

dx=the derivative of a constant is always 0 F xd d

⎡⎤
= +
'( ) 3 1

[]
x
2

⎣⎦

dx dx = +
60
x

=
6 x

=
fx()

B. Show that F x x x ( ) 4 3 = −is an antiderivative of

3 2

f x x ( ) 12 3 = − .
 F x'( ) 4 3 d d
3

⎡⎤ []
= −
xx
⎣⎦
dx dx
2

=−
12 3
x

=
fx()

C. Show that F x x x ( ) sin( ) cos( ) = +is an antiderivative of f x x x ( ) cos( ) sin( ) = − .

1
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.

F x'( ) [sin cos ] []

dd d
xx
d
xx

= + recall : sin cos [ ]

xx xx
dx dx
=−
cos sin ( )
cos sin
=+− xx
dx=; recall : cos sin [ ] dx= −

=
fx()

Practice Exercises 1

1. Show that
43
F x x x ( ) 5 2 = −is and antiderivative of 3 2 f x x x ( )

20 6 = − . 4 3 F x x x ( ) 5 2 = −
4131
F x x x '( ) 5 ___ 2 ___
−−

= ⋅ − ⋅using the power formula for differentiation ___ ___

 = − ___ ___ x xsimplifying
32

= − 20 6 x x

= f x( )

2. Show that ( ) 3 4 F x e = +is and antiderivative of ( ) 3

x x

fxe=.

( ) 3 4 xF x e = +
d

F x'( ) 3 = ⋅ + _____ _____ recall:d x x

⎡⎤=
dx ⎣ ⎦; recall: constant 0 [ ]

dx= = ____ = f x( )
ee

=−
Fx () fx()
3. Show that 1 x 31
3
= is an antiderivative of
+ ( )2

+
.

31
x
'( )d d
_____ _ _ _____ ddgxfxfxgx fx ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) recall:
d dx dx ()2

( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] dx dx F x−

[][]
=

⎡⎤−

⎢⎥=

( )2 ( )( ) ( )( ) _____ _ _ _____ −
_____
, this is
⎣⎦
gx
dx gx
()
[] dx=; using the power formula for differentiation recall:

the formula for the derivative of a quotient

d constant 0 [ ]

=simplifying ( )2
_____
_____
= −simplifying ( )2
_____

= f x( )

2
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.
1.2. Indefinite Integration (Antidifferentiation)

At this point, students have an idea of what an antiderivative is. As shown in example

1.1.1, one antiderivative of f x x ( ) 6 =is F x x ( ) 3 1 = +because F x f x '( ) ( ) =. However, F

2 2

x x ( ) 3 1 = +is not the only possible antiderivative of f x x ( ) 6 =. Here are others:

1( )336()d
22

⎡⎤
=→== ⎣⎦
Fxxxxfx
dx
2( )3232606()d
⎡⎤
=+→+=+== ⎣⎦
22
Fxxxxxfx
dx
 3( )3333606()d
⎡⎤
=+→+=+== ⎣⎦
22
Fxxxxxfx
dx
4( )3434606()d
⎡⎤
=−→−=−==
.
⎣⎦
22
Fxxxxxfx
dx
4( )33606()d
⎡⎤
=−→−=−==ππ
.
⎣⎦
22
Fxxxxxfx
dx

The derivative of the functions ��1, ��2, ��3 , and ��4 is precisely ��(��) = 6��.
So ��1, ��2, ��3 , and ��4 are also considered antiderivative of ��. In fact, there are
infinitely many of antiderivatives for �� because any function of the form ���� = 3�� + ��,
where �� is any constant, is an antiderivative of ��. This general antiderivative ���� = 3��
+ �� of ��(��) = 12��2 − 3 is also called the indefinite integral of ��.

Indefi
nite Integration

Indefinite Integration or Antidifferentiation is the process of finding the set of all

antiderivatives of a given function ,
where is an arbitrary constant.

The symbol ∫ is the integral sign. When we see this symbol before a function, this means
that we are to antidifferentiate or integrate the function. The function being integrated is called
the integrand, and the term “����” is called the differential of the variablexwhich indicate that
the function is to be integrated with respect tox . If the function has a different independent
variable say ��, then the integrand will be followed by “����.” Later on, the integrand will
involve more than one variable and the importance of putting ����, ���� or ���� will be
more apparent.

Again, ∫ ��(��)���� means we are to find NOT just a particular antiderivative, but
all possible antiderivative of ��(��). If ��(��) is a particular antiderivative, {��(��) +
��}or simply ��(��) + �� is the set containing all the antiderivative of ��(��). This set
is also called the indefinite integral of ��(��).
Properties of Indefinite Integration
= + where Cis an arbitrary constant
1.dx x C ∫

The integrand is precisely the constant function f x( ) 1 = . A particular

antiderivative is d

F x x ( ) =because [ ] 1

dx x =.

3
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.

=
2.af x dx a f x dx ( ) ( ) ∫ ∫where ais an arbitrary constant
This property allows one to “factor out” any constant multiplied to an entire
function in the integrand.

]
3.[ f x g x dx f x dx g x dx ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ± = ± ∫∫∫
The third property means that the integral of a sum or difference of two functions is
equal to the sum or difference of the integral of each function.

]
4.[ f x f x f x f x dx f x dx f x dx f x dx f x dx 1 2 3 1 2 3 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ± ± ± ± = ± ± ± ± n n

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ The fourth property is an extension of the third property. It states that the
integral of the sum or difference of more than two functions is equal to the sum or
difference of the integral of each function.

+
∫n n x 1

x dx C n = + ≠ −

+
5. n 1 ,1

This called the power formula. Power Formula for Differentiation

derivative of ����is computed by subtracting the Power Formula for Integration
exponent n by 1. After which, the exponent n is
brought
down as a
coefficient of The integral of ����is computed by adding 1 to
the the exponent n, and then dividing the result by
derivative. n+1.

From the above illustration, the derivative of ����is

������−1. We see that by integrating ������−1 using the power formula for integration
yields the original function ����except of course for the added constant C).
nn

−+

−
11

nx nx
nn nx dx C C x C
=+=+=+nn
∫
1 −+
11
Warning: The common error committed by students is assuming that (as patterned from property
3 and 4) the integral of a product or quotient of two or more functions is the product or quotient
of the integral of each function. This is not the case though. Techniques for integrating a product
or quotient of two functions will be presented later in this course.

≠
[ f x g x dx f x dx g x dx ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ⋅ ⋅ ] ∫∫∫
⎢⎥
⎣ ⎦∫
f x dx f x
dx
()
()
⎡⎤

∫
∫
≠
g x g x dx
()()
Also, students tend to get confused as to when the term “C” should be added. Always
remember that this term should only be added after performing integration.
 4
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.
Example 1.2.1
4dx .
Compute for the following integral: ∫
Solution
=
4 4 dx dx ∫ ∫applying property 2 = + 4x Capplying
property 1

Example 1.2.2
2

Compute for the following integral:

()
+− .
3 2 5 x x dx ∫
Solution
2

()
+−
3 2 5 x x dx ∫
2

dx
= + − 3 2 5 x dx xdx ∫ ∫ ∫applying property 4
2

xdx dx
= + − 3 2 5 x dx ∫ ∫ ∫applying property 2
2111
++
x
x xC
=+−
35
2

++

+applying the power rule and property 2

1

111
32
xx
= + − +x Csimplifying
 325
32
= + − + x x x C 5simplifying
32

Note: This is a detailed solution. Once students master the different properties above, solutions may be shortened.

Example 1.2.3

dx − + .
753
16 18 10 x x x ∫
Compute for the following integral:
()
Solution

dx − +
753
16 18 10 . x x x ∫
()
= − + 16 18 10 x dx x x
753
∫ ∫ ∫applying property 4
x
75
3
= − + 16 18 10 x dx x ∫ ∫ ∫applying property 2
715131
+++
xxx
C
= − +applying the power rule
16 1
+
++ +
8
3
711 10
51
864
xxx
= − + +Csimplifying
16 18 10
864
864
5

= − + + 2 3 x x x Csimplifying
2
Example 1.2.4
xdx .
Compute for the following integral: ∫
Solution
 = x dx
∫xdx 12
∫ 1
2

xis another way of writing x

1
21

+
x
C
= +applying the power rule
12
+
1

5
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.
32
x
= +C 1 3 2 2 + =
3 3

=+xC
2
12
=;
23
1
23x x=

or 32 3
32

= + x x C 32
xxxxx=⋅=
3
Example 1.2.5
1
Compute for the following integral: 2 dx
⌠⎮ .
⌡
x
Solution
1
dx
⌠⎮
⌡2

−
x dx

= −2
∫
x 2
−+ x xis another way of writing 12 x
C
21

= +applying the power rule − +

21

−
1

x
C
= + simplifying
− 1
C
1

= − +11 −;
1
1

−
=

Example 1.2.6 x 1= −
x
x

()
Compute for the following integral: ( x x dx + − 1 2 ) ∫.
Solution
The integrand is a product. So far, we have not presented yet a technique to directly
integrate a product. We now look for a strategy to integrate (�� + 1)(�� − 2) using the
properties provided earlier. We proceed as follows.
2

()
( x x dx + − 1 2 ) ∫()
dx 2 ( )( )2
=−−xx ∫
xxxx+−=−−122

= − − x dx xdx dx 2
∫ ∫ ∫applying property 4 and 2
2111
++
xx
C
=−−+

2 1 1 1x
2
+applying the power rule and property 1
 +
32
xx
= − − +x C simplifying
2
32
Example 1.2.7
53
468
−+⎮ .
⌠ ⌡
Compute for the following integral: xxx
dx
2
x
Solution
The integrand is a quotient. So far, we have not presented yet a technique to directly
integrate a quotient. We now look for a strategy to integrate 4��5−6��3+8��
proceed as follows. 2��using the properties provided earlier. We

6
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.
53
468
−+⎮
⌠ ⌡
x
x x dx
2 x

dx
=−+234xx ∫
42 53 xxx
4 6 8 422 3 4 xx

()
−+
=−+

2 x

dx
42
= − + 2 3 4 x dx x dx ∫ ∫ ∫applying property 4
and 2
4211
++
2
4
x x3
xC
 =−+

++

+applying the power rule and property 1 1 2 1

4
5

3
2 4
x
= − + + x x C simplifying
5

Practice Exercise 2

Evaluate the following using the properties of indefinite

integration. 2
1.
()
−+
7 5 1 . x x dx ∫
34

2.( )
−
⌠
236
.
xxx
⎮⎮ dx
⌡
6 32 x
3.
2

x dx
5. ∫
8
. 3dx
∫
4.5
x
5.43
⌠⎮
⌡ + ⎟
⎛⎞ ⎜ ⎝⎠
2 . x dx x

7
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.
1.3. Integration by Substitution/Change of Variable

In calculus, the functions that we deal with can be very complex. To make these
functions simpler and easier to deal with, we introduce another variable (conventionally the
variable u). This variable will assume a portion of the function, and then will be substituted to all
parts of the function that equals it. For instance, in the function ��(��) = 3(�� + 1)4 − (��
+ 1)3 + 2(�� + 1)2, if we let u x = +1, then the function can be rewritten simply as ��(��) =
3��4 − ��3 + 2��2. This process will compact and reduce the function. We emphasize that
doing this does not change the original function because we are merely rewriting it using
another variable.

There is no fixed rule in identifying which part of the integrand should assume the value
for u . The process of substitution is more of a “trial and error” task. In identifying the part of the
integrand that is equated to uis entirely dependent on whether it makes the integration process
simpler and provides more elegant answers. We can also introduce a second (or more) variable
if the resulting integrand is still complex even after introducing the first one.

Applying substitution for the purpose of integration is not as simple as what we did with
the function ��(��) above. This is because in the integrand, we have an added term dx(or dy
, dz, etc.). Since this is still a part of the integrand, it is important that we find a substitute for it.
This is done by taking the derivative of

∫ ∫ f x f u dx du →
u , symbolized asdu .

( ) ( ) substitution process
introduction of thevariable
u
 When one opts to use substitution before integration, it is a convention that the answers
are still written using the original variable. Since we introduced a variable u, then our initial
answer is an expression involving the variable u. We do not stop here but take an extra step to
put it back to the original variable. That is, we substitute back whatever value of uwe arbitrarily
choose at the beginning.

Example 1.3.1

x dx + .
Use substitution to reduce the following integral: ( )11 3 3 8 ∫
Solution
Let u x = + 3 8If we let u = 3instead, it does not help us so we choose u x = + 3 8 Again, we are not only

looking for a substitute for (3 8 x+ )but for all

parts of the integrand.
To find a possible substitute of dxor perhaps 3dx, we differentiate
u x = + 3 8.
dd
[ ] [3 8]
ux
= +differentiating both sides u x = + 3 8
dx dx
du d d
x

dx= (3 3 )
dx=;(2 0 ) dx=
3

du dx = 3 cross multiplication
(The derivative du dx = 3happened to be exactly the rest of the integrand. However, this is not

always that case.) ( )11 3 3 8 x + dx

∫
( )11
= 3x +8 3dx
∫rearranging
11

= u du + →; 3dx du →
∫substitution: 3 8 x u

8
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
 This material is for BSU students only.
Example 1.3.2
Use substitution to reduce the following integral:
( )7
− .
23
x x dx 3 2 ∫
Solution
3
Let
u x = − 3 2If we let 2
u x =instead, its derivative is du x = 2which is far from the
rest of the integrand.
3
We proceed by computing the derivative of
u x = − 3 2to find a
2
possible substitute of
x dx .

32dd
[ ]3
⎡⎤
differentiating both sides 3
=− ⎣⎦
u x dx dx ux=−32

du 2 d d
x xx

3
dx= ( ) 2
dx=;(2 0 )
9
39
dx=

du
= x dxSince we are trying to find a substitute for2

( )7
2
9
32

() 7 x dx, we isolate this

expression in one side of the equation.

−
23
x x dx 3 2 ∫

∫commutation = − 3 2 x dx x

3 2 x u − →; 29du
udu 7
=
9
∫ substitution: 3 17
x dx →

Example 1.3.3 3
121
du
=u ∫factor out 19from the integrand (property 2) 9 ⌠⎮ .
⌡

−+
Use substitution to reduce the following integral:
x
dx
21
x
+
Solution
Let u x = + 2 1
dd
= +differentiating both sides 3 [ ] [2 1]

ux d d
x
dx dx
ux=−32
du
dx= (2 2 )
dx=;(1 0 ) dx=
2

du
= dxSince we are trying to find a substitute for the rest of the integrand 2
which happened to be as simple as dx, we isolate this expression in
one side of the equation.
3
121
⌠⎮
⌡

−+
x
dx
21
+
x 3

2 1 x u + →;
⌠⎮
= ⌡substitution: 2du 1 uu
−d dx →

u 2

9
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.
3

⌠⎮
= ⌡factor out 12from the integrand (property 2)
1 1
du u
2
−
u
Let v =1− u This integral is still complex for us to integrate. For this
reason, we
introduce a second variable vto further reduce it.

dd
⎡⎤
=− ⎣⎦
differentiating both sides 3
[]1

v u du du 1
ux=−32 d

du=;( )
1
dv
= − (1 0 ) =
d
u

du u 2 du u 2

− = 2 udv dubecause we want a substitute for du, we isolate it in one side of the equation by
cross multiplication

− → −2
12 3 u u u substitution:
⎮ udv
1 d 1− u → v; du
⌠ ⌡ 3

→ ()
v
⌠⎮
⌡
1

22
uud
−
v

=
1 3
⌠ v
−2u
( dv)
2 ⎮
3 ⌡simplifying u

∫reduced form = vdv

10
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.
1.4. The General Power Formula

The general power formula as opposed to the power formula provided under the
“properties of indefinite integration” applies to any type of function u .

The General Power Formula For any given function ,

where is an arbitrary constant.

Example 1.4.1
Integrate the reduced integral in examples 1.3.1, 1.3.2, and 1.3.3.

du
11
A. u ∫
111
11
u +

=+
∫applying the general power formula
u du C
11 1
+
u 12

= +Csimplifying
12
Again, we do not stop here because the original integral involves the
variable xand not the variable u . Recall that u x = + 3 8.

( )12 3
x+
8

= + 1C

2
B.1 7

u du
9 ∫
71
1 u
C
+

= ⋅ +applying the general power formula 9 1

+8
1 7u

= ⋅ +Csimplifying 9 8
u 8

= +Csimplifying
72
38

()
 32
x−

= +putting it back to the original variablex : 3

33

72C vv=

ux=−32
− vdv
C.
3
∫
1

= − v dv
3
∫ 1

+
1 1

v
C
3

= − +applying the general power formula 11

+
3

11
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.
43
v
= − +Csimplifying 4
3
4
3
3
v
= − +C1 3 − =

4
or 3
3 4
43
4
vv 311
= − +C
uu
C
4
333433v vvvvv==⋅=

( )3
 −
= − +putting back to variable u : v u = −1

( )3
311212
−−++
xx1
C
= − +putting back to variable x : u x = + 2 1 4

Example 1.4.2

Compute for the following integral by substitution: ( )11 2 2 5 x

+ .
dx ∫ Solution

Let u x = + 2 5

If u x = + 2 5, then
dd
( ) (2 5)
ux
= +differentiating both sides
dx dx
du d d
x

dx= (2 2 )
dx=;(5 0 ) dx=
2

du dx = 2cross multiplication

x dx +
( )11 2 2 5 ∫
( )11
x
=+252xd ∫commuting 2 (recall that multiplication is commutative) 11
u du → + (2 5)and du dx → 2
= ∫substitution:u x 11 1

+
 u
C
=
++applying the general power formula
11 1
u 12

= +C simplifying 12

( )12 2
x+
5

= +putting back to variable x : u x = + 2 5 1C

2
Example 1.4.3
2 7

Compute for the following integral by substitution:

()()
x x x dx − + − 3 1 2 3 .
∫
Solution
2
Let
uxx=−+31

12
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.
2
31dd

()()
uxx
= − +differentiating both sides dx dx
du d d d
xx x
23 x

dx= − ( ) 2
2
du x dx = − (2 3)cross multiplication 7

dx=; (1 0 ) 2

dx=
dx=;(3 3 )
 ()()
−++3125
x x x dx ∫
7

= u du ()
∫substitution:
u x x → − + 3 1and du x dx → − (2 3)
2

71
+
u
C
=
++applying the general power formula
71
u 8

= +Csimplifying
8
28

()
x
x C
−+
31
= +putting back to the original variable x :2
uxx=−+31
8
Example 1.4.4

x dx −1
Compute for the following integral by substitution:
() 17 3 2 x

∫. Solution
3
Let
u x = −1
3
If
u x = −1, then
dd 3
1
 ()()
ux
= −differentiating both sides dx dx
du 2 d d
xx
x
3
dx= ( ) 2
dx=;(1 0 )
3
3
dx=

du
= x dxcross multiplication
2
3
2
we need a substitute for
x dxso we isolate it to a side of the equation
17 du ddu

u
∫substitution: 3
u x → −1;23

xx→
3
1 17
= u du
∫factor out the constant13
3
17 1
1 u
C
+

= ⋅ +applying the general power formula 3 1

+
17
18
1
u
= ⋅ +Csimplifying 3 18
u 18

= +Csimplifying54

13
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.
 ( )18 3
x
−
+putting it back to the original variablex : 3 1

=C u x = −1

5 4
⌠
Example 1.4.5 ydy
⎮ .
Compute for the following integral: 2 ⌡

u y = −1, then
1
Solution
2 dd
Let
u y = −1 ( ) ( )2
If
2 uy
−y

= −differentiating both sides

du d d
yy
dy dy y
1
dy= − (1 0 )
2 du
dx=;( )22 dy− = −

− = ydycross multiplication; we do this because we want a substitute for ydy 2

−⌠
du 2 1− y u →;2du
⌠ ⎮ ⎮ ydy

⎮
substitution: 2
⌡ ⌡

→ −
1 1 2 du
y u
ydy → −

⌠⎮ factor out the constant1

=− ⌡ 2

21 u −
du

⌠⎮
=− ⌡12 u u =
12
21 u

=−
∫ 1
21

−
1 −
u
2u du
2

=
1
2
u
1
1 21

−+ u
C
=−+

− +applying the general power formula 12

21
12
1 u
= − +Csimplifying
2 1
2
1 1
1 11 2
2
=−⋅+uC1
2 1
2 −⋅=−⋅222

2
= − + u Csimplifying

( )1
22

= − − + 1 y Cputting it back to the original variabley : 2 u y = −1

 or
2

=−−+1yC

14
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.
Practice Exercise 3

Solve for the following indefinite integrals using substitution and the general
power formula. 2
1.
( )( )
−+−
7 5 1 14 5 x x x dx ∫
32
51

2.( )
+
⌠
xx
3 .
⎮
⌡ dx

+1
3.
( )5 2 3 z z dz ∫

y
⌠ dy
4.2.
4
⎮
⌡⌠ −y1

⎮ +
11
+
.
x
dx

( )2
5.

x 1
⎮
⌡ +
 15
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.
1.5. Integration of Simple Transcendental Functions

Integration of Trigonometric Functions

Derivative of Trigonometric Functions

Integral of Trigonometric Functions

The integral of the different trigonometric functions is based from their derivatives. In
using the following formulas, avoid the following errors.
= + , this does not extend to
While cos sin x dx x C ∫ 2

x dx or cosnx dx . For instance,

cos ∫ ∫
2 2 cos sin x dx x C ≠ + and
∫
≠+ .
cos sin n n x dx x C ∫
x C = + but
Similarly, sec tan sec x x dx ∫

2 2 2 sec tan sec x x dx x C ≠ + .

∫
= + , it does not follow that cos 2 1 sin 2 1 ( x dx x C + = + + ) ( )
Also, while cos sin x dx x C ∫
∫. For cases like this, we are going to apply substitution to reduce the integrand before
using the formula.

Example 1.5.1

)
Compute for the following integral: cos 3 1 ( x dx − ∫.
 Solution
We apply substitution first.
Let u x = − 3 1

If u x = − 3 1, then
dd
( ) (3 1)
ux
= −differentiating both sides
dx dx
du d d
x

dx= (3 3 )
dx=;(1 0 ) dy=
3

du
= dxcross multiplication
3
)
cos 3 1 ( x dx − ∫
cos
3du
=u − →and
∫substitution: 3 1 x u 3du dx →

16
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.
1
cos
u du
= ∫factoring out the constant
3
1
sin
= + u du Capplying the formula ∫ cos sin xdx x C = + 3
1
sin 3 1

()
= − + x Cputting back to variable x : u x = − 3 1 3
Example 1.5.2
2
Compute for the following integral:
 x dx .
tan ∫
Solution
2
Looking at the list of our formula, it does not provide a way to directly integrate
tan x. What we
22
need is our knowledge of the different trigonometric identities. For example, tan sec 1
x x = −so that
2

x dx
tan ∫
2

()
dx
= − sec 1 x ∫
2

dx
= − sec x dx ∫ ∫applying property 2
= − + tan x x Capplying the formula2
∫sec tan xdx x C = +and property 1
Example 1.5.3
cos 2 x
dx
−x
Compute for the following integral: Solution

⌠⎮ .
⌡ 1 sin

This is a general rule. Before integrating any function, we check first if the integrand can
be simplified. Integrating simplified expressions is much easier. For this given problem,
we use our knowledge on trigonometric identities and factoring.

1 sin −
2 x
⌠⎮ x dx
⌡ dx
cos 1 sin − x 2

⌠⎮ =
⌡applying the identity 2 2 cos 1 sin A A = − −

1 sin x

(1 sin 1 sin )( )
−+
 xx
dx
⌠⎮ ( )( )
⌡

a b a b a b − = − +;( )( )
22

= 1 sin 1 sin 1 sin − = − + x x x

x
− 1 sin
2

)
= + (1 sin x dx ∫simplifying
= + dx x dx sin
∫ ∫applying property 4
= − + x x C cosapplying property 1 and the formula∫sin cos xdx x C = − + Example
1.5.4
2
Compute for the following integral:
cot x dx .
∫
Solution
2
Looking at the list of our formula, it does not provide a way to directly integrate
cot x. What we
22
need is our knowledge of the different trigonometric identities. For example, cot csc
1 x x = − so that

17
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.
2 2

cot
x dx
∫ ()
− csc 1 x dx
= ∫
2

x dx dx
= − csc ∫ ∫applying property 4
= − − + cot x x Capplying the formula2
∫ csc cot xdx x C = − +and property 1
Example 1.5.5

Compute for the following integral: ( )2

 + .
csc cot x x dx ∫
Solution

( )2
+
csc cot x x dx ∫
x dx
2
2
= + + csc 2csc cot cot x x x ∫expanding the binomial
()
* ( )2 2 2 csc cot csc 2 csc cot cot x x x x x x + + + =

x x dx x dx
2
2
= + + csc 2 csc cot cot x dx ∫ ∫ ∫applying property 4 and 2
*2
∫ csc x dx C = − cot x +applying the formula
2

∫ csc cot xdx x C = − +

* 2 csc co ∫ x xd C t x = + −2 csc xapplying the formula∫ csc cot csc x xdx x C = − + *2

∫ cot x dx = + − − cot x x Cbased from example 1.5.4

= −cot x −2csc x −cot x x − +Cconsolidating

= − − − + 2cot 2csc x x x Csimplifying

Practice Exercise 4

Solve for the following indefinite integrals using appropriate method.

.−
23
x x dx sin 4 1 ∫
1.
()
2
2.
tan(2 )sec 2 . x xdx
∫
sin 3 1
( ).
+
⌠
3. 4. z
⎮ ⌠⎮ dz
⌡ ⌡ z
 −−
22 2sin cos y y
. dy

1 cos −
2
y

sec tan . x x dx +
5.( )2 ∫

18
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.
Integration of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Derivative of Logarithmic Functions

Exponential and Integral of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Example 1.5.6
71y
Compute for the following integral:
−
e dy

∫.
Solution
We apply substitution first.
 Let u y = − 7 1

If u y = − 7 1, then
dd
( ) (7 1)
uy
= −differentiating both sides
dy dy
du d d
y

dy= (7 7 )
dx=; (1 0 ) dx=
7

du
= dycross multiplication
7
−
e dy
71y

∫
u du

⌠⎮
substitution: 7 1 y u − →and
⌡ 7du e⎛ ⎞

⋅ ⎟ dy →
= ⎜ ⎝⎠7

1 u

= e du
∫factoring out the constant 7
1 u
x
= + e Capplying the formula x

7 ∫ e dx e C = +
1 71
−
eC y

= +putting back to variable x : u y = − 7 1 7

Example 1.5.7
 Compute for the following integral: 2
cos
cos sin y
e y y dy .
∫
Solution
We apply substitution first.
Let u y = cos

If u y = cos, then

19
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.
dd
( ) (cos )
uy
=differentiating both sides dy dy
du d d
yy
sin y

dy= − (cos sin )

dx= −;(1 0 )

dx=

− = du y dy sincross multiplication
2
cos
cos sin y
y dy
ey ∫
u 2

du
=−eu ∫substitution: 2 2
cos y u → , cos y u → , and sin y dy du → −
( )( ) 2
u

= − e udu
∫factoring out -1 and simplifying Let 2
vu=
2
If
v u =, then
dd2
 ()()
vu
=differentiating both sides
du du
dv d d
u yy

du= (cos sin )

2
dx= −; (1 0 )

dx=

u dv
= u ducross multiplication 2
2

− e udu
∫applying the formula x x∫ e dx e C = +

v dv =−e
u v →and 2dv
∫substitution: 2
2

u du →

1 v
x
= − + e Cfactoring out the constant and applying the formula x

= − + e Cputting back to variable u : 2

2
12
u ∫ e dx e C = +

2 2
1 cos vu=
y

Example 1.5.8 y
dy
= − + e Cputting back to variable y : u y = cos 2
⌠⎮ .
⌡

Compute for the following integral: 2

31
y−
Solution
 We apply substitution first.
2
Let
uy=−31
2
If
u y = − 3 1, then

3 11 d d
2

()()
uy
= −differentiating both sides
dy dy
du d d
y
y

dy= (7 7 )
dx=;(1 0 ) dx=
6

20
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.
du
= y dycross multiplication
6
y
dy
⌠⎮
⌡
2
31
y−
du
⌠⎮
= ⌡substitution: 2

3 1 y u − →and 6du
6 u y dy →

11
⌠⎮
= ⌡factoring out the constant
 6u
1
ln
= + u Capplying the formula 1dx x C ln

()
6
12
⌡= +x
⌠⎮⎮

= − + y Cputting back to variable x : 2

uy=−31 +
⌠
6
5ydy
Example 1.5.9 1
ln 3 1

Compute for the following integral: dd

()( )
1
Solution
We apply substitution first. Let u y = +1 uy
⎮⎮ .
If u y = +1, then ⌡ y

= +differentiating both sides dy dy

du 1 d d
y

= ( )1 =; (1 0 )

dy y dy du dy y 2
2 2 y
dx=

= cross multiplication

+
⌠
5ydy
1
 y
⎮⎮
⌡

52u dy
du

= ⋅ du + →1and 2
∫substitution: y u
y→

2 5u
= du
∫factor out the constant
5 u

= +C a = 5; applying the formula lnx

2 xa
ln 5
∫=+

()
a dx C a
1

+
25 y

= +putting back to variable x : u y = +1

ln 5 C

21
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.
Example 1.5.10 x
dx
Compute for the following integral: sin
⌠⎮ .
⌡
cos
x

⌠⎮
∫
⌡ ∫

Warning: sin sin

x dx x
dx
 ≠
cos cos
x x dx
Solution
We apply substitution first.
Let u x = cos

If u x = cos, then
dd
( ) (cos )
ux
=differentiating both sides dx dx
du d
x xx
sin

⌠⎮ dx= − (cos sin ) − = du x dx sincross multiplication

⌡
dx= − x
sin cos dx
x

−
du

= →and sin xdx du → −

∫substitution: cos x u
u
= − + lnu Cfactoring out -1 and applying the formula 1dx x C ln ⌠⎮⎮⌡= +

= − + ln cos ( x C )putting back to variable x : u x = cos

Practice Exercise 5

Solve for the following indefinite integrals using appropriate method.

1.2
+
ye dy
31
.
y

()
2. ( ) sin 3 1 cos 3 1 . x
 −−
e x dx ∫ 3.cos.
sin 5
⌠⎮ ⌠⎮ x
⌡ ⌡ dx x
4. y
3 dy 6
.
y− ⌠
+
y
1
1
3
.
5. y
⎮⎮
⌡ dy

22
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.
Integrals Yielding the Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Functions
Integrals Yielding the Inverse Trigonometric
Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Example 1.5.11

⌠⎮ .
⌡
dx
Compute for the following integral: 2
4 25
−x
To use the formula provided above, let us apply first substitution.
2
Let
a = 4so that 2
aa=→=42.
22
Let
u x = 25so that 2 2
u x u x = → = 25 5
dd
[ ] [5 ]
ux
=differentiating both sides
dx dx
Again, we need to compute for the derivative of uso we will have a
substitute for dx .
du
5
dx=

du
= dxcross multiplication 5

⌠⎮
⌡
dx

4 25 − x ⌠
2

du
5
⎮ 4 → a;
22
25x u →
substitution:
⌡ 5du ⎮

= − dx →;
2

22a u

1 1− u ⌠⎮⎮⎮
C ⌡−
u
du C

= +factoring out 15and applying the formula 1

sin =+

−
5 22au a
11
a sin

sin
25

−x

= +putting back to variable x : u x = 5; a = 2

5C
15
arcsi 2
x
− u
+can also be written as arcsin C
u
sin C

= +C1
5 n a
a+

23
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.
Example 1.5.12
⌠⎮ .
Compute for the following integral: ⌡ 68

x+
2
x dx
To use the formula provided above, let us apply first
2
substitution. Let

a = 8so that 2
aa=→=822.
 ux=
so that
( )2
xxux==→=
26
Let 2633u

dd3
[] ⎡⎤
= ⎣ ⎦differentiating both sides
ux
dx dx
Again, we need to compute for the derivative of uso we will have a
2
substitute for
x dx .
du
x dx=
2
3

du
= x dxcross multiplication
2
3
2

⌠⎮ x+
⌡
du
x dx ⌠⎮⎮
6
8 ⌡substitution: 23du
3 ua x dx →;
62

= 111 x u →; 2
+ u
C 8→a
22

= ⋅ +factoring out 13and applying the formula 1 1 du uC

tan ⌠⎮⎮ tan 3

⌡− 22
− aa
aa
=+ au+

1 − x
tan 1 C
13

= ⋅ +putting back to variable x : 3

32222 13
*
122 12
⋅ =rationalizing u x =; a = 2 2
2224
2
−x

= ⋅ + 3 4C

4an
t

13
22

−x

= + 12 4C

tan
or
22 − u u
+can also be written as arctan C tan C
x
3
a+ arctan
Example 1.5.13 a

= +C1
12 4

⌠⎮ .
⌡
xdx
24
Compute for the following integral: 4 12
xx−
To use the formula provided above, let us apply first
2
substitution. Let

a =12so that 2
a a = = ⋅ → = 12 4 3 2 3 .

24
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.

ux=
so that
( )2
24
Let
2422u xxux==→=

dd2

[] ⎡⎤
differentiating both sides
= ⎣⎦
ux Again, we need to compute for the derivative of uso we will
du have a substitute for xdx .
dx dx x
2
dx=

du
= xdxcross multiplication 2
⌠⎮
⌡
xdx
24
4 12
xx−

du 2
⌠

⎮
⌡substitution: 2du

xdx →; x u →;2
42
⎮

==
22 1 du
4
2
uua ⌠⎮
⌡ factoring out the x u →; 2
−
constants 12 → a

4
22

uua
−
u u 1
1 1 1− C du C sec

= ⋅ +applying the formula 1

−
22
8
sec aa −
∫=+ uua
aa
1 − 12
sec 1
x
C
= ⋅ +putting back to variable x : 2
82323
1333 −x
*
=⋅+
⋅rationalizing

⋅== 8 6 6C
233236 sec
12 u x =; a = 2 3
133

3
sec
−x
12
3
C
= + 48 6
or
33 − u u
+can also be written as arcsec C sec C
x
2
a+ arcsec
a
Example 1.5.14 48 6
= +C 1

dx
⌠⎮ .
⌡

2
Compute for the following integral: 4 24

xx++
For this problem, we will need to express ��2 + 4�� + 24 as a sum (or difference) of
two squares since these are the expressions involved in the formulas for integrals yielding the
inverse trigonometric functions. To do this, we apply “completing the square” for quadratic
expressions.

Recall the process of completing the square:

 25
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.

⎤ ±− ++⎜⎟ ⎝⎠ .
⎡ ⎛⎞ ⎢⎥ ⎢⎥ ⎣⎦
22
bacb
ax bx c ± ±can be regrouped as ( )
2
A quadratic expression ⎢⎥⎜⎟ ⎝⎠
xxx
aa++=++ ⎢⎥ ⎣⎦
2
In
⎡⎤
x x a b c + + → = = = 4 24 1, 4, 24 . ⎛⎞− 4
ax
2 aa
2 2
b ac b 24
4

So, 2 4 20 1
2 24
2
2

x⎛ ⎞ − 4 4 1 24 4

=++⎜⎟⎜⎟ x−
⎝⎠
=++
( )( )
21 ( )2
41
2 = + + x 2 20
()
()
( )2
96 16 2
4

dx dx

⌠⌠

=
 ()
It follows that

⎮
⎮
2
4 24 2 20
2
xxx
++++

⌡
⌡

To integrate, we first apply substitution.

2
Let

a = 20so that 2
a a = = ⋅ → = 20 4 5 2 5 .

22 22

u x = + 2so that ( )

Let ( )dd uxux=+→=+22

[ ] [ 2]
ux
= +differentiating both sides
dx dx
Again, we need to compute for the derivative of uso we will have a
substitute for dx .
du
1
dx=

x u + → 2;
du dx =cross multiplication dx
2

→;( ) =
∫ ∫substitution: dx du 22
+

( )2 22

x++
ua
11
2 20
20 → a
du
u
tan C −

u 1tan
du C 2
 = +applying the formula 1 −

aa aa
∫=+ au
2

()1
12
x
C

+putting back to variable x : u x = + 2; a = 2 5 −

=+
tan
2525
* 1555

⋅rationalizing

⋅==
2 5 5 2 5 10

( ) 15 5 2
x
t C

−+

=+

0an
1 10

or5 5 2 ( )
x
C
+
− u
+can also be written as arctan C
u
tan C

= +1
a
10 10
arctan
a+

26
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.
Practice Exercise 6

Solve for the following indefinite integrals using appropriate method.

ydy
⌠⎮
⌡
.
1.4 9 y +

dx
⌠⎮
⌡

2.2.
16 36
−x

⌠⎮ hint: express
1
⌡ 2
2zas 3

dz
1
z
3.6.
=
2 4 16 dy
zz−
2 z
2 z

⌠⎮ hint: regroup the denominator by completing the square `

⌡

4.2.
4 12 34
yy++

5. 2
⌠⎮ sec x
⌡ . dx

26 sec 2

−x
 27
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.
Key Answers to Practice Exercises
Practice Exercise 1
1. Show that 2. Show that
3. Show that 1
43
F x x x ( ) 5 2 = −is and ( ) 3 4 x F x e = +is and Fx
x
antiderivative of antiderivative of ()
31
32
f x x x ( ) 20 6 = − . ()3x
fxe=. = is an
+
4131
Fxxx'52()43
−− x
Fx=⋅+e 3
=⋅−⋅ '( ) 3 0 fx
32 3x ()
= − 20 6 x x =−
=e
( )2
32 antiderivative of
= f x( )
= − 20 6 x x
.
= f x( ) 31
x
+

dd
dx dx
Fx x
32113
x+ + −

()[]()[]

)2
'(
=

( )2
3
x
+
2
ddd
3 2 1 1 3 2 dx dx dx x x

+−+

( ) [ ] ( ){ [ ] [ ]} =
 ( )2
32
x
+

( )( ) ( ){( ) ( )}
320130

=+ −
x
+

( )2
32
x
+

( ) ( )( )
013
−

( )2
32x
+
3
=−
+

( )2
32x

= f x( )

1.( )
32 2
Practice Exercise 2 75
751
xx
xx
Practice Exercise 3 C
−−x
1.( )
Practice Exercise 4 3
2
cos 4 1

−+
1. 63
2 2 2
12
− + +x C 3 2 +
2.( )
xx 2

2.
− +C 6 3 x +
51 2. x
+C
C + tan 2 4
3
2
3.52 2 5x C+ 2 5.3 4.
90
−+ 3.
()
3.( ) 6
3C 2

− + + cos 3 1 z C 3
3
4.4 1
x z
C
41 4.cot y y C − +
xx +
C + 5.2tan 2sec x x x C + − +
−+ 18

−−+4yC
3 x

1 2

⎛⎞ 1
⎜⎟ + 1⎝⎠+

5. 2

Practice Exercise 6
Practice Exercise 5
2 ⎛⎞⎜⎟⎝⎠
31
− +
x
C 2

−+
+
y 1 y

e tan
C
+
1. 6 1. 6 3
C

28
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.

sin 3 1 ( )
x e
−
C
− sin
2.( )
13 x
2

+ +
2. 3 6 C

3.ln sin ( x C ) +
1
sec
 ( ) 12 +
3. −
3

6 x 24
ln( 1) C z
C

++
4. 11 y
y
2
−
123 ⎝⎠
⎜⎟
− + tan arctan
+
+ C or C ⎛ ⎞
3
4.
()2

1 10 10 5
5
23 +
y
5. C 1
tan sin x C 5

()
2
⋅ 5.
+ ln 3 −
+
 29
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.
Extra Notes

Trigonometric Identities

Reciprocal Identities Ratio Identities Pythagorean Identities

sin cos 1 A A + =
11 22
sin ; csc
sin
==

cos 1 sin A A = − 2 sin 1 cos

AA tan A 2 2
csc sin cosA A 2

AA
= AA=−

22
1 tan sec + = A A
= =cos

=
11 tan ; cot
cos ; sec AA
AA ==
tan sec 1 A A = −
sec cos 22 22
cot tan 1 cot csc
AA
AA
+=AA cot csc 1 A A = −
22
11 cot A
sinA A

Sum and Difference Identities Double-Angle Identities Half-Angle Identities sin( )

sin cos cos sin A B A B A B ± = ± sin 2 2sin cos ( A A A ) =

1 cos sin
22

⎛⎞AA−

=±⎜⎟
⎝⎠

±=
cos( ) cos cos sin sin A B A B A B ( )2 2
cos 2 cos sin
AAA
=−

⎛⎞AA+

=− =±
2
A cos
1 cos 22⎜⎟ ⎝⎠
1 2sin
 = − 2cos 1

2 A
tan tan tan( ) ABAB AA
1 tan tan AB
⎛⎞−
=
−1 cos

=±⎜⎟
2 tan tan 2
± 1 tanA
⎝⎠+

± = ( )2 A
A tan A
2 1 cos
sin A
=
+

= −
AA
1 cos 1 cos
sin
A
Fundamental Logarithmic Rules and Special Cases
Fundamental Logarithmic Rules Special Cases
log ( ) log log b b b p q p q ⋅ = + log ln ep p =is called the natural logarithm

⎛⎞ log log log b b b q

⎜⎟=− ⎝⎠
p
pq 10 log log p p =is called the common logarithm

bbp q p = log 1 ee =
log log
( )q

log log a
logc
a
b
= we use this to change base of a logarithm to any base “c” we want
b
c
30
Prepared by
Nick Wais Sibaen
This material is for BSU students only.