= + = = ℎ

= 1
=
+ = +
ℎ= + /

= ℎ =
=−
⁄
= − ( − ∘)
+ ̅
∘
= ̅
=
− ( − ∘) ̅
=
∘
∘
∘ = ̅+
=
=− 1
=
=
= −
=
∘
∘ ∘
=
ln =− ( − ∘) = ̅+
∘ ∘

=
̅
= = +
( ∘
∘
=
1
̅= 1
= ̅= ∀
∀
1 ∀
=
4 = + + +
∆ℎ =
∘ =

2 = − ∇ℎ − ∇ + ∇
= ̅= ∘−

=− ( + )
= = = =

=− + + = + +
1 2 2
=
r (t )  xi  yj  zk 
u    v    w  0
   

dr (t ) dx  dy  dz 
 x y z (steady)
v (t )   i j k

dt dt dt dt
v (t )  ui  vj  wk u v w

  0
  
x y z (Incompressible)
u  v  u v cos
 

 v cos dA
Q  w v    u w    v u  
    i     j    k
area  y z   z x   x y 

d mv  
  vd   vv  dA
QvA
 

m  v  A
  dt t cv cs

B  v  A
d mv 
 

B   v  dA   vv  dA
 
dt
c .s . cs (steady state)
dBsys
d mv 
F 
dt
 ma
dt

dt C.V .
d
d
F  F  F S B

 v  dA F  F t cv
vd   vv  dA




c .s . S B
cs

E  QH  W
  d   v  dA
dBsys 
E  Eu  E k  E p
dt t cv
dE 
cs

dt t cv
d   v  dA
dB   QH  W
 dt
cs W  W pr  Ws

 v  dA   t  d

W W pr Ws
W   
cs cv
t t t
1V1 A1   2V2 A2  m W pr
  p v  d A   v  d A
p
V1 A1  V2 A2  Q t 
cs cs

 QH  W  Q H  W s   pv  dA
dE 
V  ui  vj  wk
  
dt
V ds Vs V V
cs

dt t cv
ed   ev  dA
at  s   Vs s  s dE 
s dt t s t 
V 2 cs

an  s
r
 v2 V
e  gz  u F
2 gl (Froude Number)

 v  dA  m Cp 
p
(mass flux rate) 1
V 2
cs

2 (Pressure Coefficient)
p1 V12 p V2
 z1  1  h p  ht  hl  2  z2   2 2
 2g  2g V 2 l
W
 (Weber Number)
p V 2

EGL   z 
 2g V
M 
c (Mach Number)
p
HGL  z
 2 FDrag
Cd 
1 v 
A cs  V 3 
 V 2 A (Drag Coefficient)
3
 dA

 r2  2 Flift
v  vc 1  2  CL 
 R  V 2 A (Lift Coefficient)
1
V  vc
2 (laminar flow) lm w m cm
   Lr
lp w p cp
p1 V12 p V2
 z1  1  H p  2  z 2   2 2  H t  hl
1 2g 2 2g A r  L2r

Fp1 x  Fp2   v1x v1 A1  v2 x v2 A2 r  L3r

p1  p2 V12  V22 = ( − )
hl  
 2g (Energy)
= =
A1 V2

A2 V1 (Mass) 64
= ( )
A1
V22  V12
p1  p2 A2
 ℎ =
 g (Momentum)
( ℎ ℎ ℎ
ℎ ℎ )
Vl
R
 (Reynolds Number)
Hydraulically smooth pipe
1
> 1.7 → = 2 log
2.51

Hydraulically rough pipe

1
< 0.08 → = 2 log 3.7

1 2.51
1.7 > > 0.08 → = −2 log +
3.7

Hazen-Williams formula

= 1.318 . .
(English Units)

= 0.85 . .
(SI Units)

Manning Formula

1.49
=
⁄ ⁄ ( ℎ )

1
= ( )
⁄ ⁄

ℎ =
2

ℎ =
2

( − )
ℎ =
2