The following exercise will enable you to test your knowledge of disinformation and foreign

information manipulation and interference. For each question, you must write one word in
each gap to complete the text below.

Question 1: What are disinformation, misinformation and malinformation?

Phrase 1: Disinformation is verifiably ___false___ or misleading information created,

presented and disseminated for economic gain or to intentionally deceive the public.
false
unanswered

Phrase 2: Misinformation is false information that is spread due to ignorance, or by mistake,

intent
without the ___intent____ to deceive. unanswered

Phrase 3: Malinformation is __true___ information shared intentionally to cause harm.

true
unanswered

Question 2: What are the types of mis- and disinformation?

Phrase 1: False _____ _____ is when headlines, images or captions are not in sync with the
content. unanswered

Phrase 2: False ___context of connection_____ is when genuine information is shared with

context of connection
false contextual information. unanswered

Phrase 3: _____Manipulated content_________ content is when genuine information and/or

Manipulated content
imagery is manipulated to deceive. unanswered

Phrase 4: ____Fabricated content_______ content is content that is 100% fake, designed to

Fabricated content
deceive and do harm. unanswered

Phrase 5: ____ Impostor content _____ content occurs when genuine sources are
Impostor content
impersonated. unanswered

Phrase 6: _____ Misleading content ______ content is the misleading use of information, for
Misleading content
example by presenting opinions as facts. unanswered

Phrase 7: __ Satire and parody _____ is presenting humorous but false stories as if they are
Satire and parody
true. unanswered

Question 3: What are the warning signs that help us spot fake news?

Phrase 1: Fake news come from websites that use ___ clickbait ____ titles or stories.
clickbait
unanswered
 grammar
Phrase 2: Often, fake news content employs poor ___grammar_____.
unanswered

caps
Phrase 3: Fake news titles are often written all in __caps___. unanswered

emotional
Phrase 4: The content has great _____emotional_____ appeal. unanswered

Question 4: What can we do to identify fake news?

Phrase 1: We can look at ______ Credentials or Authorship _______, this means asking
questions such as: Who has written this article? What expertise do they have in the field?.
Credentials or Authorship
unanswered

Phrase 2: We can try and identify the __bias___, through questions such as: Is the writing
bias
representative of only one point of view?. unanswered

Phrase 3: We can try to analyse the ____effect____ produced, by asking the following
questions: What emotions does the information attempt to evoke, if any? How does the
effect
information impact my/our feelings and opinions?. unanswered

Question 5: What are debunking and pre-bunking?

Phrase 1: ______Prebunking______ is a process where people are warned in advance that

Prebunking
they are about to be the target of false information. unanswered

Phrase 2: ____Debunking______ aims to correct false information after it has appeared and
Debunking
to prevent others from believing what is verifiably false information.
unanswered

Question 6: What is foreign information manipulation and interference?

Phrase 1: Foreign information manipulation and interference describes a mostly ______non-

ilegal_________ pattern of behaviour that threatens or has the potential to negatively impact
non-ilegal
values, procedures and political processes. unanswered

Phrase 2: FIMI is often manipulative in character, conducted in an ______intentional_____

intentional
and coordinated manner by state and non-state actors. unanswered

Phrase 3: The 5 tactics of FIMI are: dismiss, ____distort_____, distract, dismay and divide.
distort
unanswered
Phrase 4: Techniques can be sorted according to the three stages of the operation: plan,
preparation
______ preparation ______ and execution. unanswered

Question 7: What are the characteristics of FIMI?

Phrase 1: It can be carried out by state and non-state actors, including their ___proxies_____
proxies
inside and outside of their own territory. unanswered

Phrase 2: Foreign threat actors conduct their operations via local proxies, a process known as
domestication
the _____domestication_________ of influence operations. unanswered

Phrase 3: FIMI actors _____impersonate_______ international and trusted organisations.

impersonate
unanswered

hrase 4: FIMI content is _____multilingual________ and predominantly image and video

multilingual
based. unanswered

Question 8: What are the courses of action available in countering FIMI incidents?

Phrase 1: The six categories of countermeasures are: statement of refutal,

____debunking______, content deleted, content confined, channel limited or channel
debunking
suspended. unanswered

Question 9: Which are the fixe steps in the FIMI Analysis cycle?

Phrase 1: The first step is strategic _____monitoring_______, which entails mapping the
monitoring
ecosystem of known FIMI assets used by a threat actor. unanswered

Phrase 2: The second step is prioritisation and ___triage_____, which consists of filtering
triage
FIMI-related activities to high-priority and potentially harmful incidents.
unanswered

Phrase 3: The third step is incident analysis and ____ evidence collection ____ collection,
consisting of carrying out open source analysis, focused on understanding the connections
evidence collection
between different channels and the TTPs they employ. unanswered

Phrase 4: The fourth step is knowledge pooling and sharing, whereby the analysis is shared
with key ______actors________ who are in a position to react to the incident.
actors
unanswered
Phrase 5: The last step is situation ____awareness _____, which can be achieved by a
awareness
continuous optimisation and reflection on the previous steps. unanswered
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